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Mnqobi Linda

Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa.pdf - 2 views

Mnqobi Linda 222051757

shared by Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Like Arab sources, European documents rarely refer to slaves and the slave trade during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. However, one German traveler, who accompanied Francisco d'Almeida to Mombasa and Kilwa, observed in Kilwa "more black slaves than white Moors" and in Mombasa all the 500 archers were "negro slaves of the white Moors" (Freeman-Grenville, 1965, p. 107, 109). Tom? Pires, the Portuguese ambassador to China described the Indian Ocean trade in the early sixteenth century. From the ports of Zeila and Berbera, he noted, Arabs obtained gold, ivory, and slaves (Freeman-Greenville, 1962, p. 125). A Franciscan Friar, who visited Mombasa in 1606, mentioned a boat arriving from Zanzibar with some slaves (Freeman-Grenville, 1962, p. 155). An English trading captain noted that the governor of Mombasa, Johan Santa Coba, would send small boats to Kilwa, Pemba, Zanzibar, and Mozambique to obtain gold, ambergris, elephant teeth, and slaves, apparently for himself (Freeman-Grenville, 1962, p. 190). Even when slaves are mentioned as part of cargo, their importance relative to ivory, gold, and iron was minimal.
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Slavery, gold and Ivory trading which too place in the East of Africa.
  • rior; there is hardly evidence of expeditions inland until the nineteenth century." However, several hinterland com munities such as the Taita, Hadzabe, Iraqw, Makonde, and Oromo became victims of slave raiding and ethnic warfare for control of trading routes (Bagshawe, 1925; Obst, 1912). Others, like the Yao, Makua, Nyamwezi, and Akamba transformed
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is shocking because there are communities which became part of the hunting for Ivory to trade with the Europeans and used weapons which the got from the Europeans to get slaves for them.
  • hite Moors" a
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      White moors refers to the Muslim people of North Africa and Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • uropean demand for ivory and plantation labor affected communities as far as Central Africa and set in motion human and elephant depopulation (Alpers, 1975; Beachey, 1986; Newitt, 1987; Ringrose, 2001; Schweinfurth, 1874; Thorbahn, 1979). As early as AD 1770 slaves destined for the French plantation in their colonies were being procured from Nyasaland [Malawi] (Alpers, 1975; Nwulia, 1975; Sheriff, 1987, p. 159). Although Europeans initially confined their presence in Africa to coastal regions between the sixteenth to mid-nineteenth cen turies, their slave trading enterprise affected all African communities. Interestingly, Thornton (1992, p. 125) downplays the European impact by stating that the de velopment of slavery in its most repugnant forms was more a product of active African participation and desires for economic expansion because Europeans pos sessed no means, either economic or military, to compel African leaders to sell slaves
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      In the East of Africa many societies were affected by the demand of the Europeans for slaves to work in Sugarcane plantations. Many people lost their loved ones and there was a decrease in the number of people in communities. There was also a depopulation in Elephants because the of Ivory by the Europeans as many Elephants were killed. The development of slave on the East Coast of Africa was caused by the participation of the Kings and Leaders in the communities of Africa, but not because Europeans, bassically they were not forced to participate.
  • rchers were "negro slaves o
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      These archers were trained to be professional in using bow and arrows
  • hemselves into professional ivory and slave hunters, raiders, and traders (Alpers, 1969,1975; Klein and Robertson, 1983; Lovejoy, 2000; Mutoro, 1998; Robertson, 1997). Ivory trade with overseas markets introduced guns to African societies that helped facilitate slave raids as well as "trade goods that sometimes sharpened the appetite of Africans for additional slave raiding and tradin
  • ; Lugard, 1968; New, 1874; Thomson, 1885). Slave and cattle raiding had forced Tsavo and Taveta peoples to move to fortified localities in the hills and mountains (Bravman, 1998; French-Sheldon, 1892; Merritt, 1975; Wray, 1912). Migration and relocation created subsistence insecurities and made people vulnerable to famine and disease. The
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Many communities went to live in mountains to be safety from slavery and made fenced areas to hide, this led to starvation as people were unable to produce food and they were prone to disease form the wild and its animals.
  • fortified localities i
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      A Fortified area is a strong defenses, usually a massive wall structure and inner citadels or strongholds.
  • ad occurred in Taita in the 1880s reported by Hobley (1895) is a case in point. Starving Taita emigrated to Taveta, Chagga, Pare, and Ukambani, only to find their residents similarly afflicted. Parents reportedly sold children into slavery for food. People starved to death in houses, on roadsides, in gardens, everywhere and were left unburied for no one had strength to dig graves; the number of bodies was too numerous to be disposed by hyena or other scavengers. Sagala area in Tsavo was one of the earliest and hardest hit areas. People killed one another in competition for food and many Sagala emigrated to Giriama for relief. Abandoned settlements reverted to wilderness. At the end of the famine, after the rains returned, only 1000 of the estimated 10,000 Taita people survived (Merritt,
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Slavery led to hunger and hunger led to competition of food which eventually caused parents trade their own children for food and people killing each other for food.
Mnqobi Linda

