Dr. Goodyear

the mechanism by which PTP1B regulates adiposity and leptin sensitivity likely involves the coordinated regulation of AMPK in hypothalamus and peripheral tissues.

"leptin resistance."

In order for leptin to control body weight and metabolism, it must do so from the hypothalamic centers in the brain,

When brain levels of leptin are low due to "leptin resistance" - even if there are high circulating blood levels of leptin - food cravings and weight gain occur because the body believes that it is hungry and goes into a state of continued fat storage.

weight loss reduces adipose TNF-alpha expression and serum leptin levels and is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism

Combined replacement therapy with T4 and T3 (in proportions similar to those secreted by the normal rat thyroid) completely restored euthyroidism in thyroidectomized rats at much lower doses of T4 than those needed to normalize T3 in most tissues when T4 alone was used

No single dose of T4 was able to restore normal plasma thyrotropin, T4 and T3, as well as T4 and T3 in all tissues, or at least to restore T3 simultaneously in plasma and all tissues. Moreover, in most tissues, the dose of T4 needed to ensure normal T3 levels resulted in supraphysiological T4 concentrations.

n patients with hypothyroidism, partial substitution of triiodothyronine for thyroxine may improve mood and neuropsychological function;

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) tests are not useful for estimating the clinical and metabolic severity of primary overt thyroid failure. Meier and colleagues (p311) found that, in contrast with the accuracy of serum TSH measurement in the early diagnosis of hypothyroidism, clinical markers and circulating thyroid hormones much more accurately reflect the degree of tissue hypothyroidism. Initiation of replacement therapy should be guided by clinical presentation and circulating thyroid hormones and not by TSH concentrations

suggest that exposure to low-to-moderate levels of arsenic in drinking water may be associated with several of the leading causes of mortality

The data suggest that ingestion of carbohydrate beverages during endurance cycling can maintain plasma glucose and CHO oxidation during the latter stages of prolonged exercise

Revisiting leptin’s role in obesity and weight loss