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The Fall Of Ancient Rome - 2 views

ancienthistory.about.com/...Dorrington.htm
shared by Justin D on 13 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • Rome was engaged in border skirmishes with the tribes north of the great European rivers
  • Strong emperors occasionally extended the empire over the rivers while weak emperors tended to lose those land
  • The largest organised rival of the Romans was the Persian Empire to the east, occupying modern Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan. The Persians were the political descendants of the Parthians who had revolted away from Greek rule following Alexander's conquests and, thereafter, successfully resisted Roman invasions.
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • The Romans had existed as an important power for over 1000 years
  • They had brought stability, prosperity, and order to the civilised West
  • Roman law kept the internal peace and 20 to 30 Roman legions defended the frontiers.
  • Emperors held absolute authorit
  • but incompetent ones could do great harm
  • The rules for succession to the throne were never clear, and debilitating civil wars often resulted.
  • in the hands of a minority while a large slave population did most of the work.
  • Roman conquests had ceased in the second century A.D., bringing an end to massive inflows of plunder and slaves
  • A plague may have killed 20 percent of the empire's population in the third and fourth centuries, further reducing trade and production.
  • late third century, the Roman Empire was split into eastern and western halves in an attempt to make for easier rule and better contro
  • 323 Constantine became emperor after a civil war and established his eastern capital at Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople.
  • eastern and western parts of the empire gradually established separate identities, although nominally the same empire
  • These identities were partially due to the different pressures brought to bear on them from the outside and the local culture.
  • Justin D on 14 Dec 11
     
    A site that goes into some details
18More

http://library.thinkquest.org/10949/fief/lofeudal.html - 8 views

library.thinkquest.org/...lofeudal.html middleAges terms vocabulary MAGlossary
shared by Garth Holman on 17 Jan 12 - Cached
  • They often formed their own manorial courts, called halimotes.
  • "Noone shall enter the fields to carry grain after sunset" This law was made to prevent grain from being stolen surreptitiously.
  • The lord also had a great deal of control over his peasants, known as serfs.
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • The people were bound to their land plots
  • The court was overseen by a representative of the lord, usually his steward.
  • They had grazing and field rights around their village.
  • They did not have right to hunt most wild game
  • . The average farmer was given a plot of land on which he could farm.
  • The kings held this land by what they believed was "divine right"
  • The barons were given a large portion of the king's land, known as fiefs or manors.
  • "shield money" was often used to maintain a somewhat regular army.
  • . The class of lords solidified into an upper nobility class.
  • Whenever a baron was granted or inherited a fief, he was made into a vassal of the king.
  • "homage and fealty"
  • During the period of history known as the Middle Ages, feudalism was the law of the land.
  • Projects by Students for Students
  • kota k on 24 Jan 12
     
    An intermediate reading level description of the Middle Ages Feudal System.
  • Garth Holman on 30 Jan 13
     
    Huge list of Medieval Terminology and Glossary.  What is an Arrow Loop? Look here.  
18More

Medieval Warfare - 1 views

www.medievalwarfare.info medieval warfare
shared by Yuke Z on 25 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • New weapons technology prompted new defensive technologies, for example the introduction of cross-bows led quickly to the adoption of plate armour rather than chain mail.
  • Siege Towers Battering Rams Cats and Weasels Chemical, Biological and Psychological Warfare Mining: undermining castle walls
  • Siege Towers
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • One way to foil the approach of a belfry was to have sloping castle walls. This forced the attackers to cover a greater distance from the top of the belfry to the top of the castle wall. This was one of the benefits of a talus.
  • a battering ram is just a large, heavy log carried by several people and propelled with force against the target, the momentum of the ram damaging the target.
  • Some battering rams were supported by rollers.
  • This gave the ram much greater travel so that it could achieve a greater speed before striking its target and was therefore more destructive.
  • defenders attempted to foil battering rams by dropping obstacles in front of the ram just before it hit a wall, using grappling hooks to immobilize the log, setting the ram on fire, or sallying out to attack the ram. Battering rams had an important effect on the evolution of defensive walls - the talus for example was one way of reinforcing walls. In practice, wooden gates would generally offer the easiest targets.
  • Greek fire was a burning-liquid used as a weapon of war by the Byzantines, and also by Arabs, Chinese, and Mongols. I
  • As a defence, water alone was ineffective. On land sand could be used to stop the burning . Intriguingly it is also known that vinegar and urine were effective
  • Medieval warriors also used basic biological weapons, for example catapulting dead and diseased animals into a defended fortress to help spread disease.
  • For example would have mad armour suitable for a man of several times normal size. He would then leave a few samples laying around the scene of his victories against the Persians. After he had gone Persians would find this armour and were were soon spreading stories of Alexander's superhuman giant soldiers.
  • Other examples of psychological warfare include making loud noises (an old Celtic practice) and catapulting the severed heads of captured enemies back into the enemy camp.
  • Defenders in castles under siege might prop up dummies beside the walls to make it look like there were more defenders than there really were. They might throw food from the walls to show besiegers that provisions were plentifu
  • A"mine" was a tunnel dug to destabilise and bring down castles and other fortifications. The technique could be used only when the fortification was not built on solid rock. It was developed as a response to stone built castles that could not be burned like earlier-style wooden forts.
  • Medieval Battle Equipment & Weapons
  • Wet animal hides were highly effective against burning arrows
  • Yuke Z on 06 Mar 12
     
    Weapons
5More

List of Indian inventions and discoveries - 2 views

en.wikipedia.org/...ian_inventions_and_discoveries indian inventions wikipedia
shared by morgan m on 15 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Button, ornamental: Buttons—made from seashell—were used in the Indus Valley Civilization for ornamental purposes by 2000 BCE.[1] Some buttons were carved into geometric shapes and had holes pieced into them so that they could attached to clothing by using a thread.[1] Ian McNeil (1990) holds that: "The button, in fact, was originally used more as an ornament than as a fastening, the earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley. It is made of a curved shell and about 5000 years old
    • morgan m
      morgan m on 15 Nov 11
       
      buttons are ok but we dont really need them
  • arman b on 15 Nov 11
     
    It has many inventions and discoveries
  • cassidy s on 15 Nov 11
     
    Yes, I agree. I used the same site.
  • morgan m on 15 Nov 11
     
    It has many inventions and discoveries
7More

Slavery in Ancient Greece - 2 views

www.crystalinks.com/greekslavery.html
shared by Everett m on 16 Nov 11 - Cached
  • Slavery played a major role in ancient Greek civilization. Slaves could be found everywhere. They worked not only as domestic servants, but as factory workers, shopkeepers, mineworkers, farm workers and as ship's crewmembers
    • sarah l
      sarah l on 16 Nov 11
       
      sarah l
    • Everett m
      Everett m on 17 Nov 11
       
      this is helpful
  • There were many different ways in which a person could have become a slave in ancient Greece. They might have been born into slavery as the child of a slave. They might have been taken prisoner if their city was attacked in one of the many battles which took place during these times. They might have been exposed as an infant, meaning the parents abandoned their newborn baby upon a hillside or at the gates of the city to die or be claimed by a passerby.
  • Slavery played a major role in ancient Greek civilization. Slaves could be found everywhere. They worked not only as domestic servants, but as factory workers, shopkeepers, mineworkers, farm workers and as ship's crewmembers.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Usually it was a daughter because the male children were much needed to help out with the chores or the farm. Kidnapping was another fairly common way in which one could have been sold into slavery.
  • nolan m on 16 Nov 11
     
    How slavery worked in ancient Greece
7More

Confession - 0 views

nicolaa5.tripod.com/...confess.html Confession Priest Booth Penace Penalty Public Private Catholic Church Punishment
shared by Katelyn H on 22 Feb 12 - No Cached
  • Most people, even non-Catholics, know what going to confession involves. One travels to a church, in a corner of which is situated a confessional booth.
  • "Bless me Father, for I have sinned. It has been three months since my last confession."
  • he priest listens to the confession and assigns an appropriate penance
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Public confession of sins was part of this (although private confession followed by public penance gained acceptance after the official conversion of Rome)
  • Penitents were required to kneel outside the church, wearing sackcloth and ashes, during Mass and were not allowed to participate in the Eucharist
  • For major, or "deadly" sins, the length of this penance could number in years, and one could only be absolved once of such a sin before one was excommunicated
  • Katelyn H on 22 Feb 12
     
    This goes more into the confession process of the Middle Ages.
14More

The Space Race - History.com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts - 3 views

www.history.com/space-race space race history
shared by Kalina P on 20 Sep 12 - No Cached
  • Cold War
  • crucial not to lose too much ground to the Soviets. In addition, this demonstration of the overwhelming power of the R-7 missile--seemingly capable of delivering a nuclear warhead into U.S. air space--made gathering intelligence about Soviet military activities particularly urgent.
  • Space exploration served as another dramatic arena for Cold War competition. On October 4, 1957, a Soviet R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile launched Sputnik
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • fueled by the arms race and the growing threat of nuclear weapons, wide-ranging espionage and counter-espionage between the two countries, war in Korea and a clash of words and ideas carried out in the media.
  • In 1959, the Soviet space program took another step forward with the launch of Luna 2, the first space probe to hit the moon
  • In April 1961, the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit Earth, traveling in the capsule-like spacecraft Vostok 1. For the U.S. effort to send a man into space, dubbed Project Mercury, NASA engineers designed a smaller, cone-shaped capsule far lighter than Vostok; they tested the craft with chimpanzees, and held a final test flight in March 1961 before the Soviets were able to pull ahead with Gagarin's launch. On May 5, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space (though not in orbit).
  • Later that May, President John F. Kennedy made the bold, public claim that the U.S. would land a man on the moon before the end of the decade. In February 1962, John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth, and by the end of that year, the foundations of NASA's lunar landing program--dubbed Project Apollo--were in place.
  • 500 percent
  • budget was increased
  • After landing successfully on July 20, Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon's surface; he famously called the moment "one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
  • By landing on the moon, the United States effectively "won" the space race that had begun with Sputnik's launch in
  • ublic's attention was captivated by the space race, and the various developments by the Soviet and U.S. space programs were heavily covered in the national media. This frenzy of interest was further encouraged by the new medium of television. Astronauts came to be seen as the ultimate American heroes, a
  • Soviets, in turn, were pictured as the ultimate villains, with their massive, relentless efforts to surpass America and prove the power of the communist system.
  • Soyuz vehicle. When the commanders of the two crafts officially greeted each other, their "handshake in space" served to symbolize the gradual improvement of U.S.-Soviet relations in the late Cold War-era.
8More

