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Aurialie Jublin

Philippe Askenazy : « Les nouvelles technologies sont peut-être moins destruc... - 0 views

  • Avant il y avait d’un côté le  travail manuel sans grande exigence psychologique et de l’autre un travail intellectuel sans, lui, grande exigence manuelle. Aujourd’hui il y a une convergence des deux. Si l’on est ouvrier ou conducteur de bus on subit une présence permanente des technologies, on vit une pression constante sur sa sphère psychologique qui se rajoute à la pression physique. De l’autre dans les métiers purement réflexifs se rajoute une dimension physique, le travail par exemple dans le numérique est un travail pénible avec un de plus en plus de pathologies liées. Et à cette augmentation des contraintes et des exigences avec les technologies, se rajoute désormais le mélange entre la vie privée et la vie professionnelle qui n’est pas en fait totalement nouveau 
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    L'économiste Philippe Askenazy a commenté une étude pour le Centre d'Orientation de l'Emploi sur « l'impact de l'innovation sur l'emploi vu par les salariés ». Un peu Cassandre, mais aussi optimiste au vu de la manière dont les jeunes qualifiés trouvent du travail.
Chamila Puylaurent

Révolution digitale : les entreprises qui intègrent les nouveaux enjeux ont u... - 0 views

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    "Il y a encore dix ans, il était inconcevable d'imaginer à quel point la généralisation du numérique et des nouvelles technologies de l'information allaient modifier notre façon de travailler en profondeur. En effet, les technologies transforment le monde et amènent les entreprises à revoir leur organisation au bénéfice de la performance et de l'innovation. Le Cloud réinvente notamment la réalité de l'environnement de travail et stimule l'émergence d'un « Digital Workplace »."
Chamila Puylaurent

Les technologies qui vont transformer le travail en 2020 - 1 views

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    "Smartphone, objets connectés, cloud computing... Autant de nouvelles technologies qui modifient le mode de travail et le fonctionnement des entreprises. Une transformation qui devrait s'accentuer d'ici 2020."
Thierry Nabeth

Technology at Work: The Future of Innovation and Employment | Report - 0 views

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    Technology at Work: The Future of Innovation and Employment, is the latest Citi GPS report from the Oxford Martin School and Citi. It explores trends in automation and points to sluggish job creation caused partly by increasing automation, and argues that secular stagnation in the digital age can only be avoided by a shift towards inclusive growth. Technology at Work marks the start of a new programme of research supported by Citi, the Oxford Martin Programme on Technology and Employment.
Aurialie Jublin

In the Sharing Economy, Workers Find Both Freedom and Uncertainty - NYTimes.com - 0 views

  • In a climate of continuing high unemployment, however, people like Ms. Guidry are less microentrepreneurs than microearners. They often work seven-day weeks, trying to assemble a living wage from a series of one-off gigs. They have little recourse when the services for which they are on call change their business models or pay rates. To reduce the risks, many workers toggle among multiple services.
  • Certainly, it’s a good deal for consumers. Peer marketplaces democratize luxury services by making amateur chauffeurs, chefs and personal assistants available to perform occasional work once largely dominated by full-time professionals. Venture capital firms seem convinced.
  • In July, 9.7 million Americans were unemployed, and an additional 7.5 million were working part-time jobs because they could not find full-time work, according to estimates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.There are no definitive statistics on how many people work in the gig economy. But according to a report from MBO Partners, a company that provides consulting services to independent contractors, about 17.7 million Americans last year worked more than half time as independent contributors, among them project workers.
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  • Jamie Viggiano, senior director of marketing at TaskRabbit, says the company is trying to improve the situation for its 30,000 contractors in 19 cities in the United States. It recently instituted a sitewide minimum wage of $15 an hour. It also adopted a $1 million insurance policy, covering both clients and contractors, for any property damage or bodily harm that occurs while performing a job. Still, Ms. Viggiano says that “across the industry, we have only scratched the surface of helping freelancers work in the gig economy.”
  • Technology has made online marketplaces possible, creating new opportunities to monetize labor and goods. But some economists say the short-term gig services may erode work compensation in the long term. Mr. Baker, of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, argues that online labor marketplaces are able to drive down costs for consumers by having it both ways: behaving as de facto employers without shouldering the actual cost burdens or liabilities of employing workers.
  • Labor activists say gig enterprises may also end up disempowering workers, degrading their access to fair employment conditions.“These are not jobs, jobs that have any future, jobs that have the possibility of upgrading; this is contingent, arbitrary work,” says Stanley Aronowitz, director of the Center for the Study of Culture, Technology and Work at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. “It might as well be called wage slavery in which all the cards are held, mediated by technology, by the employer, whether it is the intermediary company or the customer.”
  • TaskRabbit has started offering its contractors access to discounted health insurance and accounting services. Lyft has formed a partnership with Freelancers Union, making its drivers eligible for the advocacy group’s health plan and other benefit programs.That may not be enough. Dr. Standing, the labor economist, says workers need formal protections to address the power asymmetries inherent in contingent work. International rules, he says, could endow gig workers with basic entitlements — like the right to organize and the right to due process should companies seek to remove them from their platforms.
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    Le business de la "sharing economy", c'est encore beaucoup la précarité des "employés".
Aurialie Jublin

