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The Roman Republic Fails - Ancient Rome for Kids - 2 views
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legions, to build roads, sewers, aqueducts, and arenas, and to pay for the welfare programs that fed the poor.
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A tax farmer was a person who bought the right from the Senate to tax all the people and business in a certain area
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Plus, since the tax farmer decided who got taxed and who didn't, you could bribe the tax farmer to make your taxes low or maybe tax your competitors out of business, or if you had enough bribe money,
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Rome was going broke.
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Since they bought the position from the Senate, the Senate set the amount it cost and decided who actually got the job
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Senate decided who got to build the roads, arenas etc. So construction companies bribed the Senate to get the construction contracts. Finally since the Senate made all the laws, people could bribe senators to make laws that they wanted.
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Wealthy Romans hired guards and even built their own small armies to protect their homes and families.
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Senators didn't trust each other, and they really didn't trust the legions.
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They even passed laws making it illegal for a legion to enter Rome.
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They left all that up to the tax farmer.
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many of the tax farmers went way beyond
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Doctor's Review | Doctors of the Black Death - 0 views
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Public service, plague-style Presumably, their principal task of the plague doctors was to help treat and cure plague victims, and some did give it their best shot. In actual fact, however, the plague doctors’ duties were far more actuarial than medical. Most did a lot more counting than curing, keeping track of the number of casualties and recorded the deaths in log books. Plague doctors were sometimes requested to take part in autopsies, and were often called upon to testify and witness wills and other important documents for the dead and dying. Not surprisingly, many a dishonest doc took advantage of bereaved families, holding out false hope for cures and charging extra fees (even though they were supposed to be paid by the government and not their patients). Then, as now, it seems a life of public service was occasionally at odds with the ambitions of some medically minded entrepreneurs. Whatever their intentions, whatever their failings, plague doctors were thought of as brave and highly valued; some were even kidnapped and held for ransom.
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Creepy costume By the 1600s, the plague doctor was a terror to behold, thanks to his costume — perhaps the most potent symbol of the Black Death. The protective garment was created by the 17th-century physician Charles de l’Orme (1584-1678). De l’Orme had been the physician of choice for several French kings (one Henri and a Louis or two), and was also a favourite of the Medici family in Italy. In 1619 — as a carefully considered way to protect himself from having to visit powerful, plague-infested patients he couldn’t say no to — de l’Orme created the iconic uniform. Its dramatic flair certainly made it seem like a good idea, and the costume quickly became all the rage among plague doctors throughout Europe. Made of a canvas outer garment coated in wax, as well as waxed leather pants, gloves, boots and hat, the costume became downright scary from the neck up. A dark leather hood and mask were held onto the face with leather bands and gathered tightly at the neck so as to not let in any noxious, plague-causing miasmas that might poison the wearer. Eyeholes were cut into the leather and fitted with glass domes. As if this head-to-toe shroud of foreboding wasn’t enough, from the front protruded a grotesque curved beak designed to hold the fragrant compounds believed to keep “plague air” at bay. Favourite scents included camphor, floral concoctions, mint, cloves, myrrh and basically anything that smelled nice and strong. In some French versions of the costume, compounds were actually set to smolder within the beak, in the hopes that the smoke would add an extra layer of protection. A wooden stick completed the look, which the plague doctor used to lift the clothing and bed sheets of infected patients to get a better look without actually making skin-to-skin contact.
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Bishops in the Middle Ages | Middle Ages - 1 views
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The Bishops being a key figure of the society and being wealthy by virtue of his position in the clergy used to live either in a castle or a manor
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Bishops had become so powerful that it was mandatory for the king to take orders and consult the Bishop in everyday affairs over the state.
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f you were born in one class of the society, you belonged to that class for your entire life with no chances of improving your status through hard work.
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He used to take tours around the country to many churches within the country. There was a seat reserved for the Bishop in every church in the country.
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Listening to the plights of all the priests and clergymen below him; Levy taxes on the peasants; Settling of important issues such as annulment of marriage; Maintaining an army of his own to assist the king during war; Leading his army in the war was common in the Early Middle Ages for Bishops; Take care of the spiritual soundness of his diocese; Implement the code of the church in the diocese; Take care of the business of the church in their diocese and supervise the priests, nuns and monks in their activities.
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Peasant Life In The Middle Ages - The Finer Times - 1 views
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Peasant life in the Middle Ages was noticeably difficult. Families and entire villages were exposed to disease, war and generally a life of poverty.
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very little known about the detailed life of peasants in Europe because the lords and the clergy did not keep records of the peasants
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Those who were full time servants would work every day of the week and would get a break to attend Mass on Sundays. Peasants were forbidden from leaving the lord’s manor without seeking permission. The condition of serfdom was hereditary and one would be tied to his master unless he saved enough to purchase some land or if he married a free person. At the end of the twelfth century, the ties that bound peasants to their masters began to loosen.