Featured Document: The Magna Carta - 0 views

www.archives.gov/...magna_carta Quest9 Magna Carta
shared by Garth Holman on 14 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • "The democratic aspiration is no mere recent phase in human history . . . It was written in Magna Carta." --Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1941 Inaugural addres
  • On June 15, 1215, in a field at Runnymede, King John affixed his seal to Magna Carta. Confronted by 40 rebellious barons, he consented to their demands in order to avert civil war.
  • Magna Carta was written by a group of 13th-century barons to protect their rights and property against a tyrannical king. It is concerned with many practical matters and specific grievances relevant to the feudal system under which they lived. T
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • "No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, disseised, outlawed, banished, or in any way destroyed, nor will We proceed against or prosecute him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land." "To no one will We sell, to no one will We deny or delay, right or justice."
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 14 Mar 14
       
      This refers to Habeas Corpus?  What does that mean?  How is it seen in the United States? 
  • During the American Revolution, Magna Carta served to inspire and justify action in liberty’s defense. The colonists believed they were entitled to the same rights as Englishmen, rights guaranteed in Magna Carta. They embedded those rights into the laws of their states and later into the Constitution and Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution ("no person shall . . . be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.") is a direct descendent of Magna Carta's guarantee of proceedings according to the "law of the land."
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 14 Mar 14
       
       What links here are worth your time ?
  • Garth Holman on 14 Mar 14
     
    Up close images and key facts.
8More

An Introduction to the Protestant Reformation | The Protestant Reformation | Khan Academy - 1 views

www.khanacademy.org/...-to-the-protestant-reformation Reformation Protestant Martin Luther Indulgences Church Purgatory Renaissance
shared by nshore n on 24 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • The sale of indulgences was a practice where the church acknowledged a donation or other charitable work with a piece of paper (an indulgence), that certified that your soul would enter heaven more quickly by reducing your time in purgatory.
  • Luther sparked the Reformation in 1517 by posting, at least according to tradition, his "95 Theses" on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany - these theses were a list of statements that expressed Luther's concerns about certain Church practices - largely the sale of indulgences, but they were based on Luther's deeper concerns with Church doctrine.
  • but none of these efforts successfully challenged Church practice until Martin Luther's actions in the early 1500s.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Pope Leo X had granted indulgences to raise money for the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. These indulgences were being sold by Johann Tetzel not far from Wittenberg, where Luther was Professor of Theology.
  • He concluded that no matter how "good" he tried to be, no matter how he tried to stay away from sin, he still found himself having sinful thoughts. He was fearful that no matter how many good works he did, he could never do enough to earn his place in heaven
  • The Reformation was a very violent period in Europe, even family members were often pitted against one another in the wars of religion. Each side, both Catholics and Protestants, were often absolutely certain that they were in the right and that the other side was doing the devil's work.
  • It is also during this period that the Scientific Revolution gained momentum and observation of the natural world replaced religious doctrine as the source of our understanding of the universe and our place in it.
  • nshore n on 24 Apr 14
     
    Very Good Understanding of the Reformation and Indulgences, without going into too much detail. 
6More

Ancient Greece - History, mythology, art, war, culture, society, and architecture. - 2 views

www.ancientgreece.com/...Main_Page ancient
shared by Samuel H on 15 Oct 12 - No Cached
    • Sami Z
      Sami Z on 17 Oct 12
       
      This website is very organized it breaks what you want to learn down into sections.
    • mberkley m
      mberkley m on 10 Oct 13
       
      It is separated into sections based on what you want to learn. It is very organized.
  • Brandon K on 16 Oct 12
     
    Has some adds, but still informative.
  • ...1 more comment...
  • Rachel K. on 16 Oct 12
     
    This seems like a great website to explore many different aspects of Ancient Greece.
  • Aaron C on 17 Oct 12
     
