HG significantly
increased the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), TNF-α, β2-integrin, interleukin-1β, and others. HG treatment increased transcription of the MCP-1 gene, MCP-1 protein levels, and adhesion
of THP-1 cells to endothelial cells. HG-induced MCP-1 mRNA expression and monocyte adhesion were blocked by specific inhibitors
of oxidant stress, protein kinase C, ERK1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases