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Third Crusade was caused by the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 by Saladin, the sultan of Egypt.

Saladin united the Moslems of Syria under his sway and then advanced against the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

rout of their army and the capture of their king.

Even the Holy Cross, which they had carried in the midst of the fight, became the spoil of the conqueror.

The cry for another crusade arose on all sides. Once more thousands of men sewed the cross in gold, or silk, or cloth upon their garments and set out for the Holy Land.

King Philip Augustus of France, King Richard I of England, and the German emperor, Frederick Barbarossa assumed the cross,

King Richard I of England

Lion-hearted," in memory of his heroic exploits in Palestine

He raised money for the enterprise bythe persecution and robbery of the Jewsthe imposition of an unusual tax upon all classesthe sale of offices, dignities, and the royal lands

he would sell the city of London, if he could find a purchaser."

English and French kings finally mustered their forces beneath the walls of Acre, which city the Christians were then besieging.

knightly virtues

knightly adventures and chivalrous exploits

Richard was sick with a fever, Saladin, knowing that he was poorly supplied with delicacies, sent him a gift of the choicest fruits of the land. And on another occasion, Richard's horse having been killed in battle, the sultan caused a fine Arabian steed to be led to the Christian camp as a present for his rival.

, but could not capture Jerusalem.

King Richard and Saladin finally concluded a truce by the terms of which Christians were permitted to visit Jerusalem without paying tribute, that they should have free access to the holy places,

The king regained his liberty only by paying a ransom equivalent to more than twice the annual revenues of England.

Moslem

Mohammedan

sultan

Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.

rout

spoil

the desertion of the French king had been a major blow, from which they could not hope to recover

Realising that he had no hope of holding Jerusalem even if he took it, Richard sadly ordered a retreat.

Richard I (September 8, 1157 – April 6, 1199) was King of England from 1189 to 1199. He was often referred to as Richard the Lionheart

sons of Henry II

Richard had limited respect for his father and lacked foresight and a sense of responsibility

The Romans had existed as an important power for over 1000 years

They had brought stability, prosperity, and order to the civilised West

Roman law kept the internal peace and 20 to 30 Roman legions defended the frontiers.

Emperors held absolute authorit

but incompetent ones could do great harm

The rules for succession to the throne were never clear, and debilitating civil wars often resulted.

in the hands of a minority while a large slave population did most of the work.

Roman conquests had ceased in the second century A.D., bringing an end to massive inflows of plunder and slaves

A plague may have killed 20 percent of the empire's population in the third and fourth centuries, further reducing trade and production.

late third century, the Roman Empire was split into eastern and western halves in an attempt to make for easier rule and better contro

323 Constantine became emperor after a civil war and established his eastern capital at Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople.

eastern and western parts of the empire gradually established separate identities, although nominally the same empire

These identities were partially due to the different pressures brought to bear on them from the outside and the local culture.

Circa 1500, A prisoner undergoing torture at the hands of the Spanish Inquisition. Monks in the background wait for his confession with quill and paper.

The term "inquisition" has a third meaning also -- the trials themselves

Fall of the Roman Empire

Public Health

Decline in Morals and Values

Political Corruption

Unemployment

Inflation

Urban decay

THE FINAL BLOWS For years, the well-disciplined Roman army held the barbarians of Germany back. Then in the third century A. D. the Roman soldiers were pulled back from the Rhine-Danube frontier to fight civil war in Italy. This left the Roman border open to attack. Gradually Germanic hunters and herders from the north began to overtake Roman lands in Greece and Gaul (later France). Then in 476 A. D. the Germanic general Odacer or Odovacar overthrew the last of the Roman Emperors, Augustulus Romulus. From then on the western part of the Empire was ruled by Germanic chieftain. Roads and bridges were left in disrepair and fields left untilled. Pirates and bandits made travel unsafe. Cities could not be maintained without goods from the farms, trade and business began to disappear. And Rome was no more in the West. The total fall of the Roman empire.

Inferior Technology

Military Spending

most difficult problems

choosing

new emperor

new emperor

empero

never

created

effective system

determine

new emperors

began

selling

throne to

highest bidder

37 different emperors

assinatio

25 of whom

Christianity spread like a wildfire

Almost one third of the Roman Empire became Christian in little more than 100 years.

400s, when Rome was finally conquered

Soviets tested an atom bomb of their own. In response, President Truman announced

that the United States would build an even more destructive atomic weapon: the hydrogen bomb, or "superbomb." Stalin followed suit.

the nuclear age could be. It created a 25-square-mile fireball that vaporized an island, blew a huge hole in the ocean floor and had the power to destroy half of Manhattan. Subsequent American and Soviet tests spewed poisonous radioactive waste into the atmosphere.

ever-present threat of nuclear annihilation had a great impact on American domestic life as well. People built bomb shelters in their backyards

attack drills in schools and other public places

Cold War was a constant presence in Americans’ everyday lives.

first man-made object to be placed into the Earth's orbit.

Sputnik

1958, the U.S. launched its own satellite, Explorer I, designed by the U.S. Army

Space Race was underwa

creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a federal agency dedicated to space exploration, as well as several programs seeking to exploit the military potential of space. Still, the Soviets were one step ahead, launching the first man into space in April 1961.

U.S. would land a man on the moon by the end of the decade. His prediction came true on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong of NASA’s Apollo 11 mission, became the first man to set food on the moon, effectively winning the Space Race for the Americans.

hearings designed to show that communist subversion in the United States was alive and well.

forced hundreds of people who worked in the movie industry to renounce left-wing political beliefs and testify against one another. More than 500 people lost their jobs. Many of these "blacklisted" writers, directors, actors and others were unable to work again for more than a decade

include anyone who worked in the federal government. Thousands of federal employees were investigated, fired and even prosecuted. As this anticommunist hysteria spread throughout the 1950s, liberal college professors lost their jobs, people were asked to testify against colleagues and "loyalty oaths" became commonplace.

military action of the Cold War began when the Soviet-backed North Korean People’s Army invaded its pro-Western neighbor to the south

but the war dragged to a stalemate and ended in 1953.