    Facts about ancient Greece
  • Samuel H on 29 Sep 15
     
    Information Resource on Ancient Greece, history, mythology, art and architecture, olympics, wars, culture and society, playwrights, philosophers, historians, geography and essays etc...
5More

Ancient Chinese Inventions - Top Discoveries and Inventions of the Ancient Chinese - 1 views

ancienthistory.about.com/...Inventions-And-Discoveries.htm Ancient Chinese Inventions
shared by megan s on 04 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Tea has been so important in China that even the story of silk includes a probably anachronistic
  • cup of it. Legend says silk was discovered when a cocoon fell from a mulberry bush into a cup of imperial tea. This is similar to the legend of the discovery of tea where an emperor (Shen Nung (2737 B.C.)) drank a cup of water into which leaves from an overhanging Camellia bush had fallen. Tea, no matter what country it comes from, is from the Camellia sinensis plant. It seems to have been a new beverage in the third century A.D., a time when it was still regarded with suspicion, much as the tomato was when it was first brought to Europe. Today we refer to beverages as tea even though there is no real tea in them. (Purists call them tisanes.) In the early period, there was confusion, too, and the Chinese for tea was sometimes used to refer to other plants, according to Bodde.
  • The principle behind gunpowder was discovered by the Chinese in perhaps the first century A.D., during the Han Dynasty. It wasn't used in guns at the time, but created explosions at festivals.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Coca-Cola® Secret Formula Meet Dr.John S Pembe
  • megan s on 04 Nov 11
     
    This is a great website to learn a lot about Ancient China's inventions.
2More

:: Spread of Buddhism :: - 1 views

www.thebuddhistsociety.org/...Spread.html Spread buddhism
shared by Brian K. on 04 Nov 11 - Cached
  • Long ago, Buddhism began to spread southwards from its place of origin in northern India to Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China and other South East Asian countries. It also moved northwards into the Himalayan kingdoms (Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal), Tibet, Mongolia and other parts of Central Asia, and also into China, Korea and Japan.
  • Brian K. on 04 Nov 11
     
    How Buddhism spread.
1More

Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa - Volume 8, Number 9-September 2002 - Eme... - 0 views

wwwnc.cdc.gov/...01-0536_article.htm Blackdeath quest10
shared by Garth Holman on 29 May 14 - No Cached
  • Garth Holman on 29 May 14
     
    "that the Mongol army hurled plague-infected cadavers into the besieged Crimean city of Caffa, thereby transmitting the disease to the inhabitants; and that fleeing survivors of the siege spread plague from Caffa to the Mediterranean Basin."
29More

Hone the Top 5 Soft Skills Every College Student Needs - US News - 0 views

www.usnews.com/...ls-every-college-student-needs soft skills
shared by Eric G on 17 Nov 14 - No Cached
  • "hard" skills like writing, mathematics and science
  • Soft skills include the ability to adapt to changing circumstances and the willingness to learn through experience, and are applicable across multiple disciplines and careers.
  • five important soft skills college-bound students require.
  • ...26 more annotations...
  • People who succeed only when working alone will struggle in college and beyond
  • majority of careers require collaboration.
  • young people do not know how to effectively carry on a conversation and are unable to do things like ask questions, listen actively and maintain eye contact.
  • The current prevalence of electronic devices has connected young individuals to one another
  • An inability to employ these skills effectively translates poorly in college and job interviews, for instance.
  • solve problems in creative ways and to determine solutions to issues with no prescribed formula.
  • They must be able to
  • Students who are accustomed to learned processes, and who cannot occasionally veer off-course, will struggle to handle unanticipated setbacks
  • Students can improve problem-solving abilities by enrolling in classes that us​e experiential learning
  • Students can improve this skill by assuming responsibility in multiple areas during high school –
  • It is imperative that they be fully self-sufficient in managing their time and prioritizing actions.
  • The ability to track multiple projects in an organized and efficient manner, as well as intelligently prioritize tasks, is also extremely important for students long after graduation​​.
  • The best way for students to develop this skill as they prepare for college is to search for leadership opportunities in high school.
  • Both in college and within the workforce, the ability to assume the lead when the situation calls for it is a necessity for anyone who hopes to draw upon their knowledge and "hard" skills in a position of influence.
  • or gaining professional employment experience
    • Eric G
      Eric G on 17 Nov 14
       
      The first soft skill is collaboration, which means working with other people appropriately in a group.
  • These skills will again be important not only in college, where students must engage with professors to gain references and recommendations for future endeavors, but beyond as well.
    • Eric G
      Eric G on 17 Nov 14
       
      The second soft skill is communication, which means to have a conversation with someone.
  • Students should also try new pursuits that place them in unfamiliar and even uncomfortable situations
  • Whatever structure students may have had in high school to organize their work and complete assignments in a timely manner will be largely absent in college.
    • Eric G
      Eric G on 17 Nov 14
       
