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probiotic supplementation in women with GDM was associated with significant reductions in insulin resistance

One proposed method is by the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), generated as a by-product of bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers. SCFAs act as an energy source for intestinal cells and have been found to regulate the production of hormones effecting energy intake and expenditure such as leptin and grehlin

Another hypothesized mechanism of SCFA action includes reducing gastrointestinal permeability by upregulating transcription of tight junction proteins, enhancing production of Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) which promotes crypt cell proliferation, and reducing inflammation in colonic epithelial cells by increasing PPAR-gamma activation

Maintenance of the integrity of the gut barrier minimizes the concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in circulation

LPS is a structural component of gram negative bacterial cell walls, which induces an immune-cell response upon absorption into the human bloodstream, stimulating proinflammatory cytokine production and the onset of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia

the ketogenic diet may inhibit cancer progression in part by indirect dietary energy restriction

KD with HBO2T. Combining these therapies nearly doubled survival time in mice with metastatic cancer,

low carbohydrate or ketogenic diets promote weight loss in overweight individuals, they are also known to spare muscle wasting during conditions of energy restriction and starvation

dietary-induced therapeutic ketosis in a cancer patient would prevent muscle wasting similarly as it does with athletes undergoing intense exercise

when given as an adjuvant treatment to advanced cancer patients, the KD improves quality of life and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy treatment in the clinic