The Day I Drove for Amazon Flex - The Atlantic - 0 views

  • But Flex operates year-round, not just during the holiday season, which suggests there’s another reason for it: It’s cheap. As the larger trucking industry has discovered over the past decade, using independent contractors rather than unionized drivers saves money, because so many expenses are borne by the drivers, rather than the company.
  • The company doesn’t share information about how many drivers it has, but one Seattle economist calculated that 11,262 individuals drove for Flex in California between October 2016 and March 2017, based on information Amazon shared with him to help the company defend a lawsuit about Flex drivers.
  • “A lot of these gig-type services essentially rely on people not doing the math on what it actually costs you,”
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  • One Amazon Flex driver in Cleveland, Chris Miller, 63, told me that though he makes $18 an hour, he spends about 40 cents per mile he drives on expenses like gas and car repairs. He bought his car, used, with 40,000 miles on it. It now has 140,000, after driving for Flex for seven months, and Uber and Lyft before that. That means he’s incurred about $40,000 in expenses—things he didn’t think about initially, like changing the oil more frequently and replacing headlights and taillights. He made slightly less than $10 an hour driving for Uber, he told me, once he factored in these expenses; Flex pays a bit better.
  • If the driver gets into a car accident, the driver, not Amazon, is responsible for medical and insurance costs. If a driver gets a speeding ticket, the driver pays. (UPS and FedEx usually pay their trucks’ tickets, but Amazon explicitly says in the contract Flex drivers sign that drivers are responsible for fees and fines­.)
  • Brown likes to work two shifts delivering groceries for Amazon, from 4:30 to 6:30 a.m. and 6:30 to 8:30 a.m., but the morning we talked, no 4:30 shifts were available. He sometimes wakes up at 3 a.m. and does what Flex workers call the “sip and tap,” sitting at home and drinking coffee while refreshing the app, hoping new blocks come up. He does not get paid for the hour he spends tapping. Twice in the last year, he’s been barred from seeing new blocks for seven days because Amazon accused him of using a bot to grab blocks—he says he just taps the app so frequently Amazon assumes he’s cheating.
  • Akunts said that people often get “deactivated,” which means they receive a message telling them they can no longer drive for Flex. Sometimes, the workers don’t know why they’ve been terminated and their contract annulled, he told me. It can take as long as a month to get reinstated.
  • But lots of people risk it and park illegally in meters, he told me—the number of parking citations issued in the first three months of the year for people parking illegally at red and yellow meters grew 29 percent from 2016, according to data provided to me by the city.
  • And then there was the fact that the Flex technology itself was difficult to use. Flex workers are supposed to scan each package before they deliver it, but the app wouldn’t accept my scans. When I called support, unsure of what to do, I received a recorded messaging saying support was experiencing technical difficulties, but would be up again soon. Then I got a message on my phone telling me the current average wait time for support was “less than 114,767 minutes.” I ended up just handing the packages to people in the offices without scanning them, hoping that someone, somewhere, was tracking where they went.
  • Technology was making their jobs better—they worked in offices that provided free food and drinks, and they received good salaries, benefits, and stock options. They could click a button and use Amazon to get whatever they wanted delivered to their offices—I brought 16 packages for 13 people to one office; one was so light I was sure it was a pack of gum, another felt like a bug-spray container.
  • But now, technology was enabling Amazon to hire me to deliver these packages with no benefits or perks. If one of these workers put the wrong address on the package, they would get a refund, while I was scurrying around trying to figure out what they meant when they listed their address as “fifth floor” and there was no fifth floor. How could these two different types of jobs exist in the same economy?
  • Gig-economy jobs like this one are becoming more and more common. The number of “non-employer firms” in the ground-transportation sector—essentially freelancers providing rides through various platforms—grew 69 percent from 2010 to 2014, the most recent year for which there is data available, according to a Brookings analysis of Census Bureau and Moody’s data.
  • “We’re going to take the billion hours Americans spend driving to stores and taking things off shelves, and we’re going to turn it into jobs,” Viscelli said. “The fundamental question is really what the quality of these jobs is going to be.”
  • Liss-Riordan says one of the biggest obstacles in getting workers to take legal action over their classification is that many Flex workers agree, upon signing up to deliver packages, to resolve disputes with Amazon through arbitration. Companies can now use arbitration clauses to prevent workers from joining together to file class-action lawsuits, because of a May Supreme Court ruling.
  • Even weeks after I’d stopped driving for Flex, I kept getting new notifications from Amazon, telling me that increased rates were available, tempting me to log back in and make a few extra bucks, making me feel guilty for not opening the app, even though I have another job.
  • My tech-economy experience was far less lucrative. In total, I drove about 40 miles (not counting the 26 miles I had to drive between the warehouse and my apartment). I was paid $70, but had $20 in expenses, based on the IRS mileage standards. I had narrowly avoided a $110 parking ticket, which felt like a win, but my earnings, added up, were $13.33 an hour. That’s less than San Francisco’s $14 minimum wage.
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    "Amazon Flex allows drivers to get paid to deliver packages from their own vehicles. But is it a good deal for workers?"
Aurialie Jublin