      The third soft skill is being able to solve problems with little help.
    • Eric G
      Eric G on 17 Nov 14
       
      The fourth soft skill is being able to manage your time when it comes to homework and projects.
  • While it is important to be able to function in a group, it is also important to demonstrate leadership skills when necessary.
    • Eric G
      Eric G on 17 Nov 14
       
      The fifth soft skill is being a leader and having good leadership skills.
  • Soft skills include the ability to adapt to changing circumstances and the willingness to learn through experience, and are applicable across multiple disciplines and careers.
  • It is imperative for college-bound students to function efficiently and appropriately in groups, collaborate on projects and accept constructive criticism when working with others.
21More

Romulus and Remus - 0 views

www.historylearningsite.co.uk/romulus_and_remus.htm
shared by Kanrry K on 01 Dec 14 - Cached
  • Romulus and Remus were twin brothers. They were abandoned by their parents as babies and put into a basket that was then placed into the River Tiber. The basket ran aground and the twins were discovered by a female wolf. The wolf nursed the babies for a short time before they were found by a shepherd. The shepherd then brought up the twins.
    • dcs-armstrong
      dcs-armstrong on 02 Dec 14
       
      You can still see statues like this one all over Rome. 
  • The city of Rome grew out of a number of settlements that existed around seven hills that were near the River Tiber. The settlements were near the river for the obvious reasons of a water supply. The Tiber was also narrow enough at this point to be bridged. However, the area also suffered because of the nearness of the river. Each settlement was separated from the other by marshland. Each individual settlement was vulnerable to attack as a single settlement. By joining together they were stronger. To join together, the marshland had to be drained. This was something that took years to do. The legend of Romulus and Remus gives the impression that Rome was created very quickly; the truth was very different. 
  • successful farmers and traders and they became rich and successful.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Rome from its early days was a rich city
  • Romans fought against the Etruscans and the Samnite
  • given
  • credit
  • ounding
  • Ancient Rome
  • By joining together they were stronger.
    • Phillip M
      Phillip M on 02 Dec 14
       
      for all of this it talks about what geography was around river tiber. And also talks about how narrow it is
  • This story, of course, is only a legend. The actual growth of Rome is less exotic and interesting. The city of Rome grew out of a number of settlements that existed around seven hills that were near the River Tiber. The settlements were near the river for the obvious reasons of a water supply. The Tiber was also narrow enough at this point to be bridged. However, the area also suffered because of the nearness of the river. Each settlement was separated from the other by marshland.
    • Phillip M
      Phillip M on 02 Dec 14
       
      the image showed here is weird in a way but also makes sense. because if the wolf raised the two twins then it would have to feed them. But i don't think this is possible
    • Hriday D
      Hriday D on 02 Dec 14
       
      I know right i doubt this happened....
    • Brian L
      Brian L on 02 Dec 14
       
      I think so too.
    • Kanrry K
      Kanrry K on 02 Dec 14
       
      ..."The area also SUFFERED because of the nearness of the river..." The city was probably way too close to the river. - Kanrry
  • The date given for the founding of Rome is 753 BC.
  • decided to found a city where the wolf had found them
    • Kanrry K
      Kanrry K on 02 Dec 14
       
      That's a pretty good idea.  -Kanrry
  • Kanrry K on 02 Dec 14
     
    Legend of Ancient Rome.
20More

Medieval education in Europe: Schools & Universities - 0 views

www.lostkingdom.net/medieval-education-in-europe quest4 education middleages
shared by Garth Holman on 10 Feb 16 - No Cached
  • It is estimated that by 1330, only 5% of the total population of Europe received any sort of education
  • Even then education, as we understand it, was not accessible or even desired by everyone. Schools were mostly only accessible to the sons of high lords of the land.
  • In most kingdoms in Europe, education was overseen by the church.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • The very fact that the curriculum was structured by the church gave it the ability to mould the students to follow its doctrine
  • Unofficially, education started from a very young age. This sort of early education depended on the feudal class of the child’s parents
  • Even the children of serfs would be taught the skills needed to survive by their parents. The boys would be taken out into the fields to observe and to help their parents with easy tasks, while the girls would work with the animals at home, in the vegetable garden with their mothers, or watch them weave.
  • Children of craftsmen and merchants were educated from a very young age in the trade of their fathers. Trade secrets rarely left a family and they had to be taught and understood by all male (and unusually, female) heirs, in order to continue the family legacy.
  • Young boys of noble birth would learn how to hunt and swing a weapon, while the young ladies of nobility would learn how to cook
  • The main subject of study in those schools was Latin (reading and writing). In addition to this, students were also taught rhetoric – the art of public speaking and persuasion – which was a very useful tool for both men of the cloth and nobles alike.
  • Lessons frequently started at sunrise and finished at sunset
  • University education, across the whole of the continent, was a luxury to which only the wealthiest and brightest could ever aspire
  • Since the creation of the first university in 1088
  • Students attended the Medieval University at different ages, ranging from 14 (if they were attending Oxford or Paris to study the Arts) to their 30s (if they were studying Law in Bologna)
  • The dynamic between students and teachers in a medieval university was significantly different from today. In the University of Bologna students hired and fired teachers by consensus. The students also bargained as a collective regarding fees, and threatened teachers with strikes if their demands were not met
  • A Master of Arts degree in the medieval education system would have taken six years; a Bachelor of Arts degree would be awarded after completing the third or fourth year. By “Arts” the degree was referring to the seven liberal arts – arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, and rhetoric
  • The sons of the peasants could only be educated if the lord of the manor had given his permission
  • Any family caught having a son educated without permission was heavily fined
  • Historians today believe that this policy was another way in which authority figures attempted to control the peasants, since an educated peasant/villein might prove to question the way things were done and upset the balance of power which kept the nobles strong.
  • Students held the legal status of clerics which, according to the Canon Law, could not be held by women; women were therefore not admitted into universities.
  • Garth Holman on 10 Feb 16
     
