Robotics

This chip is great for building robots because it has extensive input/output hardware built right into the chip. This reduces the need for external components.

Usually, the operating system takes all the values from the sensors, averages them, then finds the one that is the furthest away from that average

The Ant Farm is built next to a very large window that faces east. As a result, with the lab lights off, the brightest light source is always to the east. The robots can use this as a reference and then find all the other directions.

pseudocode: read left_photoresistor read right_photoresistor if left_photoresistor detects more light than right_photoresistor then turn robot left if right_photoresistor detects more light than left_photoresistor then turn robot right if right_photoresistor detects about the same as left_photoresistor then robot goes straight loop

Photovore Algorithm, Improved This algorithm does the same as the original, but instead of case-based it works under a more advanced Fuzzy Logic control algorithm. Your robot will no longer just have the three modes of turn left, turn right, and go forward. Instead will have commands like 'turn left by 10 degrees' or 'turn right really fast', and with no additional lines of code! pseudocode: read left_photoresistor read right_photoresistor left_motor = (left_photoresistor - right_photoresistor) * arbitrary_constant right_motor = (right_photoresistor - left_photoresistor) * arbitrary_constant loop

how to interpret sensor data into a mathematical form readable by computers

There are only 3 steps you need to follow: Gather Sensor Data (data logging) Graph Sensor Data Generate Line Equation

Some sensors (such as sonar and Sharp IR) do not work properly at very close range

Motorcycle lead acid batteries work great for larger low performance type robots. They are great for solar power robots too.

lead acid batteries have the serious problem of being very large and heavy, need to always be kept charged, and do not have the high discharge rates as the more modern batteries.

They have low power capacities, are heavy, have trouble supplying large amounts of current in short time periods, and get expensive to constantly replace

Many Logo-based and other robotics products produced by LEGO are distributed to schools in the USA by Pitsco.

This free-range turtle does not require connection to a computer. All the controls are on board.

The Cricket is a tiny computer, suitable for all kinds of robotics projects, that you can program using Logo.

All of the procedures take a discrete ``gear'' to specify the speed. The reasons for this are two-fold; first, by limiting the power of the truck, we simplify the interface to children. Secondly, it allows use to calibrate the ``gears'' so that, for example, 10 seconds forward in first gear is the same distance as 10 seconds backward in first gear.

The limitation of LOGO however is the lack of feedback from the environment. There is no way of expressing an event occuring in the outside world.

Simple constructs in iLogo extend the original LOGO language with interactivity capabilities of reading sensors and transfering control to different parts of the program.

The BASIC Stamp is a microcontroller with a small, specialized BASIC interpreter (PBASIC) built into ROM.

The third variant is the Javelin stamp. This stamp uses Sun Microsystem's Java programing language instead of Parallax's PBasic

all current PICs are Flash-based, and support in-circuit programming.

三十年的计算机视觉的历程表明，1 MIPS的机器能从实时图像中提取简单的特征量───在杂色背景里跟踪白线或白点。10 MIPS的机器能跟随复杂的灰度区，巡航导弹、灵巧炸弹和早期的自驾驶大蓬车证实了这点。100 MIPS的机器恰好能追踪路面上不可预测的特征量，Navlab在长距离的行程证实了这点。1000 MIPS的机器完全能识别三维空间中带纹理的粗糙物体，某些中分辨率的立体视觉程序解释了这个问题，也包括我的程序。几个“垃圾箱挖掘”程序认为，10000 MIPS的机器能从杂乱中找到三维物体，并且高分辨率的立体视觉程序用10 MIPS的机器在1小时内演示了这一点。随着计算机速度和内存的增大，数据量问题逐渐不再是问题。

除了纯粹的运算规模，也得考虑其他因素。对1 MIPS的机器，最适用的程序是能有效处理检测数据的手工程序。

机器人视觉程序想要聪相应图像中得到一个边缘检测或移动检测数据的话，需执行100条计算机指令。一百万次检测则对应执行一亿条指令，1000MIPS的机器1秒能重复十次上述过程，基本上可与人的视网膜相比，新型高端个人计算机刚好能达到这个性能。

This simple circuit can detect the invisible fields of voltage which surround all electrified objects

stimulus-response

a plan of action

combine the best of both Reactive and Deliberative control