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eplaced by legitimate trade in vegetable products (palm oil in particular), in East and Central Africa the slave trade, which had not featured very prominently in the period before 1800, expanded rapidly in the first half of the century, and by 1880 was probably at its height. And although men like David Livingstone spoke of promoting the three Cs - Christianity, Commerce and Civilisation - there was very little that could be done to promote legitimate commerce to replace the trade in slaves. The one product that was available was ivory, but the expansion of trade in ivory went hand in hand with the growth of the slave trade

ior, and the sultan had no control over the actions of his subjects away from the coast. The East African slave trade across the Red Sea continued, as did the traffic on the mainland itself. The slave trade was an integral part of the arms and ivory trade and slaves and ivory were virtually unobtain­ able unless purchased with firearms.

There was a large internal market for slaves in the interior. There were many plantations that required slaves

with one of my men, but in company also of a Zulu of his own. It appeared, however, that no trade could be accomplished in this individual's presence, as the Tongas would have been fined immediately for the possession of ivor

^vedly aiins at keeping the gcald produce of tIanica to himself. He refused me permission to visit the fields, and told me that ^X-hen his ivory was done, he intended to work then for his own benefit. He is afiaid of the Dutch of the Transvaal Republic, but not of the English, because he thinks that Cetywayo serves as an effectual shield betwee:ll them and himself. Ee is quite aware of the power of '; Inyanisi," as the Queen is called, but thinks she is too far away to do him any harm. There can be no doubt, however, that he is bv no means hinzself a powerful chief. His authority would already have crumbled away if the Portuguese had established a fortified camp in the neighbourhood of his kraal. As it is, the natives of (;aza hold the Portuguese in the utmost contempt, alld say that they keep near the sea in order that they zmay be able to run away easily. These people entirely understand the nleaning of the concentration of pow

I was detained by Umzila by false promis3es and 1mder varlous pretences for nearly two months. He then gave me eight tusks of ivory with permission to hunt in the lower district of Mazibbi, but would not allow me to go on towards the AIatschoban country. I accordillgly commenced my return t.o the Sabi on the Sth of December. On reachillg it upon the 15th I found the river almost impassable from Kood, but ulti:mately sueceeded in getting my donkeys across. On reaching my hut I found everything saSe, and now turned my attention to trade. Nothing, however, was brought to me for purchase, and no doubt the situation of my huts was unsuitable for the establishment of trafflc.