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Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect - Journal of Diabetes and its Complications : Starvation diet and very-lo... - 0 views

  • The metabolic situation in extremely low-calorie diets may be comparable to that in starvation
  • increased insulin resistance in states of starvation and anorexia nervosa, with a concomitant role in stress hormones.
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    very-low-calorie diets, like found in the HCG diet, results in insulin resistance in many individuals, results in muscle mass loss, and results in many negative effects, including weight gain.
Nathan Goodyear

Triglycerides Induce Leptin Resistance at the Blood-Brain Barrier - 0 views

  • Obesity is associated with leptin resistance
  • Resistance arises from impaired leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  • Decreasing triglycerides may potentiate the anorectic effect of leptin by enhancing leptin transport across the BBB.
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  • Starvation, like obesity, is accompanied by a decreased BBB transport rate of exogenous leptin
  • hypertriglyceridemia could explain impaired transport of leptin across the BBB in both starvation and obesity
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    elevated triglycerides and leptin resistance
Nathan Goodyear

Fuel metabolism in starvation - 0 views

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    Great review of the metabolic changes that the body undergoes during calorie restriction/fasting
Nathan Goodyear

Ketone bodies as a fuel for the brain during starvation - Owen - 2005 - Biochemistry an... - 0 views

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    Ketones, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, feed the brain independent of glucose.
Nathan Goodyear

Severe Starvation-Induced Hepatocyte Autophagy as a Cause of Acute Liver Injury in Anor... - 0 views

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    extreme malnutrition as in anorexia is found to be associated with increased liver enzymes.
Nathan Goodyear

Branched Chain Amino Acid Supplementation for Patients with Cirrhosis | Clinical Correl... - 0 views

  • low level of BCAAs in patients with cirrhosis is hypothesized to be one of multiple factors responsible for development of hepatic encephalopathy
  • supplementation of BCAAs is thought to facilitate ammonia detoxification by supporting synthesis of glutamine, one of the non-branched chain amino acids, in skeletal muscle and in the brain as well as diminishing the influx of AAAs across the blood-brain barrier
  • oral BCAA supplementation is more useful in chronic encephalopathic patients than is parenteral BCAA supplementation in patients with acute encephalopathy
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  • malnutrition progressing to cachexia is another common manifestation of cirrhosis
  • Malnutrition can be mitigated with BCAA supplementation
  • Studies show that administration of amino acid formulas enriched with BCAAs can reduce protein loss, support protein synthesis, and improve nutritional status of patients with chronic liver disease
  • Leucine has been shown to be the most effective of the BCAAs because it acts via multiple pathways to stimulate protein synthesis
  • BCAAs metabolites inhibit proteolysis
  • Patients with cirrhosis have both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance
  • BCAAs (particularly leucine) help to reverse the catabolic, hyperglucagonemic state of cirrhosis both by stimulating insulin release from the pancreatic β cells and by decreasing insulin resistance allowing for better glucose utilization
  • Coadministration of BCAAs and glucose has been found to be particularly useful
  • BCAA supplementation improves protein-energy malnutrition by improving utilization of glucose, thereby diminishing the drive for proteolysis, inhibiting protein breakdown, and stimulating protein synthesis
  • Cirrhotic patients have impaired immune defense, characterized by defective phagocytic activity and impaired intracellular killing activity
  • another effect of BCAA supplementation is improvement of phagocytic function of neutrophils and possibly improvement in natural killer T (NKT) cell lymphocyte activity
  • BCAA supplementation may reduce the risk of infection in patients with advanced cirrhosis not only through improvement in protein-energy malnutrition but also by directly improving the function of the immune cells themselves
  • BCAA administration has also been shown to have a positive effect on liver regeneration
  • A proposed mechanism for improved liver regeneration is the stimulatory effect of BCAAs (particularly leucine) on the secretion of hepatocyte growth factor by hepatic stellate cells
  • BCAAs activate rapamycin signaling pathways which promotes albumin synthesis in the liver as well as protein and glycogen synthesis in muscle tissue
  • Chemical improvement with BCAA treatment is demonstrated by recovery of serum albumin and lowering of serum bilirubin levels
  • long-term oral BCAA supplementation was useful in staving off malnutrition and improving survival by preventing end-stage fatal complications of cirrhosis such as hepatic failure and gastrointestinal bleeding
  • The incidence of death by any cause, development of liver cancer, rupture of esophageal varices, or progression to hepatic failure was decreased in the group that received BCAA supplementation
  • Patients receiving BCAA supplementation also have a lower average hospital admission rate, better nutritional status, and better liver function tests
  • patients taking BCAA supplementation report improved quality of life
  • BCAAs have been shown to mitigate hepatic encephalopathy, cachexia, and infection rates, complications associated with the progression of hepatic cirrhosis
  • BCAAs make up 20-25% of the protein content of most foods
  • Highest levels are found in casein whey protein of dairy products and vegetables, such as corn and mushrooms. Other sources include egg albumin, beans, peanuts and brown rice bran
  • In addition to BCAAs from diet, oral supplements of BCAAs can be used
  • Oral supplementation tends to provide a better hepatic supply of BCAAs for patients able to tolerate PO nutrition as compared with IV supplementation, especially when treating symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy
  • Coadministration of BCAAs with carnitine and zinc has also been shown to increase ammonia metabolism further reducing the encephalopathic symptoms
  • Cirrhotic patients benefit from eating frequent, small meals that prevent long fasts which place the patient in a catabolic state
  • the best time for BCAA supplementation is at bedtime to improve the catabolic state during starvation in early morning fasting
  • A late night nutritional snack reduces symptoms of weakness and fatigability, lowers postprandial hyperglycemia, increases skeletal muscle mass,[25] improves nitrogen balance, and increases serum albumin levels.[26] Nocturnal BCAAs even improve serum albumin in cirrhotic patients who show no improvement with daytime BCAAs
  • Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), with low serum albumin and low muscle mass, occurs in 65-90% of cases of advanced cirrhosis
  • hyperglucagonemia results in a catabolic state eventually producing anorexia and cachexia
  • BCAAs are further depleted from the circulation due to increased uptake by skeletal muscles that use the BCAAs in the synthesis of glutamine, which is produced in order to clear the ammonia that is not cleared by the failing liver
  • patients with chronic liver disease, particularly cirrhosis, routinely have decreased BCAAs and increased aromatic amino acids (AAAs) in their circulation
  • Maintaining a higher serum albumin in patients with cirrhosis is associated with decreased mortality and improved quality of life
  • the serum BCAA concentration is strongly correlated with the serum albumin level
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    great review of cirrhosis and BCCA supplementation.
Nathan Goodyear