    This explains the importance of education and how each group got an education.
14More

Ancient Greece Inventions - 7 views

www.inventionpop.com/ancientgreeceinventions.html
shared by megan s on 04 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Ancient Greece Inventions
    • megan s
      megan s on 15 Nov 11
       
      Thanks to whoever highlighted this :)
  • It is thought that they were one of the first to use a Canon although it did not use gunpowder. By using compressed air, these canons were able to hurl a projectile over long distances.
  • One well-known ancient Greek invention is the Antikythera mechanism. Believe it or not, this was a type of calculator that is thought to have been invented some 2000 years ago. As a matter of fact, many people consider this to be the world's first computer,
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Another one of the ancient Greek inventions that is rather interesting is that of the shower. Although nothing was known about germs at that particular time, the Greeks thought that it was a healthful practice to wash the body with water. The fact that there were showers during this time period is recorded in various art murals that have been excavated
  • The ancient Grecian Empire was not only known for its unprecedented warfare, it was also known for some of the inventors and inventions that took place during that time. Most of these inventions occurred during the fifth century B.C. but that was really only the start of the ancient Greek inventions that we have a record of. Some of the most well-known of these ancient Greece inventions occurred even after the Roman Empire had come into power.
  • It would be easy to discuss many of the ancient Greeks inventions that took place which were associated with warfare. Almost everybody is aware of the fact that Alexander the Great and his conquests were some of the most renowned throughout all history. In just a short period of time, he and his army overtook most of the then known world and if his life would not have been cut short, he would have continued his conquests. There were, no doubt, many ancient Greek inventions which helped to make his conquests successful. The one invention that I will discuss, however, is the canon. It is thought that they were one of the first to use a Canon although it did not use gunpowder. By using compressed air, these canons were able to hurl a projectile over long distances.
  • The ancient Grecian Empire was not only known for its unprecedented warfare, it was also known for some of the inventors and inventions that took place during that time. Most of these inventions occurred during the fifth century B.C. but that was really only the start of the ancient Greek inventions that we have a record of. Some of the most well-known of these ancient Greece inventions occurred even after the Roman Empire had come into power.
  • It would be easy to discuss many of the ancient Greeks inventions that took place which were associated with warfare. Almost everybody is aware of the fact that Alexander the Great and his conquests were some of the most renowned throughout all history. In just a short period of time, he and his army overtook most of the then known world and if his life would not have been cut short, he would have continued his conquests. There were, no doubt, many ancient Greek inventions which helped to make his conquests successful. The one invention that I will discuss, however, is the canon.  It is thought that they were one of the first to use a Canon although it did not use gunpowder. By using compressed air, these canons were able to hurl a projectile over long distances.  One well-known ancient Greek invention is the Antikythera mechanism. Believe it or not, this was a type of calculator that is thought to have been invented some 2000 years ago. As a matter of fact, many people consider this to be the world's first computer, although it was nothing like the computers that we see today. Through the use of a complex system of gears, it was able to calculate the relative positions of the sun, moon and stars whenever a date was entered. This is one of the ancient Greeks inventions that was truly far ahead of its time. The ancient Greeks were also well known for their work that took place under water. Aristotle first described this type of contraption some 2400 years ago. It is thought that this is one of the ancient Greeks inventions that was used in order to salvage the floor of the ocean for various items. It is unknown what other applications this ancient Greek invention had but it was ingenious that they were able to come up with the concept.  Another one of the ancient Greek inventions that is rather interesting is that of the shower. Although nothing was known about germs at that particular time, the Greeks thought that it was a healthful practice to wash the body with water. The fact that there were showers during this time period is recorded in various art murals that have been excavated . It is hard to know what other ancient Greeks inventions were in existence during that time. One thing's for certain, they were a society that was rather enlightened and well ahead of their time. Perhaps with some more archaeology work on our part, we may be able to discover that they were behind some other ingenious ideas as well.
  • One well-known ancient Greek invention is the Antikythera mechanism. Believe it or not, this was a type of calculator that is thought to have been invented some 2000 years ago. As a matter of fact, many people consider this to be the world's first computer, although it was nothing like the computers that we see today. Through the use of a complex system of gears, it was able to calculate the relative positions of the sun, moon and stars whenever a date was entered. This is one of the ancient Greeks inventions that was truly far ahead of its time.
  • Another one of the ancient Greek inventions that is rather interesting is that of the shower. Although nothing was known about germs at that particular time, the Greeks thought that it was a healthful practice to wash the body with water. The fact that there were showers during this time period is recorded in various art murals that have been excavated.
  • ryan c on 04 Nov 11
     
