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Nathan Goodyear

Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance ... - 0 views

eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/...998

endurance athletes training heart health injury

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jan 15 - No Cached
  • In a cohort of well-trained athletes, we demonstrated that intense endurance exercise causes an acute reduction in RV function that increases with race duration and correlates with increases in biomarkers of myocardial injury
  • no relationship between LV function and biomarker levels
  • focal gadolinium enhancement and increased RV remodelling were more prevalent in those athletes with a longer history of competitive sport, suggesting that repetitive ultra-endurance exercise may lead to more extensive RV change and possible myocardial fibrosis
  • ...22 more annotations...
  • he cardiac impact of both acute and cumulative exercise is greatest on the RV.
  • Greater reductions in RV function occurred in those athletes competing for a longer duration, suggesting that the heart has a finite capacity to maintain the increased work demands of exercise
  • cardiac injury is greatest in the least trained
  • Previous investigators have documented reductions in RV function in less trained subjects over the marathon distance
  • We enrolled elite and subelite athletes and found a significant association between fitness (VO2max) and the reduction in post-race RVEF
  • Even after many years of detraining, cardiac dilation may not completely regress in elite athletes
  • The focus on well-trained athletes may be of particular relevance, given that they perform exercise of highest intensity and duration most frequently, and, thus, may be at a greater risk of cumulative injury.
  • The lack of correlation between increases in troponin and changes in LV function seen in this study has been previously interpreted as evidence that post-exercise elevations in cardiac biomarkers are benign.
  • a significant correlation between changes in RVEF and post-race biomarker levels and this relationship was even stronger in the athletes who completed the race of longest duration, the ultra-triathlon
  • The correlations with RVEF, but not LVEF, provide further evidence of the differential effects of intense exercise on RV and LV function
  • BNP release during intense exercise is associated with greater relative increases in RV systolic pressures, but not LV pressures
  • BNP may provide a measure of both acute RV load and the resultant fatigue which occurs when this load is sustained
  • It has been demonstrated that ventricular load increases with exercise intensity and is greater for the RV than the LV,29 thus potentially explaining why the RV is more susceptible to fatigue after prolonged exercise.
  • This study demonstrates, for the first time, an association between endurance exercise of increasing duration and structural, functional, and biochemical markers of cardiac dysfunction in highly trained athletes
  • Functional abnormalities were confined to the RV and were largely reversible 1 week following the event
  • there remained a significant minority of athletes in whom there was evidence of myocardial fibrosis in the interventricular septum
  • RV abnormalities may be acquired through cumulative bouts of intense exercise and provides direction for prospective investigations aimed at elucidating whether extreme exercise may promote arrhythmias in some athletes.
  • the acute injury and chronic remodelling of the myocardium both disproportionately affect the RV and it remains possible that the two are linked.
  • focal DGE was confined to the interventricular septum and commonly at the site of RV attachment
  • emerging evidence that intense endurance exercise may be associated with an excess in arrhythmic disorders, the mechanisms for which remain unexplained
  • RVEF (and not LVEF) was reduced in athletes with complex ventricular arrhythmias when compared with healthy athletes and non-athletes without arrhythmias
  • it is premature to conclude that these changes may represent a proarrhythmic substrate
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Jan 15
     
    Study finds endurance racing results in reduce Right ventricle ejection fraction even in elite athletes.  This post-race RVEF reduction is associated with VO2max.
Nathan Goodyear

Intravenous Fluid Use in Athletes - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3435915