History, Materialization, and Presentation of Slavery in Tanzania.pdf - 2 views

Mnqobi Linda 222051757

shared by Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisial Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabati
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      He was a Muslim Arab geographer and cartographer who served in the court of King Roger II at Palermo, Sicily.
  • prostrate
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      This means to lie down with one's face turned toward the ground. As a sign of showing respect towards Visitors
  • When they [Africans] see an Arab, whether a traveler or a merchant, they prostrate themselves before him. The visitors to this country steal their children, enticing them away by offering them fruits, finally take possession of them and carry them off to their country. (translated in Martin and Ryan 1977, 73)
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Abu Abdullah highlight here that in the early ages of slavery, Visitors or Arabs would visits Africans and end up stealing their children buy offering them fruits and capture them and take them away of their families.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • In this account, we see most usefully the destination of those trafficked in the trade: the homelands of “Arab” traders. This destination contributes to a continuing lack of western historical knowledge about the East African slave trade. In contrast to the West African slave trade, the trade of enslaved captives in East Africa was not managed for the benefit of European economies. Local slave traders were part of an Arab trading system that was fundamentally separate from European capitalism until well into the eighteenth century. The organization of early Islamic society, like societies based on Christianity and Judaism, included the exploitation of individuals as coerced labor. Even when manumission was practiced and urged by the Prophet Muhammed, a caveat of tolerance for the practice remained.
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Arabs were the main slave traders who took some of the from the Europeans and from East of AFrica.
  • The development of international trade links therefore supported the continuation of the institution of slavery within Islamic law. Of course, Muslims were not the only group involved in the export of slaves from East Africa. For example, later eighteenth-century activity specifically supported the Madagascan plantation economy of colonial France. The Portuguese also participated in slaving to a more limited extent during their colonial control of the Swahili Coast in the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries. In 1606, during the Portuguese colonial period, Gaspar de Santo Bernadino recorded his observations of the slave trade as practiced on the Swahili Coast:
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      This discuss that not only the muslims were involved in enslaving people but also continents near the Indian ocean were involved, like Madagascar, the Portuguese.
  • When we reached Pate we were informed that some Moors from Arabia had arrived in a small vessel for the purpose of bartering for African boys whom they carried off to their country. There the boys were made to follow the Moorish religion and treated as slaves for the rest of their lives. Six of them had already been purchased. (translated in FreemanGrenville 1962, 162)
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      Arabs would also bring a small amount of Men to exchange for a huge amount of boys from Africa.
Mnqobi Linda

Slavery in East Africa, 1888-1890.pdf - 1 views

Mnqobi Linda 222051757

shared by Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Report Addressed to the Earl of Clarendon by the Committee on the East African Slave Trade. 24 Jan. 1870. MS Selected Foreign Office Files on Africa. The National Archives (Kew, United Kingdom). Nineteenth Century Collections Online, link.gale. com/apps/doc/AORISH045344272/NCCO?u=rau_itw&sid=bookmark-NCCO&pg=4. Accessed 25 Apr. 2023.
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is a Unique British parliamentary files and contact with local agents on the slave trade, including assessments of how many Gulf Arabs were involved in slavery: "The unlawful trade, which is primarily carried out by Northern Arabs, operates as follows: The Arabs normally come in Zanzibar with the north-east monsoon in the early part of the year, with the intention of purchasing, if possible, or kidnapping, whatever slaves they may require, and exporting them for sale to Arabia and the coastlines of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
Mnqobi Linda