Kent Holtorf: Long Term Weight Loss - More Than Will Power? - 0 views

  • which is a major reason for the regaining of lost weight with dieting as well being the mechanism behind stress induced weight gain (it is not due to increased cortisol).
  • f greater than 10, it demonstrates there is a degree of leptin resistance contributing to an inability to lose weight
  • that it is difficult to lose weight with leptin resistance. High carbohydrate diets and in particular high-fructose corn syrup is shown to significantly increase leptin resistance and is a likely mechanism that high fructose corn syrup is associated with obesity
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  • inactive thyroid hormone called thyroxine
  • it is problem inside the cell that the inactive T4 is not converted to T3 but rather to a mirror image of T3 called reverse T3. The reverse T3 has the opposite effect of T3, blocking the effects of T3 and lowering rather than increasing metabolism.
  • Studies are showing that stress and dieting (especially yo-yo dieting) can set this hormone into action as well as chronic illness such as diabetes, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia.
  • As soon as the body senses a reduction in calories, the production of reverse T3 is stimulated to lower metabolism
  • With chronic dieting or stress, the body often stays in this "starvation mode" with elevated levels of reverse T3 and decreased levels of T3, which is a major reason for the regaining of lost weight with dieting as well being the mechanism behind stress induced weight gain (it is not due to increased cortisol).
  • which is a major reason for the regaining of lost weight with dieting as well being the mechanism behind stress induced weight gain (it is not due to increased cortisol).
  • which is a major reason for the regaining of lost weight with dieting as well being the mechanism behind stress induced weight gain (it is not due to increased cortisol).
  • Studies are showing that such standard testing will miss 80% of thyroid dysfunction
  • ree T3/reverse T3 ratio
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    Fantastic review by Dr. Holtorf on reverse T3, leptin, and weight loss
Nathan Goodyear

Tissue glutathione as a cyst(e)ine reservoir during f... [J Nutr. 1981] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    glutathione levels decreased in times of fasting. IMplications in diets that involve Low and extremely low calorie intake.
Nathan Goodyear

Modulating the therapeutic response of tumours to dietary serine and glycine starvation... - 1 views

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    cell culture study finds that restriction of serine and glycine inhibit cancer proliferation
Nathan Goodyear

PLOS ONE: The Ketogenic Diet and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Prolong Survival in Mice wit... - 0 views

  • This finding strongly supports the efficacy of the KD and HBO2T as therapies to inhibit tumor progression and prolong survival in animals with metastatic cancer.
  • We found that the KD fed ad libitum significantly increased mean survival time in mice with metastatic cancer
  • Ketogenic diets are also known to have an appetite suppressing effect which may contribute to body weight loss
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  • the ketogenic diet may inhibit cancer progression in part by indirect dietary energy restriction
  • KD with HBO2T. Combining these therapies nearly doubled survival time in mice with metastatic cancer,
  • low carbohydrate or ketogenic diets promote weight loss in overweight individuals, they are also known to spare muscle wasting during conditions of energy restriction and starvation
  • dietary-induced therapeutic ketosis in a cancer patient would prevent muscle wasting similarly as it does with athletes undergoing intense exercise
  • when given as an adjuvant treatment to advanced cancer patients, the KD improves quality of life and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy treatment in the clinic
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    mouse study finds that ketogenic diet plus hyperbaric O2 treatment prolongs survival.
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Nathan Goodyear

Chemotherapy induces tumor immune evasion by upregulation of programmed cell ... - 0 views

  • upregulation of glycolysis in cancer cells, with subsequent exhaustion of glucose in the microenvironment, leading to the death of T cells from starvation
  • PD‐L1 expression promotes the production of interleukin 10, a cytokine involved in the death of activated T cells
  • PD‐L1 expression in tumor tissue might lead to T‐cell exhaustion and unresponsiveness
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  • PD‐L1 on cancer cells could induce T‐cell apoptosis through
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    Chemotherapy found to increase PD-L1 expression in vitro and in vivo studies.
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