IV intravenous fluid nutrition athletes athlete sports medicine sports exercise

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jan 15 - No Cached
  • Treatment of exercise-associated hyponatremia with hypertonic IV infusion to correct plasma sodium levels is also a standard and accepted use of IV fluid infusions
  • athletes who present for medical care with hypernatremia who cannot tolerate oral fluids can benefit from IV fluids
  • Vaporization of sweat accounts for 80% of heat loss in hot, dry atmospheric conditions. This mechanism of water loss is the major contributor for exercise-associated dehydration
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • The rate of water loss can be quantified through measurement of sweat rate
  • Pre- and postexercise body weight measurements are the most common means to estimate overall water loss but are condition specific
  • It appears that 1% to 2% body weight loss is well tolerated by the exercising athlete
  • Dehydration, defined as greater than 2% loss of body weight, can negatively affect performance
  • In highly trained endurance athletes, plasma volume and sodium serum concentration were preserved despite a 5% body weight loss
  • In Ironman triathletes, dehydration to 5% body weight loss did not correlate with occurrence of medical complications
  • hydration should begin hours prior to exercise, especially if known deficits are present, and fluids should be consumed at a slow, steady rate, with 5 to 7 mL/kg taken 4 hours prior to exercise
  • Sodium concentration did not produce significant changes in the rate of absorption but was primarily dependent on carbohydrate concentration
  • Replacing 150% of body weight loss over 60 minutes has been tolerated without complications
  • IV treatment of severe dehydration (>7% body weight loss), exertional heat illness, nausea, emesis, or diarrhea, and in those who cannot ingest oral fluids for other reasons, is clinically indicated
  • A recent survey of the National Football League teams revealed that 75% (24 of 32) of the teams utilized IV infusion of fluids for prehydration in at least some otherwise healthy individuals
  • In the National Football League, an average of 1.5 L of normal saline was administered approximately 2.5 hours prior to competition
  • after 2 hours of exercise, the rectal temperature was 0.6° higher in the group not receiving IV infusion. Also, stroke volume and cardiac output were 11% to 16% lower in the control group versus the IV infusion group.
  • Recent evidence suggests the etiology of EAMC is related to muscle fatigue and neuronal excitability
  • no correlation between hydration status or electrolyte concentrations with EAMC
  • there may be a subset of muscle cramping that is associated with a loss of both body fluid and sodium
  • Glycerol is the primary agent for oral hyperhydration
  • elevation of plasma volume by 200 to 300 mL via dextran infusion resulted in 15% increase in stroke volume, 4% increase in VO2 max, and an increase in the exercise time to fatigue
  • Neither the tonicity nor mode of hydration resulted in improved speed of rehydration, greater fluid retention, or improved performance
  • There are beneficial anecdotal reports of EAMC treatment in elite and professional-level athletes with IV hydration during the course of an event
  • Plasma volume was better restored during rehydration with IV fluids at preexercise and 5 minutes of exercise. At 15 minutes, there was no difference between IV and oral rehydration
  • More rapid restoration of plasma volume was accomplished in the IV treatment group with no advantages over oral rehydration in physiological strain, heat tolerance, ratings of perceived effort, or thermal sensations
  • No difference was found in exercise time to exhaustion. IV and oral rehydration methods were equally effective. Heart rates were statistically higher in the oral rehydration group through 75 minutes of exercise, and there were higher increases in norepinephrine plasma concentrations
  • No significant differences between the groups were found for time to recovery, number of days with pain, number of days with stiffness, sleep disturbance, fatigue, rectal temperature, and loss of appetite
  • The current data suggest that IV rehydration is faster than oral
  • There may be physiological benefits of decreased heart rate and norepinephrine in athletes rehydrated via IV route
  • Postexercise blood 1 hour and 24 hours showed no differences in circulating myoglobin or creatine kinase
  • The use of IV fluid may be beneficial for a subset of fluid sensitive athletes
  • this should be reserved for high-level athletes with strong histories of symptoms in well-monitored settings.
  • Volume expanders may also be beneficial for some athletes
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jan 15
     
    to be read
Nathan Goodyear

Exercise and Testosterone - 0 views

www.sast.org.tw/...FI1112060008_aO.pdf

testosterone training athletic performance athlete athletic muscle

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 26 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 26 Jun 12
     
    type and length of training effects testosterone secretion. Testosterone plays an important role in muscle performance and mass. Prolonged training can result in a decrease in testosterone level. This has significance with highly trained athletes. One pitfall of this study was the assessment of testosterone via serum.
Nathan Goodyear

Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3445088

EAMC exercise associated muscle cramps athletes muscle cramps

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15 - No Cached
  • athletes who develop EAMC often ingest similar amounts of fluid during exercise as do their noncramping counterparts
  • Oral fluid ingestion may be ineffective, and intravenous fluid may provide a faster delivery for athletes suffering from acute EAMC
  • It is interesting that stretching the affected muscle almost immediately relieves EAMC
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Stretching, the primary treatment for acute EAMC
  • National Athletic Trainers’ Association recommends that athletes prone to muscle cramping add 0.3 to 0.7 g/L of salt to their drinks to stave off muscle cramps
  • Others have recommended adding higher amounts of sodium (about 3.0 to 6.0 g/L) to sports drinks based on the frequency of EAMC
  • intravenous infusion of fluids removes this delay, and it has been used to aid athletes who develop acute EAMC
  • maintaining hydration and adequate electrolyte levels is a good prevention strategy for individuals susceptible to EAMC
  • Fluid volumes of 1.8 L per hour have been well tolerated by tennis athletes who are susceptible to EAMC
  • Monitoring an athlete’s body weight is an easy method of ensuring adequate fluid replacement and individualizes each athlete’s fluid needs
  • the National Athletic Trainers’ Association and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend a volume of fluid that allows for less than a 2% body weight reduction
  • Endurance training may also serve as an effective means of preventing EAMC by expanding plasma volume and the extracellular fluid compartment15 and delaying neuromuscular fatigue
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 15
     
    Exercise associated muscle cramps or EAMC is not worked out.  The theories include dehydration, mineral/electrolyte deficiencies, and neuromuscular activity.
Nathan Goodyear

Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen up... - 0 views

www.tandfonline.com/...17461391.2014.949310

fish oil omega 3 omega-3 n-3 cycling athletes NO endurance sports endurance athletes endurance exercise

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 06 Jul 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 06 Jul 16
     
    supplementation of 2.6 grams of n-3 found to increase NO and VO2max in elite cycling athletes.  This has applications for all endurance athletes.  
Nathan Goodyear

The effect of strength training on performance in endurance athletes. - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...24532151

strength training endurance athletes athletes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Jan 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Jan 15
     
    strength training improved performance of endurance athletes.  This study is a meta-analysis.
Nathan Goodyear

Fatigue and underperformance in athletes: the overtraining syndrome - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC1756078

OTS over training syndrome athletics athlete

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 07 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 07 Mar 11
     
    Over training syndrome: reason for athlete underperformance
Nathan Goodyear

Carbohydrates for training and competition. - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...21660838

carbohydrates training competition athletes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Feb 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Feb 16
     
    Only abstract available here.  Article looked at the evidence of daily carb intake for levels of training: low training-3-5 g/kg; moderate training (1h)-5-7 g/kg; endurance training (1-3h)-6-10 g/kg; extreme endurance (>4-5h)-8-12 g/kg   
Nathan Goodyear

Effect of different seasonal strength trai... [Hormones (Athens). 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...24722138

strength training exercise Testosterone 3-alpha androstanediol men male hormone hormones athletes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 14 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 14 Apr 14
     
    Increased strength training associated with increased Total Testosterone and 3-alpha androstane idol  levels in trained athletes.  This was not found in free Testosterone levels.
Nathan Goodyear

Frontiers | Nitrate Intake Promotes Shift in Muscle Fiber Type Composition during Sprin... - 0 views

journal.frontiersin.org/...full

nitrates vegetables nutrition diet muscle training exercise athletes

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Oct 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Oct 16
     
    Nitrates from greens aid in athletic training.
Nathan Goodyear

The endurance athletes heart: acute stress and chronic adaptation -- George et al. 46 (... - 0 views

bjsm.bmj.com/...i29.full

heart health endurance athletes endurance exercise athletes athletic heart

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Jan 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Jan 15
     
    acute and chronic heart changes to endurance training/events.
Nathan Goodyear

Nutritional regulation of muscle protein synthesis with resistance exercise: strategies... - 0 views

www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/...1743-7075-9-40.pdf

exercise athletic training protein proteins whey muscle muscle protein synthesis MPS