Automation may require as many as 375 million people to find new jobs by 2030 - Quartz - 0 views

  • y 2030, up to 30% of the hours worked globally could be automated, according to a new report by the McKinsey Global Institute. Analysts in the consultancy’s research arm estimate that between 400 million and 800 million people could find themselves displaced by automation and in need of new jobs, depending on how quickly new technologies are adopted. Of this group, as many as 375 million people—about 14% of the global workforce—may need to completely switch occupational categories and learn a new set of skills to find work.
  • Notably, McKinsey argues that demand for work will increase as automation grows. Technology will drive productivity growth, which will in turn lead to rising incomes and consumption, especially in developing countries. Meanwhile, there will be more jobs in health care to meet the demands of aging societies and more investment in infrastructure and energy.
  • For these benefits to be realised, everyone needs to gain new skills, with governments and private companies taking on the unprecedented task of retraining millions of people in the middle of their careers. “Even if there is enough work to ensure full employment by 2030, major transitions lie ahead that could match or even exceed the scale of historical shifts out of agriculture and manufacturing,” the report says.
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  • There will be other challenges too. In advanced economies, there is a risk that automation will worsen the trend of income polarization, with demand for high-wage jobs increasing, and demand for medium-wage jobs falling. Also, displaced workers will need to find jobs quickly—preferably within a year—otherwise frictional unemployment (lots of people moving between jobs) could put downward pressure on wages.
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    "Fears that automation and machine learning will cause massive job losses and make people obsolete are starting to wane (well, unless you ask Stephen Hawking). Instead, there's a more optimistic prediction taking hold: that the new technology could actually lead to job gains. But the transition won't be easy."
Aurialie Jublin

