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We should be very careful in thinking about whether we’re working on the right problems. If we don’t, that ties into the problem that we don’t have experimental evidence that could move us forward. We're trying to develop theories that we use to find out which are good experiments to make, and these are the experiments that we build.   We build particle detectors and try to find dark matter; we build larger colliders in the hope of producing new particles; we shoot satellites into orbit and try to look back into the early universe, and we do that because we hope there’s something new to find there. We think there is because we have some idea from the theories that we’ve been working on that this would be something good to probe. If we are working with the wrong theories, we are making the wrong extrapolations, we have the wrong expectations, we make the wrong experiments, and then we don’t get any new data. We have no guidance to develop these theories. So, it’s a chicken and egg problem. We have to break the cycle. I don’t have a miracle cure to these problems. These are hard problems. It’s not clear what a good theory is to develop. I’m not any wiser than all the other 20,000 people in the field.

I’m still asking myself the same question that I asked myself ten years ago: "What is going on in my community?" I work in the foundations of physics, and I see a lot of strange things happening there. When I look at the papers that are being published, many of them seem to be produced simply because papers have to be produced. They don’t move us forward in any significant way. I get the impression that people are working on them not so much because it’s what they’re interested in but because they have to produce outcomes in a short amount of time. They sit on short-term positions and have short-term contracts, and papers must be produced.

The field that I mostly work in is the foundations of physics, which is, roughly speaking, composed of cosmology, the foundations of quantum mechanics, high-energy particle physics, and quantum gravity. It’s a peculiar field because there hasn’t been new data for almost four decades, since we established the Standard Model of particle physics. There has been, of course, the Higgs particle that was discovered at the LHC in 2012, and there have been some additions to the Standard Model, but there has not been a great new paradigm change, as Kuhn would have put it. We’re still using the same techniques, and we’re still working with the same theories as we did in the 1970s.

If you doubt that we live in a winner-take-all economy and that education is the trump card, consider the vast amounts the affluent spend to teach their offspring.

This power spending on the children of the economic elite is usually — and rightly — cited as further evidence of the dangers of rising income inequality.

But it may be that the less lavishly educated children lower down the income distribution aren’t the only losers. Being groomed for the winner-take-all economy starting in nursery school turns out to exact a toll on the children at the top, too.

1. Time To Develop One Hour of Training Although this article from ASTD is a few years old, it is still relevant. Not only does it provide the detail many are seeking, authors Karl Kapp and Robyn Defelice delve into several of the contributing factors. 2. How Long Does it Take to Create Learning? This survey states that it has culled data from 249 organizations, representing 3,947 learning development professionals. The “time to complete” data is represented as ratios. Don’t miss the accompanying SlideShare presentation, which has helpful visuals. 3. How Long Does It Take to Create an E-Learning Course? This article discusses a variety of factors you may not have considered, such as priority, review cycles and availability. 4. Estimating Costs and Time in Instructional Design In this article, Donald Clark provides budgets and cost guidelines in addition to the time estimates that he takes from an older source. 5. Why eLearning Development Ratios Can Be Hazardous to Your Health This article presents factors that surveys don’t consider.

of the cell and fibers extend from the centromeres. Some fibers cross the cell to form the m

L'activité magnétique a certes une incidence sur les rayons cosmiques, c'est certain. Mais est-ce que les rayons cosmiques ont une incidence sur le climat et les températures? C'est moins sûr, des expériences sont en cours à ce propos, et les résultats sont semi-concluants», explique l'astrophysicien.

«Lors du 26eme cycle, qui couvre la décennie 2030-2040, les deux vagues magnétiques seront complétement désynchronisées et cela va provoquer une réduction significative de l'activité solaire. Les deux champs magnétiques se reflèteront exactement. Il y aura un pic d'activité en même temps dans les deux hémisphères opposés (…). Nous prévoyons que cela va conduire à des propriétés d'un «minimum de Maunder», a déclaré Zharkova.