SlaveryandSlaveTradeinEasternAfrica.pdf - 1 views

Mnqobi Linda 222051757

shared by Mnqobi Linda on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Traditionally, most societies in Africa, many with divine kings and strict hierarchical forms of government with local chiefs at village level, kept slaves as body guards, tax collectors, domestic servants and farm workers. They were an important indicator of power and wealth. They were seldom sold as chattels but could be given away as gifts to others in position. However, with the discovery of the Americas and the European need for increased cheap labor changed the character of African slave ownership when Europeans introduced the Atlantic Slave Trade and escalated slave raids and enslavement of Africans and their forced migration for use in the Americas. Later in the early 18th century, the rulers of Dahomey/Benin became major slave traders, raiding their neighboring tribes and capturing them, providing more than 10,000 slaves to the Europeans. Some of the captives were former slave traders themselves
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Communities Chiefs made slaves out of their people. They would also sell them or exchange them for food to Europeans.
  • Swahili patricians, the ruling class of coastal society of mixed African-Asian origin in the ports and islands of East Africa, comprising Sultans, chiefs, government officials, ship owners and wealthy merchant houses, used non-Muslim slaves as domestic servants, sailors, coolies and workers on farms and plantations, even in the interior of modern day Tanzania around trading centers such as Tabora, Mwanza on Lake Victoria, and Ujiji and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika. Swahili craftsmen, artisans and clerks were free Muslim men or Islamized former slaves. The divisions between the different social classes were often not very strict because of intermarriage and social mobility. Seyyid Said, Sultan of Oman an Zanzibar, and his relatives and associates, became so rich because of his clove plantations in Zanzibar employing slave labor that he moved his capital Muscat in Oman to Zanzibar in 1840; thus he became the first of 12 Omani Sultans of Zanzibar.
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this portion they discuss different use of Slavery after being captured and moved to other countries.
  • Slavery and slave trade within East Africa were well established before the Europeans arrived on the scene. Export of slaves was mostly to the countries of the Middle East, especially in the Persian Gulf region. African slaves worked as sailors in Persia, pearl divers and laborers on date plantations in Oman and the Gulf, soldiers in the various armies and workers on the salt pans of Mesopotamia (todays Iraq). Many Africans were domestic slaves, working in rich households. Many young women were taken as concubines, i.e. sex slaves. However, the bulk of the slaves in the countries around the Indian Ocean were from South Asia and South East Asia, particularly South India, Malaysia and Indonesia, most of them being women, many of whom were brought to East Africa by the Portuguese to work in their fortresses, naval bases and wine-houses or sold away as concubines.
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 26 Apr 23
       
      They highlighted that slavery has always been before the arrival of the Europeans to obtain them and move them abroad.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • 1. New clove and coconut plantations in Zanzibar and date plantations in Oman needed labor. 2. New farms in the interior of East Africa for production of food crops around inland centers along the caravan routes needed labor. 3. More slaves were needed as porters to carry trade goods from the coast to the interior, and ivory and other products from the interior to the coast. 4. Brazilian traders, to avoid the British navy intercepting their slave ships in West Africa, had started obtaining slaves from the Portuguese in Angola, the Zambezi valley and the coast of Mozambique. 5. The French needed cheap labor on their newly started sugar and coffee plantations in the islands of Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, Rodrigues and southern Madagascar. 6. Many male slaves in Zanzibar and Mombasa would become free after some years in servitude, older slaves would retire or die, and new ships and businesses, building and construction work needed new slaves.
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Why Slavery?
  • 1. the Prazeros, descendants of Portuguese fathers and African mothers, operating mostly along the Zambezi River. 2. the Yao of southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique working north-east of the Zambezi River. 3. the Makua operating east of the Yao, closer to the coast. 4. The Yeke operating further north around Lake Tanganyika under the leadership of Chief Msiri of Katanga and the Nyamwezi Chief Mirambo, who established a short-lived trading and raiding kingdom at Urambo during 1860-70's. Slaves were brought by them from as far west as southern Angola. 5. the Kamba, Galla/Oromo and the Somali in Kenya. 6. the Christian Amhara and the Oromo later systematically raided the Muslim Somali in modern Ethiopia to obtain slaves well into the 1930s.
    • Mnqobi Linda
      Mnqobi Linda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Suppliers of Slaves in the East of Africa.
Mnqobi Linda

Slaves_ruvuma - 2 views

Mnqobi Linda 222051757

shared by Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Mnqobi Linda on 25 Apr 23
     
    Slavers Revenge Their Losses" depicts a procession of men, women, and children led by Arab slavers; one of the guards is executing a captive who is unable to keep up with the rest of the group. These people were transported from Central Africa to Africa's east coast. According to the editor, the engravings in this book are based on "rude sketches" made by Livingstone. The date was June 19, 1866.
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