Robocolleague | The Economist - 1 views

  • As technology improves, Mr Autor writes, a pattern emerges. Machines take over routine tasks like repeated number-crunching or the welding of car parts. Such jobs can be programmed into machines using detailed, specific instructions. Displaced human workers are then reassigned to do more improvisational or intuitive work. At airline check-in counters, say, computers are displacing employees from mundane tasks like printing boarding passes. That makes it easier for the humans to respond to unexpected problems like cancelled flights or changed itineraries.
  • Machines serve as both a substitute for, and a complement to, labour in other industries.
  • Historically, technological advances have been relatively benign for workers. Labour-market trends through the 19th and 20th centuries show surprising continuity, according to Lawrence Katz of Harvard University and Robert Margo of Boston University. In recent decades, for example, computerisation and automation have displaced “middle-skilled” workers at the same time as employment among high- and low-skilled workers has increased.
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  • Firms may find it more attractive to invest in technologies that boost the productivity of less-skilled domestic labour, pushing up their wages. One day, clever robots may change this. But as long as humans retain the edge on cognitive flexibility, firms will keep putting willing workers to good use.
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    Robots are getting more powerful. That need not be bad news for workers
Aurialie Jublin

What If Technology Is Destroying Jobs Faster Than It Creates Them? | TechCrunch - 1 views

Aurialie Jublin

How Technology Is Changing The Way Organizations Learn - Forbes - 0 views

  • That’s beginning to change as brands are becoming platforms for collaboration rather than assets to be leveraged.  Marketers who used to jealously guard their brands are now aggressively courting outside developers with Application Programming Interfaces (API’s) and Software Development Kits (SDK’s).  Our economy is increasingly becoming a semantic economy.
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    By the late 20th century, a knowledge economy began to take hold.  Workers became valued not for their labor, but for specialized knowledge, much of which was inscrutable to their superiors. Successful enterprises became learning organizations. Now, we are entering a new industrial revolution and machines are starting to take over cognitive tasks as well.  Therefore, much like in the first industrial revolution, the role of humans is again being rapidly redefined.  Organizations will have to change the way that they learn and managers' primary task will be to design the curricula.
Aurialie Jublin

The Future of Work | MIT Technology Review - 2 views

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    Dossier de juillet 2012 "In July's business report Technology Review examines the cutting edge of automation-the jobs it is destroying and the prosperity it is creating. During the month, we'll explore the latest in commercial robotics and reveal how IT advances are bringing automation to jobs never before done by machines."
julien camacho

12 technologies qui vont changer le monde (et tuer des emplois) | Rue89 - 1 views

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    Un rapport de McKinsey liste des innovations qui auraient un impact économique colossal. Mais que faire des emplois devenus obsolètes ou non compétitifs ?
Aurialie Jublin

