discussion of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Testosterone topical therapy. Hard to draw conclusions from this study as the dosing was 100 mg + daily.
These modulatory effects - which most likely involve binding with functional thiol residues - are interwoven with neurotoxic actions of both mercurials.
THIM is metabolized in the body to ethyl mercury (EtHg) and subsequently to inorganic mercury forms, which accumulate in tissues of vital organs, including the brain (22). Information about neurochemical and neurotoxic effects of THIM is still limited, but the existing data indicate that in pharmacodynamics and toxicity THIM/EtHg does not differ significantly from methyl mercury (MeHg), which has been studied more extensively, although these compounds differ somewhat in pharmacokinetics (8).
Several studies documented that the neurotoxic effects of mercurials involve
glutamate-mediated excitotoxicty, due to their ability to inhibit uptake of
glutamate in astrocytes, resulting in an increase of the extracellular level
of this excitatory amino acid
Pegvisomant shown to provide more GH, IGF-1 suppression compared to octreotide. The doses used were 40, 60, and 80 mg SQ. The higher dose resulted in the greatest suppression.
play a role during the initial chemotactic response of neutrophils shortly after infection
following vitamin C supplementation, a 20% increase in neutrophil chemotactic activity was observed
also contributes to the phagocytosis and killing of microbes by neutrophils
low levels of vitamin C occurring in high-stress situations
maturation, proliferation, and viability of T cells have all been shown to be upregulated by the presence of normal physiologic concentrations of vitamin C
Vitamin C has been shown to directly affect the number of Igs released from B cells
vitamin C among healthy young adult males showed a significant increase in serum levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM
effects of high-dose vitamin C on cytokine levels in cancer patients, finding decreased amounts of the cytokines Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-2, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) after high-dose vitamin C infusion
when vitamin C was supplemented with vitamin E in healthy adults, it increased the production of cytokines IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha
vitamin C acts to modulate the levels of cytokines to prevent them from fluctuating in either direction
vitamin C also acts as an important antioxidant to the cells of the immune system.
human leukocytes, neutrophils, in particular, possess the ability to transport the oxidized form of vitamin C across its membrane to use as a defense mechanism against ROS produced during an immune response
Vitamin C also can recover other endogenous antioxidants in the body such as vitamin E and glutathione, returning them to their active state
vitamin C can decrease the activation of NF-kB
can reduce harmful nitrogen-based compounds such as N-nitrosamines and nitrosamides, both of which are carcinogenic
subjects taking oral vitamin C supplementation saw a 60% to 90% reduction in oxidative stress compared to a placebo control
subjects infused with vitamin C alone had a 516% increase in glutathione levels compared to subjects not provided the 500 mg daily supplementation
hydroxylating proline and lysine
mature and stabilize the tissue of a healing wound
healing
oral surgery
improved soft tissue regeneration
vitamin C increases the mRNA levels of type I and type III collagen in the human dermis
Studies have demonstrated that those with low levels of vitamin C are at a significantly higher risk of respiratory infection compared to those with normal levels
viral cold duration was reduced by about 8% in adults and 13.5% in children using prophylactic daily doses of 200 mg of oral vitamin C
prophylactically supplementing vitamin C decreases the risk of infection with respiratory viruses such as the common cold
combined with probiotics, oral vitamin C supplementation showed a 33% decrease in the incidence of respiratory tract infections in preschool-age children [
high-dose oral supplementation of vitamin C managed to prevent or reduce symptoms if taken before or just after the onset of cold- or flu-like symptoms
improvements in oxygen saturation and decreased IL-6 levels (a marker of inflammation) in the treatment group compared to the control group
8 g doses of oral vitamin C
there is a negative correlation between age and serum levels of vitamin C
Patients with COVID-19 will likely also experience depletion in serum levels of vitamin C as a direct result of the upregulation of the immune system to combat the infection
Colunga et al. suggested that oral vitamin C can be combined with oral Quercetin, an antiviral flavonoid, to improve Quercetin’s ability to block viral membrane fusion of SARS-CoV-2
high doses of 1-2 g/day of oral vitamin C could prevent other upper respiratory infections
It appears vitamin C supplementation by itself does not provide a striking benefit in preventing COVID-19 infection for those without a deficiency
Flawed statement. What is normal? Vitamin D.
Many variables effect levels and dose, including the two compartment kinetics and absorption.
Hiedra et al. were able to show decreases in inflammatory biomarkers, such as D-dimer and ferritin
some evidence to support that prophylactic use of vitamin C helps reduce the severity of respiratory infection symptoms once a subject has already been infected
oral vitamin C in combination with zinc provided the largest amount of antibody titers 42 days
linear relationship between days of vitamin C therapy and survival duration
other studies were unable to find any definitive improvement concerning therapy with vitamin C
Either these studies are designed to fail or the authors are lacking some basic understanding of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with vitamin C.
Fowler et al. aimed to see if a high-dose vitamin C infusion would benefit patients affected by ARDS, but they were unable to conclude that vitamin C infusion, compared to a placebo, could decrease vascular inflammation and damage in ARDS
They are kind of make the point from my earlier note.
continuous vitamin C infusion at a rate of 60 mg/kg/day for four days decreased the need for mechanical ventilation and vasopressor use but had no significant effect on overall mortality
Again, designed to fail or ignorance designed the study which failed
Carr et al. suggested that high-dose IV vitamin C is most effective when treating sepsis as septic patients receiving the normal daily recommendations through diet still showed decreased vitamin C levels
High-dose IV vitamin C treatment has also been shown by Kakodkar et al. to decrease syndecan-1, an endothelial glycocalyx that contributes to mortality in septic patients
combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
reduced overall mortality
reduced overall mortality
propose the use for high-dose vitamin C to aid in the treatment of septic shock-induced hypotension
treatment of severe sepsis using a high dose (up to 200 mg/kg/day) of IV vitamin C was explored in phase I, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial by Fowler et al. [75]. Their findings included a reduction in SOFA scores and decreased vascular injury compared to a placebo control group, all while showing minimal adverse side effects