    The invetions of ancient Greece
  • ed h on 15 Nov 11
     
    This website has many inventions for ancient greece
  • megan s on 15 Nov 11
     
    The invetions of ancient Greece
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The Roman Republic Fails - Ancient Rome for Kids - 2 views

rome.mrdonn.org/republicfails.html
shared by anl21dcs on 05 Jan 16 - No Cached
  • graft
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 05 Jan 16
       
       a form of political corruption, is the unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain. The term has its origins in the medical procedure whereby tissue is removed from one location and attached to another for which it was not originally intended.
  • legions, to build roads, sewers, aqueducts, and arenas, and to pay for the welfare programs that fed the poor.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 05 Jan 16
       
      A Legion, is a name for an army.  Each Legion was about 6000 men.  Could be more or less depending on the year
  • tax farmers.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • A tax farmer was a person who bought the right from the Senate to tax all the people and business in a certain area
  • didn't set up any controls
  • Tax farming was a business, and the tax farmers were in it to make a profit.
  • Plus, since the tax farmer decided who got taxed and who didn't, you could bribe the tax farmer to make your taxes low or maybe tax your competitors out of business, or if you had enough bribe money,
  • you and your entire family could be sold into slavery.
  • Rome was going broke.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 05 Jan 16
       
      Spending more then  they had.  This is always a problem! 
  • Under Roman law you could pay someone to vote for you.
  • Since they bought the position from the Senate, the Senate set the amount it cost and decided who actually got the job
  • Senate decided who got to build the roads, arenas etc.  So construction companies bribed the Senate to get the construction contracts.  Finally since the Senate made all the laws, people could bribe senators to make laws that they wanted.
  • Since there was no police force, there was no one to stop them.
  • Wealthy Romans hired guards and even built their own small armies to protect their homes and families.
  • Senators didn't trust each other, and they really didn't trust the legions. 
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 05 Jan 16
       
      Why do you think the people of Rome did not trust each other?  Is trust in your fellow citizens important! 
  • They even passed laws making it illegal for a legion to enter Rome.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 05 Jan 16
       
      BUT one person will bring his army into Rome and things will change forever.  Who is that? 
  • They didn't say how much taxes were, or who got taxed.
  • They left all that up to the tax farmer.
    • coa21dcs
      coa21dcs on 06 Jan 16
       
      They put the responsibility on the tax farmer
  • many of the tax farmers went way beyond
    • anl21dcs
      anl21dcs on 06 Jan 16
       
      They taxed people they liked less or not at all and people they didn't like they taxed more heavily
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The Assassination of Julius Caesar, 44 BC - 4 views