Que devient le travail dans l'économie digitale ? - Metis - 1 views

  • Cette économie ne peut se définir uniquement par les technologies digitales elles-mêmes mais par un ensemble de propriétés radicalement nouvelles. On en citera quelques unes qui montrent que l'on aborde des rivages nouveaux :- le rendement croissant des innovations et le coût marginal zéro. Le principe des rendements croissants, lié aux externalités de réseaux positives, fait que la valeur d'un bien ou d'un service digital est d'autant plus élevée qu'il bénéficie d'un réseau étendu. La conséquence est que les coûts de production et de distribution, quasiment indépendants du volume produit, doivent être payés dès l'investissement initial. Jusqu'ici nous avions vécu dans une économie de rendements décroissants !- des nouveaux modèles d'affaire se développent autour des plateformes en ligne générant une nouvelle forme de marché appelée marché « à deux versants ou bifaces ». Cela concerne des produits ou des services qui sont proposés simultanément à deux catégories d'utilisateurs via internet. Ces marchés induisent des types de concurrence en rupture avec les marchés traditionnels où plusieurs concurrents coexistent et sont en compétition. Là, le gagnant prend tout (the winner takes all).
  • Concernant l'impact des ruptures technologiques sur les environnements de travail, les auteurs, après avoir recensé six nouveaux champs (le cloud, les données massives, les applications mobiles, la géolocalisation, l'internet des objets, les machines apprenantes et la robotique mobile) notent bien des potentiels de transformation du travail notamment par un déplacement de la frontière entre les capacités des humains et des machines.
  • Les auteurs distinguent les nouvelles formes de travail ou d'emploi suivantes plus spécifiquement liés au développement de l'économie digitale:- les « nomades numériques » qui peuvent être des travailleurs salariés ou des indépendants. Leur activité est réalisée à l'extérieur des locaux de l'employeur ou du client. Cette forme de travail repose sur une grande autonomie et permet à des personnes exclues habituellement des emplois classiques de travailler. Mais qu'en est-il de la prise en charge de la santé et de la sécurité de ces nomades numériques ?- l' « externalisation ouverte » (crowd working) qui désigne le travail réalisé à partir de plates-formes en ligne permettant à des organisations ou des individus d'accéder, via internet, à un groupe indéfini et inconnu d'autres organisations ou individus pour résoudre des problèmes spécifiques ou fournir des services ou des produits spécifiques en échange de paiement. Ceci se traduit par le développement d'un marché orienté sur la tâche plutôt que sur l'emploi et une baisse de la qualité du travail ; on constate souvent un détournement des normes d'emploi. Certains parlent de «cybertariat » (cyber-prolétariat). D'une certaine manière, cela s'apparente à une formalisation de l'économie informelle.- le travail sur appel organisé par des plateformes. Il consiste en une relation d'emploi continu formalisée par un contrat de travail sans travail continu. Ce type de contrat repose sur le principe du travail sur appel, en fonction de la demande : c'est un travail occasionnel intermittent, une nouvelle forme d'intermédiation entre une demande de travail et des réserves de travailleurs en attente de tâches et de missions. Ces emplois sont caractérisés par un temps de travail très flexible, un salaire très variable et une disponibilité étendue : ils matérialisent un découplage entre le contrat de travail et le temps de travail, et soumettent la vie quotidienne à des horaires imprévisibles.
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  • Ces nouvelles formes de travail se caractérisent par un brouillage des frontières : recouvrement entre vie professionnelle et vie privée, ambivalence entre le statut de salarié et d'indépendant, ou parfois de collaborateur bénévole, difficultés à distinguer le producteur du consommateur, etc. D'où la conclusion provisoire : « si ces formes de travail ne sont pas entièrement neuves et si elles sont en partie porteuses d'éléments positifs pour les travailleurs, elles sont aussi accompagnées de nombreux effets qui suscitent l'inquiétude, qui bousculent les systèmes de relations sociales et qui requièrent des formes de régulation appropriées ».
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    "Le document de travail de Patricia Vendramin et Gérard Valenduc à l'origine de cet article est publié par l'Institut syndical européen (European Trade Unions Institute), un centre de recherche et de formation de la Confédération Européenne des syndicats (CES). L'Institut a demandé à deux professeurs-chercheurs de faire le point sur l'impact des technologies digitales sur le travail."
Aurialie Jublin

L'Ifop publie Media@work, sa première étude sur l'€™usage des médias et des n... - 0 views

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    Lien de l'étude : http://www.ifop.com/media/pressdocument/492-1-document_file.pdf Conclusions : 1/ Les « medi@ctifs » (Actif connecté à internet sur son lieu de travail au cours des 3 derniers mois) sont de plus en plus nombreux à utiliser indifféremment leurs devices personnels sur leur lieu de travail, et vice versa : 64% à 71% des équipés d'un device personnel l'utilisent aussi à titre professionnel, et que 84% à 92% des équipés à titre professionnel l'utilisent également à titre personnel. 2/ 48% des medi@ctifs consultent les réseaux sociaux sur leur lieu de travail, 3/ 54% des medi@ctifs déclarent que "consulter des media sur le lieu de travail leur apporte une bouffée d'oxygène au cours de la journée", et 45% considèrent également que "les media sont une source d'inspiration pour eux", 4/ 54% des medi@ctifs ont déjà entendu parler du "Cloud computing".
Aurialie Jublin

