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Bleeding in semen caused by medical procedures, also known as hematospermia. Blood in semen caused by infections, tumors, and stones in organs as well as anatomical problems. The most common cause is a prostate biopsy.

Men with infertility associated with 2.3 fold higher risk of death. The factors evaluated were semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, total sperm count, total motile sperm count.  Those that have 2 or more positive parameters were associated with increased death compared to those with normal semen analysis.

good review of the data behind semen analysis and what is important to evaluate.

Decline in concentration, function and morphological normal sperm in young men in Paris.  This was a 20 year study.  There was no reduction in semen volume.

Retrospective study of 26,609 men found a 1.9% annual decline in sperm concentration, increase in abnormal morphology percentage.

2012 study that shows a slight uptick in sperm count/concentration in Danish men.  However, as the conclusion states, on 25% have optimal sperm quality.  When you look at the numbers deeper, the current general population sperm count/concentration was lower than that of men of infertile couples from 1940-1943 cohort.  Additionally, when the general population sperm count/concentration was lower than that of compared recent fertile men.

Study found a large percentage, 40%, of young Danish men with low enough sperm count to predict infertility problems.

sperm count and quality have decreased significantly over last 50 years.  

retrospective cohort finds mild but significant relationships b/t BMI and total Testosterone, Testosterone:Estradiol and Estradiol alone.  BMI was inversely correlated with Testosterone and the T:E2 ratio; but directly correlated with E2 alone. There was also a negative correlation with sperm concentration, motility and morphology.

high coke intake (defined as 1 L or greater) daily associated with lower sperm count and concentration.  

Cause and effect cannot be taken from this study.  However, TNF-alpha is known to disrupt testicular function, in this case the study found decreased sperm motility, lower Testosterone levels, and increased LH and FSH at baseline.  Improvement was seen after anti-TNF-alpha therapy. The point of this study should be why the elevated TNF-alpha and attack there.

negative correlation found with total testosterone, free testosterone, SHBG, and BMI.  No correlation with sperm quality noted.  Of interesting note, the summer season was associated with a decrease sperm concentration.

Abstract only. Study in men seeking reproductive assistance found that increasing BMI had no negative impact on sperm concentration, sperm count, motility and seminal volume. 

Reducing lead exposure levels partially reverses male sperm quality