The progesterone metabolite, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, is found to have anti-aromatase activity. 20alphaDHP via the enzyme 20alpha-HSO is a 4-pregnene.
Here, we report on niclosamide as an antileukemic agent with two independent antineoplastic mechanisms: NF-κB pathway inactivation and ROS generation
In this report, we validated the inhibitory action of niclosamide against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–induced NF-κB activation in AML cells and identified its mechanism, together with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as being responsible for induced apoptosis of AML cells
NF-κB plays a critical role in inflammation, antiapoptotic responses, and carcinogenesis
Old anti-parasitic medication, niclosamide, found to have anti-leukemic acitivty through inactivation of NF-kappaB and increase in ROS production in in Vitro and in Vivo study.
Antidepressants shown to increase Breast and Ovarian Cancer risk in review of 61 articles. Clear relationship found, but exact risk still needs further research. Interestingly, the pharmaceutical industry's research, showed no risk.
High density level of PGR in the TE was an independent prognostic factor for CF.
Our large-sized study demonstrates a wide distribution of PGR in stromal and epithelial cells of both benign and malignant prostate tissue
there seems to be a general agreement of PGR presence in the stromal cells of PCa
In line with our findings, several have also reported a high PGR expression in TE of PCa [9,10,23,25]. In contrast, others have demonstrated a total lack of PGR expression in TE
the actions of progesterone are tissue specific
In our work univariate analysis demonstrated a high PGR expression in TS to be associated with clinical failure in PCa patients. So far we have not yet demonstrated the mechanism underlying this association
Several non-genomic proliferative actions of progesterone have been proposed in tumor cells of other organs, including breast [35–37], astrocytoma [38] and osteosarcoma [39] cell lines. However, such results are contradicted by suggestions of anti-proliferative actions of progesterone in endometrial cancer
Yu et al. found PGR to be negatively regulating stromal cell proliferation in vitro
high PGR density level in TE was associated with CF in patients with Gleason score ≥ 7
Bonkhoff et al. have suggested progressive emergence of PGR during PCa progression and metastasis
Latil and co-workers found a decreased PGR expression in clinically localized tumors and increased PGR expression in hormone-refractory tumors, when compared with normal prostate tissue
Our findings provide further support to these findings, indicating that PGR plays a role in the pathogenesis of PCa
Ki67 and PGR in TE were correlated with CF (S3 Text), indicating an association between PGR and proliferative activity
The mechanism behind the PGR up-regulation in PCa has not yet been elucidated
The PGR is, like the glucocorticoid receptor, similar to androgen receptor with 88% sequence homology in the ligand-binding domain
progesterone induced expression of androgen receptor-regulated genes could be a potential mechanism contributing to the development of castrate resistant PCa
A possibility of different roles by the two PGR isoforms in normal prostate tissue and PCa, as is suggested for the estrogen receptors [13], must also be taken into account
STudy finds that increased Progesterone receptor expression on epithelial and stromal cells is associated with increased clinical failure of therapy. Several proposed mechanisms: 88% homologous with androgen receptor suggesting cross-stimulation and via progesterone induced increased androgen receptor gene stimulation i.e. epigenetics.
PNC-27 and 28, contain HDM-2-protein-binding domain sequences from the tumor suppressor p53 to induce pore formation in the membranes of a wide range of cancer cells but not any normal cells tested