The future of jobs: The onrushing wave | The Economist - 1 views

  • The machines are not just cleverer, they also have access to far more data. The combination of big data and smart machines will take over some occupations wholesale; in others it will allow firms to do more with fewer workers. Text-mining programs will displace professional jobs in legal services. Biopsies will be analysed more efficiently by image-processing software than lab technicians. Accountants may follow travel agents and tellers into the unemployment line as tax software improves. Machines are already turning basic sports results and financial data into good-enough news stories.
  • There will still be jobs. Even Mr Frey and Mr Osborne, whose research speaks of 47% of job categories being open to automation within two decades, accept that some jobs—especially those currently associated with high levels of education and high wages—will survive (see table). Tyler Cowen, an economist at George Mason University and a much-read blogger, writes in his most recent book, “Average is Over”, that rich economies seem to be bifurcating into a small group of workers with skills highly complementary with machine intelligence, for whom he has high hopes, and the rest, for whom not so much.
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    "Previous technological innovation has always delivered more long-run employment, not less. But things can change"
Thierry Nabeth

140 million full time jobs created or destroyed by knowledge work automation in the com... - 1 views

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    The jobs won't all necessarily be lost, as technology will also make many workers more productive, but as always there will be losers, according to McKinsey and Company in their report into the most disruptive technologies for the next decade.
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    Report| McKinsey Global Institute Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/disruptive_technologies
Aurialie Jublin

Data pioneers watching us work - FT.com - 0 views

  • Not everyone is convinced that the growing use of technology to monitor workers’ productivity offers an un­equivocal improvement, however. Teresa Amabile, a professor and director of research at Harvard Business School, says it could be “very positive” or “very negative” depending on the existing workplace culture. Monitoring can work if the teams, departments or whole offices using the software or devices have what she calls “a high degree of psychological safety”. If people feel able to experiment, potentially fail and learn from those lessons, then they can be motivated by gaining a better understanding of how they spend their days. But she warned that the technology was still in its early days and could be “too crude” an instrument to rely on. “There is definitely a danger of seeing technology as a silver bullet,” she says.
abrugiere

Entre l'homme et la machine, une lutte vieille de deux siècles | Le Cercle Le... - 1 views

  • Aujourd'hui, l'accélération des connaissances crée une rupture radicale : on prend conscience qu'avec la convergence des trois « technosciences » - technologies de l'information, biotechnologies, nanotechnologies - le mythe de Frankenstein créé en 1818 par Mary Shelley peut tenter les apprentis sorciers, et la notion de « risque » supplante celle de « progrès ».
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    "Chronique du livre "Technocritiques. Du refus des machines à la contestation des technosciences" par François Jarrige (La Découverte, 422 pages,28 euros). Une pénétrante histoire du « refus des techniques » né outre-Manche au tournant du XIXe siècle. Une contestation plus actuelle que jamais."
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    l'histoire technologique, comme l'histoire politique, est toujours écrite par les vainqueurs 3 types de critiques récurrentes dans le temps : 1) les plaintes des victimes directes des nouvelles techniques, 2) la dénonciation des dégâts qu'elles produisent, 3) et enfin les dangers de « déshumanisation » qu'elles présentent.
hubert guillaud

Peut-être est-ce une mauvaise idée de résoudre des désaccords par des textos ... - 0 views

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    Plus un couple s'échange de textos, plus il y a de chances qu'il ne soit pas très heureux. Une récente étude s'est intéressée à comment les couples utilisent les technologies numériques pour communiquer - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15332691.2013.836051?journalCode=wcrt20 - et a constaté que quand on s'échange beaucoup de messages, c'est souvent que la relation est de mauvaise qualité. A l'inverse, les messages affectueux adoucissent les relations.
Aurialie Jublin

Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace - NYTimes.com - 0 views

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    "Amazon may be singular but perhaps not quite as peculiar as it claims. It has just been quicker in responding to changes that the rest of the work world is now experiencing: data that allows individual performance to be measured continuously, come-and-go relationships between employers and employees, and global competition in which empires rise and fall overnight. Amazon is in the vanguard of where technology wants to take the modern office: more nimble and more productive, but harsher and less forgiving."
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    Une perspective intéressante dans un article de GigaOm. Il y est indiqué que chez Amazon, les "cols blancs" reçoivent tout simplement le même traitement que les "cols bleus". "Don't be surprised at how Amazon treats its workers" https://gigaom.com/2015/08/18/dont-be-surprised-at-how-amazon-treats-its-workers/
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