www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/caesar2.htm Julius caesar history Rome Empire
shared by Garth Holman on 08 Jan 17 - Cached
  • In January of 49 BC, Julius Caesar led his army across the Rubicon River in Northern Italy (see Caesar Crosses the Rubicon, 49 BC) and plunged the Roman Republic into civil war. Caesar's rival, Pompey, fled to Greece. Within three months Caesar controlled the entire Italian peninsula and in Spain had defeated the legions loyal to Pompey. Caesar now pursued Pompey to Greece. Although outnumbered, Caesar crushed the forces of his enemy but not before Pompey escaped to Egypt. Following Pompey to Egypt, Caesar was presented with his rival's severed head as a token of friendship. Before leaving the The Assassination of Caesar region, Caesar established Cleopatra as his surrogate ruler of Egypt. Caesar defeated his remaining rivals in North Africa in 47 BC and returned to Rome with his authority firmly established. Caesar continued to consolidate his power and in February 44 BC, he declared himself dictator for life. This act, along with his continual effort to adorn himself with the trappings of power, turned many in the Senate against him. Sixty members of the Senate concluded that the only resolution to the problem was to assassinate Caesar
  • The Plan: "The conspirators never met openly, but they assembled a few at a time in each others' homes. There were many discussions and proposals, as might be expected, while they investigated how and where to execute their design. Some suggested that they should make the attempt as he was going along the Sacred Way, which was one of his favorite walks. Another idea was for it to be done at the elections during which he bad to cross a bridge to appoint the magistrates in the Campus Martius; they should draw lots for some to push him from the bridge and for others to run up and kill him. A third plan was to wait for a coming gladiatorial show. The advantage of that would be that, because of the show, no suspicion would be aroused if arms were seen prepared for the attempt. But the majority opinion favored killing him while he sat in the Senate, where he would be by himself since non-Senators would not be admitted, and where the many conspirators could hide their daggers beneath their togas. This plan won the day."
  • "...his friends were alarmed at certain rumors and tried to stop him going to the Senate-house, as did his doctors, for he was suffering from one of his occasional dizzy spells. His wife, Calpurnia, especially, who was frightened by some visions in her dreams, clung to him and said that she would not let him go out that day. But Brutus, one of the conspirators who was then thought of as a firm friend, came up and said, 'What is this, Caesar? Are you a man to pay attention to a woman's dreams and the idle gossip of stupid men, and to insult the Senate by not going out, although it has honored you and has been specially summoned by you? But listen to me, cast aside the forebodings of all these people, and come. The Senate has been in session waiting for you since early this morning.' This swayed Caesar and he left."
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The Attack: "The Senate rose in respect for his position when they saw him entering. Those who were to have part in the plot stood near him. Right next to him went Tillius Cimber, whose brother had been exiled by Caesar. Under pretext of a humble request on behalf of this brother, Cimber approached and grasped the mantle of his toga, seeming to want to make a more positive move with his hands upon Caesar. Caesar wanted to get up and use his hands, but was prevented by Cimber and became exceedingly annoyed. That was the moment for the men to set to work. All quickly unsheathed their daggers and rushed at him. First Servilius Casca struck him with the point of the blade on the left shoulder a little above the collar-bone. He had been aiming for that, but in the excitement he missed. Caesar rose to defend himself, and in the uproar Casca shouted out in Greek to his brother. The latter heard him and drove his sword into the ribs. After a moment, Cassius made a slash at his face, and Decimus Brutus pierced him in the side. While Cassius Longinus was trying to give him another blow he missed and struck Marcus Brutus on the hand. Minucius also hit out at Caesar and hit Rubrius in the thigh. They were just like men doing battle against him. Under the mass of wounds, he fell at the foot of Pompey's statue. Everyone wanted to seem to have had some part in the murder, and there was not one of them who failed to strike his body as it lay there, until, wounded thirty-five times, he breathed his last. "
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The Siege of Kaffa and the Black Death - History in an HourHistory in an Hour - 0 views

www.historyinanhour.com/...e-of-kaffa-and-the-black-death Kaffa Mongols Black Death Middle AGes
shared by Garth Holman on 05 Apr 18 - No Cached
  • Between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death raged through Medieval Europe. Historians and biologists have traced the origins of this deadly pandemic to the remote steppes of Central Asia. Plague had certainly erupted there by 1331 but how exactly did it spread from East to West? After ravaging Central Asia, the plague descended on China, India and Persia. In China alone, the plague killed around half of the human population. Despite such destruction, commercial activities continued unabated. This meant that the traders, their vessels and the rats aboard became the agents of infection. As they travelled along the established trade routes of the medieval world, they unwittingly carried the plague with them.
  • For several years, the Mongols had allowed a group of merchants from Genoa to control Kaffa, a bustling seaport on the Crimean Peninsula. This was highly advantageous for the Mongols as it provided a direct link to Italy’s largest commercial centre and encouraged trade across all corners of their vast empire. Tensions and disagreements, however, were a common feature of this commercial relationship, arising primarily from their religious differences; the Italians were devoutly Christian and the Mongols had been practising Muslims since the 1200s.
  • ‘This Pestilential Disease’
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • “Whereupon the Tartars (Mongols), worn out by this pestilential disease, and falling on all sides as if thunderstruck, and seeing that they were perishing hopelessly, ordered the corpses to be placed upon their engines and thrown into the city of Kaffa. Accordingly were the bodies of the dead hurled over the walls, so that the Christians were not able to hide or protect themselves from this danger, although they carried away as many as possible and threw them into the sea.”
  • summer of 1347, the Italian merchants headed to their ships and the fled the city of Kaffa. En route, however, the Italians stopped at Constantinople, inadvertently infecting the city. Thousands of people were killed, including Andronikos, the son of the Greek Emperor, John VI Cantacuzenos. Those who were able fled the city, many not realising that they were already infected. By the autumn, the western coast of Asia Minor was experiencing the full force of the Black Death and it would not be long before returned home to infect their native Italy.
  • Garth Holman on 05 Apr 18
     
    Mongols, Kaffa, trade and the Black Death .
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