. The Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the Cuban missile crisis the following year seemed to prove that the real communist threat now lay in the unstable, postcolonial "Third World" Nowhere was this more apparent than in Vietnam, where the collapse of the French colonial regime had led to a struggle between the American-backed nationalist Ngo Dinh Diem in the south and the communist nationalist Ho Chi Minh in the north. Since the 1950s, the United States had been committed to the survival of an anticommunist government in the re

new approach to international relations.

Cold War heated up again under President Ronald Reagan (1911-2004). Like many leaders of his generation, Reagan believed that the spread of communism anywhere threatened freedom everywher

nstead of viewing the world as a hostile, "bi-polar" place, he suggested, why not use diplomacy instead of military action to create more poles? To that end, he encouraged the United Nations to recognize the communist Chinese government and, after a trip there in 1972, began to establish diplomatic relations with Beijing. At the same time, he adopted a policy of "détente"–"relaxation"–toward the Soviet Union. In 1972, he and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I), which prohibited the manufacture of nuclear missiles by both sides and took a step toward reducing the decades-old threat of nuclear war.

, he worked to provide financial and military aid to anticommunist governments and insurgencies around the worl

redefined Russia's relationship to the rest of the world: "glasnost," or political openness, and "perestroika," or economic reform

the Berlin Wall–the most visible symbol of the decades-long Cold War–was finally destroyed, just over two years after Reagan had challenged the Soviet premier in a speech at Brandenburg Gate in Berlin: "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall." By 1991, the Soviet Union itself had fallen apart. The Cold War was over.

Two thirds of the territory is covered with mountains.

The country is very rich in natural resources providing petroleum, magnetite, lignite, bauxite, hydropower and marble.

The highest mountain peak is at Mount Olympus

It is located in the southern part of Greece and actually looks like an island connected to the mainland with two bridges

In fact, the limestone and volcanoes of Greece have composited the Greek territory and allowed the formation of many caves and canyons.

Athens is the capital of Greece.

Attica is actually a peninsula surrounded by four high mountains that form a basin. In this basin, the city and suburbs of Athens have been constructed.

The Greece mainland consists of the following regions: Sterea (Central Greece), Peloponnese, Thessaly (eastcentral), Epirus (north west), Macedonia (north) and Thrace (north west). Also Greece consists of many islands and island complexes: Crete, Cyclades, Dodecanese, Ionian, Sporades, Saronic and Eastern Aegean islands.

Greece has a rich diversity in flora and fauna and many species are original in this country, which means that they are found only there in the world.

There are more than 2,000 large and smaller greek islands scattered both in the Aegean and the Ionian Sea.

The largest Greek island is Crete and the second largest is Evia.

Lesvos and Rhodes come next.

There were three political bodies where citizens gathered in numbers running into the hundreds or thousands. These are the assembly (in some cases with a quorum of 6000), the council of 500 (boule) and the courts (a minimum of 200 people, but running at least on some occasions up to 6000). Of these three bodies it is the assembly and the courts that were the true sites of power — although courts, unlike the assembly, were never simply called the demos (the People) as they were manned by a subset of the citizen body, those over thirty.

Only adult male Athenian citizens who had completed their military training as ephebes had the right to vote in Athens. The percentage of the population (of males) that actually participated in the government was about 20%. This excluded a majority of the population, namely slaves, freed slaves, children, women and metics. The women had limited rights and privileges and were not really considered citizens. The restricted movement in public and were very segregated from the men. Also disallowed were citizens whose rights were under suspension (typically for failure to pay a debt to the city: see atimia); for some Athenians this amounted to permanent (and in fact inheritable) disqualification. Still, in contrast with oligarchical societies, there were no real property requirements limiting access

The central events of the Athenian democracy were the meetings of the assembly (ἐκκλησία ekklêsia). Unlike a parliament, the assembly's members were not elected, but attended by right when they chose. Greek democracy created at Athens was a direct, not a representative democracy: any adult male citizen of age could take part, and it was a duty to do so. The officials of the democracy were in part elected by the Assembly and in large part chosen by lot. The assembly had four main functions; it made executive pronouncements (decrees, such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner); it elected some officials; it legislated; and it tried political crimes. As the system evolved these last two functions were shifted to the law courts. The standard format was that of speakers making speeches for and against a position followed by a general vote (usually by show of hands) of yes or no. Though there might be blocs of opinion, sometimes enduring, on crucial issues, there were no political parties and likewise no government or opposition (as in the Westminster system). Voting was by simple majority. In the 5th century at least there were scarcely any limits on the power exercised by the assembly. If the assembly broke the law, the only thing that might happen is that it would punish those who had made the proposal that it had agreed to

These skills will again be important not only in college, where students must engage with professors to gain references and recommendations for future endeavors, but beyond as well.

Students should also try new pursuits that place them in unfamiliar and even uncomfortable situations

Whatever structure students may have had in high school to organize their work and complete assignments in a timely manner will be largely absent in college.

While it is important to be able to function in a group, it is also important to demonstrate leadership skills when necessary.

Soft skills include the ability to adapt to changing circumstances and the willingness to learn through experience, and are applicable across multiple disciplines and careers.

It is imperative for college-bound students to function efficiently and appropriately in groups, collaborate on projects and accept constructive criticism when working with others.