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Figure 1

Baicalin [8], diterpenes [9], tellimagrandin I [10], corilagin [11], tripeptide [12], epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) [13] and epicatechin gallat

The extracts and compounds from hawthorn have been reported to show a variety of pharmacological activities, such as a protective effect on patients with heart failure [17], as well as an increased force of myocardial contraction [18], improved coronary circulation [19], antioxidant effects [20] and antimicrobial activities [21].

For example, galloy catechins, such as ECg and Cg, reduced the high MIC level of β-lactams to the antibiotic breakpoint or even lower than the breakpoint [14,15,26,27], but non-galloylated catechins, such as C and EC, had no such effect

WHO-2 but ECg (32 mg/L) increased the drug accumulation

C or ECg (32 mg/L) in combination with oxacillin produced FICIs of more than 0.5 or 0.5, demonstrating no or very weak ILSMR effect.

via inhibiting mRNA expression of efflux pump genes,

Some natural products can enhance the efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics, and therefore they are termed intensifiers of β-lactam susceptibility in MRSA

In traditional Chinese medicine, hawthorn is used as a peptic agent for stimulating digestion and promoting the function of the stomach, improving blood circulation and removing blood stasis

We also found that when C combined with ECg, the ILSMR effect was markedly increased and the ILSMR effect of the combination (C and ECg) was enhanced with the increase in the concentration of C, with a higher concentration of C resulting in a lower FICI.

These results are significant since they demonstrate the possibility that these antibiotics can be used in the clinic when combined with C and ECg.

Herein, our results showed that reserpine down-regulated mRNA expressions of norA and norC, but not abcA, and C, in combination with ECg, down-regulated mRNA expressions of norA, norC and abcA among eight efflux pumps, while ECg or C alone could not.

The optimum ALN gel formulation reduced mean relative carcinoma volume (MCV) at a higher rate (p < 0.05) compared with free amygdalin solution and free tamoxifene suspension.

Histological examination of the optimum ALN gel treated group (Figure 7F) showed clearly healed skin with normal covering epithelium and marked improvement in all signs of the epidermis and dermis that were better than those of the oral amygdalin solution. These results confirmed the effectiveness of amygdalin loaded niosomes gel as a cancer therapy in vivo.

Histological examination of the optimum ALN gel-treated group (Figure 8B) showed clearly healed skin with normal covering epithelium.

The group treated with plain niosomes gel showed MCV nearly similar to that of the DMBA control group.

The optimum ALN gel enhanced the permeation of amygdalin into deep skin layers and showed significant anti-tumor activity compared with oral tamoxifen.

. EGCG was able to restore the activity of aztreonam against MDR P. aeruginosa . The data presented support further evaluation of the aztreonam–EGCG combination and highlight its potential for use in clinical medici

Polyphenols

To access synergy between aztreonam and EGCG, checkerboard assays were performed

Chemicals, media, bacterial isolates and animals

In conclusion, the results from this study demonstrate that synergy exists between aztreonam and EGCG against MDR clinical strains of P. aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. EGCG is also able to restore the antibacterial activity of aztreonam to concentrations below the EUCAST susceptibility breakpoint for P. aeruginosa , potentially expanding and extending its useful therapeutic lifespan. Further work should be undertaken to determine if this combination has the potential to treat clinical infections caused by MDR P. aeruginosa .

by PCR. F

Based on the results of the VlvSTS gene transcription analysis, seven transgenic tobacco lines were selected for further experiments.

Expression of the VlvSTS gene in tobacco plants led to a significant increase in the pollen grain size, but with a tendency to a decrease in the total number of pollen grains per anther

In all tests with E. carotovora bacteria, transgenic plants expressing the VlvSTS gene demonstrated a significantly higher resistance versus control plants

The leaf involvement was significantly smaller in transgenic plants expressing the VlvSTS gene.

Overexpression of the VlvSTS gene reduced the corolla pigmentation in transgenic plants.

binary vector

showed a significant fertility reduction,

For the first time it was shown that plants expressing the VlvSTS gene had enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen E. carotovora subsp. carotovora B15.

We were the first to show that transgenic tobacco plants carrying the VlvSTS gene had a significantly larger pollen grain size and a smaller number of pollen grains per anther. At the same time, the number of fertile pollen grains decreased, especially in the plant line with the highest expression of the VlvSTS gene.

For example, in apple plants with the grape stilbene synthase gene Vst1 under its own promoter, the expression of the gene had no effect on pollen development

The study showed that the expression of a VlvSTS stilbene syntase gene in tobacco transgenic plants increases their resistance to bacterial pathogen E. carotovora. There was a significant reduction of disease symptoms after infection of leaves by grey mould fungus B. cinerea, but not to Fusarium fungi. We were the first to show that transgenic tobacco plants carrying the VlvSTS gene had a significantly larger pollen grain size and a smaller number of pollen grains per anther. The number of fertile pollen grains decreased, especially in the plant line with the highest expression of the VlvSTS gene. These changes resulted in a decreased weight of seed bolls in the transgenic tobacco lines.