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Jul 12
     
    This study proposes that immediate post-resistance training protein helps to stimulate muscle growth. Recovery from training is just as important as the training itself.
Nathan Goodyear

JISSN | Full text | International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine ... - 0 views

www.jissn.com/6

creatine sports nutrition exercise

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • the energy supplied to rephosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during and following intense exercise is largely dependent on the amount of phosphocreatine (PCr) stored in the muscle
  • Creatine is chemically known as a non-protein nitrogen
  • It is synthesized in the liver and pancreas from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine
  • ...26 more annotations...
  • Approximately 95% of the body's creatine is stored in skeletal muscle
  • About two thirds of the creatine found in skeletal muscle is stored as phosphocreatine (PCr) while the remaining amount of creatine is stored as free creatine
  • The body breaks down about 1 – 2% of the creatine pool per day (about 1–2 grams/day) into creatinine in the skeletal muscle
  • The magnitude of the increase in skeletal muscle creatine content is important because studies have reported performance changes to be correlated to this increase
  • "loading" protocol. This protocol is characterized by ingesting approximately 0.3 grams/kg/day of CM for 5 – 7 days (e.g., ≃5 grams taken four times per day) and 3–5 grams/day thereafter [18,22]. Research has shown a 10–40% increase in muscle creatine and PCr stores using this protocol
  • Additional research has reported that the loading protocol may only need to be 2–3 days in length to be beneficial, particularly if the ingestion coincides with protein and/or carbohydrate
  • A few studies have reported protocols with no loading period to be sufficient for increasing muscle creatine (3 g/d for 28 days)
  • Cycling protocols involve the consumption of "loading" doses for 3–5 days every 3 to 4 weeks
  • Most of these forms of creatine have been reported to be no better than traditional CM in terms of increasing strength or performance
  • Recent studies do suggest, however, that adding β-alanine to CM may produce greater effects than CM alone
  • These investigations indicate that the combination may have greater effects on strength, lean mass, and body fat percentage; in addition to delaying neuromuscular fatigue
  • creatine phosphate has been reported to be as effective as CM at improving LBM and strength
  • Green et al. [24] reported that adding 93 g of carbohydrate to 5 g of CM increased total muscle creatine by 60%
  • Steenge et al. [23] reported that adding 47 g of carbohydrate and 50 g of protein to CM was as effective at promoting muscle retention of creatine as adding 96 g of carbohydrate.
  • It appears that combining CM with carbohydrate or carbohydrate and protein produces optimal results
  • Studies suggest that increasing skeletal muscle creatine uptake may enhance the benefits of training
  • Nearly 70% of these studies have reported a significant improvement in exercise capacity,
  • Long-term CM supplementation appears to enhance the overall quality of training, leading to 5 to 15% greater gains in strength and performance
  • Nearly all studies indicate that "proper" CM supplementation increases body mass by about 1 to 2 kg in the first week of loading
  • short-term adaptations reported from CM supplementation include increased cycling power, total work performed on the bench press and jump squat, as well as improved sport performance in sprinting, swimming, and soccer
  • Long-term adaptations when combining CM supplementation with training include increased muscle creatine and PCr content, lean body mass, strength, sprint performance, power, rate of force development, and muscle diameter
  • subjects taking CM typically gain about twice as much body mass and/or fat free mass (i.e., an extra 2 to 4 pounds of muscle mass during 4 to 12 weeks of training) than subjects taking a placebo
  • The gains in muscle mass appear to be a result of an improved ability to perform high-intensity exercise via increased PCr availability and enhanced ATP synthesis, thereby enabling an athlete to train harder
  • there is no evidence to support the notion that normal creatine intakes (< 25 g/d) in healthy adults cause renal dysfunction
  • no long-term side effects have been observed in athletes (up to 5 years),
  • One cohort of patients taking 1.5 – 3 grams/day of CM has been monitored since 1981 with no significant side effects
  • Nathan Goodyear on 27 Jan 14
     
    Nice review of the data, up to the publication date, on creatine.
Nathan Goodyear

The effects of amino acid supplementation on horm... [Metabolism. 2006] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...16483870

training athlete athletic training muscle performance amino acid supplementation total testosterone testosterone

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 26 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 26 Jun 12
     
    amino acid supplementation shown to maintain total testosterone  levels in resistance training overreaching compared to placebo.  This study was small and only lasted 4 weeks.
Nathan Goodyear

Influence of dietary carbohydrate intake on the free testosterone: cortisol ratio respo... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...20091182

Testosterone exercise training sports medicine cortisol athletes hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 03 Feb 17 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 03 Feb 17
     
    excessive carb restriction in athletes can lower Testosterone levels and negatively impact Testosterone to cortisol ratio. This will limit performance and hinder recovery.
Nathan Goodyear

Psychoendocrine and physical performan... [Aggress Behav. 2008 Nov-Dec] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...18626966

T:C training athlete athletics testosterone cortisol saliva salivary hormone hormones

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Feb 13
     
    Rugby training resulted in a decrease in T:C salivary ratio through a decline in resting testosterone level.  In contrast, competition events increased the T:C ratio primarily through an increase in Cortisol production.
Nathan Goodyear

Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance ... - 0 views

eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/...eurheartj.ehr397.abstract

endurance training athletes cardiac heart right ventricular function

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 28 Jan 12
     
    endurance training found to induce heart dysfunction.  This was all in the right ventricular function, but significant dysfunction was found.
Nathan Goodyear

Salivary and plasma cortisol and testosterone r... [J Sports Sci. 2013] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...24279436

cortisol Testosterone saliva salivary hormone hormones serum exercise training sports

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 02 Dec 13 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 02 Dec 13
     
    Plasma and salivary cortisol and Testosterone levels correlated in small study that looked at post-training hormones changes in athletes.  Cortisol and Testosterone peaked in all experimental groups. 
Nathan Goodyear

The Role of Post-Exercise Nutrient Administration on Muscle Protein Synthesis and Glyco... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3761704

exercise athlete athletes recovery exercise recovery training protein carbohydrates glycogen muscle

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 10 Feb 16 - No Cached
  • Whey protein was superior to that of casein in upregulating protein synthesis
  • ability to digest more rapidly than casein protein
  • Free form amino acid ingestion acts similarly to whey by displaying a rapid and strong increase in aminoacidemia
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • it appears that protein synthesis rapidly increases for up to two hours after amino acid administration
  • The intervention of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation in conjunction with resistance training has proven to effectively increase protein synthesis rates
  • 291% increase in protein synthesis following the exercise bout, while protein degradation remained unchanged from baseline quantities
  • it has been established that post-exercise EAA supplementation stimulates protein synthesis, in conjunction with a positive protein balance, comparable to that of intravenous infusion of amino acids
  • Casein and whey protein ingestion yielded similar values of net positive protein balance, and thus an overall increase in protein synthesis
  • A later analysis revealed that soy protein increased protein synthesis in rats similar to that of whey after a treadmill exercise protocol
  • A human trial, however, concluded that milk proteins (caseins and whey) in comparison to soy promoted greater muscle protein accretion when they were ingested after regular resistance training
  • Whey hydrolysate ingested after a resistance exercise bout acutely stimulated mixed muscle protein synthesis 31% greater than soy
  • adequate amount of protein (20 g) is ingested (Tipton et al., 2009) immediately before or after a resistance exercise bout
  • The rapid phase lasts approximately 30-60 minutes and does not require the presence of insulin
  • slow phase, which can last up to several hours if carbohydrate availability is high and insulin levels remain elevated
  • Nathan Goodyear on 10 Feb 16
     
    Good review of recovery supplement strategy.
Nathan Goodyear

ARTICLES | Journal of Applied Physiology - 0 views

jap.physiology.org/...japplphysiol.00429.2016

recovery exercise athletic performance athletic training athlete

shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jun 16 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Jun 16
     
    Recovery doesn't just relate to exercise; recovery relates to travel.
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