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Majority of the peasants worked three days a week in their lord’s land but they would work longer during the harvest and plantation periods
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he peasants would receive a larger piece of land as long as they adhered to the condition that they work on the lord’s land before working on their own.
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The plows and horses were so few and the peasants themselves spent the entire day working in the “demense”.
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houses were basic shacks with benches, stools, wooden cups, bowls and spoons. Most households had a chest of drawers where the family would keep their valuable items. Peasants hardly slept on beds; they slept on straw mattresses on the floor. Given that they had few possessions even in terms of personal attires, they typically slept with their work apparels and covered themselves with animal skin.
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Church was also a source of education mainly for the peasant’s children who attended the local school that was part of the church. The peasants looked to the priests for baptism, marriage, and performance of last rites for the dying. Christianity guided the moral decisions that peasant men and women made in their day-to-day life.
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young girls helped with chores in the house and they were married off as soon as they attained maturity; this was usually at the young age of thirteen or sixteen years.
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Societal and economic development saw the rapid rise of cities and towns. As the ties between serfs and their masters became lose, the peasants were able to rent land and some even migrated to the towns. Catastrophes such as the Black Death, a plague that killed thousands of peasants made it difficult for lords to find peasants to work in their farms.
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Homer - Ancient Greece for Kids! - 1 views
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When Homer was born, the Greeks had just recently learned how to use the alphabet from the Phoenicians. Homer used the alphabet to write down two long epic poems called the Iliad and the Odyssey. Probably Homer didn't make up these stories, or even the words, himself. Poets or bards had been going around Greece telling these stories for hundreds of years already. But Homer wrote them down, and gave them their final form.
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Common Sense: The Rhetoric of Popular Democracy | EDSITEment - 0 views
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first comprehensive, public call for independence, advancing arguments that far exceeded previous critiques of English rule in their radicalism and scope.
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mass audience, extending beyond the literate public as colonists read it aloud in a wide variety of settings. George Washington, for example, was so affected by Common Sense that he relinquished all personal hop
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Challenging the King's paternal authority in the harshest terms, he mocked royal actions in America and declared that "even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their own families."
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in the most graphic, compelling and recognizable terms the suffering that the colonies had endured, reminding his readers of the torment and trauma that British policy had inflicted upon them.
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Symbols on Coats of Arms and Family Crests - 1 views
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How native Americans hid in the Vatican for more than 500 years - Yahoo! News - 0 views
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restoration experts who were cleaning a large fresco painted by the Renaissance master Pinturicchio.
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The figures are men who seem to be dancing and are naked except for exotic-looking feather head dresses. One appears to have a Mohican-style haircut.
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created the work, which shows Jesus' Resurrection, in 1494, just a year after Columbus returned from his first journey of discovery across the Atlantic.
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The apartments were named after the notorious Rodrigo Borgia, who became Pope Alexander VI. He commissioned Pinturicchio and his assistants to paint several frescoes for the apartments, which are part of the Vatican’s Apostolic Palace.
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abandoned after the death of Pope Alexander in 1503. Subsequent popes did not want to be associated with the scandal-ridden family. They were only reopened in 1889 by Pope Leo XIII, and are now used to display a collection of religious art.
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Pope Alexander soon found himself playing a pivotal role in the New World discoveries – he had to arbitrate between the competing claims of Spain and Portugal.
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he pope had himself painted into the lavish fresco – dressed in sumptuous golden robes, he is kneeling down on the left hand side, his hands clasped in prayer. He is clearly contemplating Jesus' resurrection, but he also appears to be directing his gaze at the tribesmen – ruminating, perhaps, on the enormous implications of Columbus’s historic discovery
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Children of the Middle Ages - 0 views
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Children of peasants often had to begin helping their parents when they were as young as seven or eight years old
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Many of the boys had to become pages and were set away as young as age 7 to wait on the lords and ladies of another noble family
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boys who were born to lords learned to fight when they were very young, became squires at 14, and became knights at 21.
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conditions were often extremely unsanitary -- especially for the poor and the peasants during the Middle Ages.
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Citizens, Metics, and Slaves: - 2 views
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Metics could not own property, which was crippling in Athenian society, but they could hold jobs for property owners and they did have to pay a tax.
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Slaves were the property of their owners and could be bought and sold at any time. They held no enforceable legal rights and had no citizenship rights. Slaves had a variety of jobs, from working inside the home to working in the fields to acting as attendants – actually, some slaves became quite close to their owners and their families and were well-loved.
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The Spartans - 0 views
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Right to grow your hair long, Right to shop for yourself in the markets, Right to return home and live with your family
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Ancient Greek - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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The origins, early forms, and early development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of the lack of contemporaneous evidence. There are several theories about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period[1] is Mycenaean, but its relationship to the historical dialects and the historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form.
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The major dialect groups of the Ancient Greek period can be assumed to have developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasion(s), and their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to the historical Dorians; moreover, the invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period considered there to be three major divisions of all the Greek people—Dorians, Aeolians and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cyprian, far from the center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is:[2
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Government in Ancient Greece - 2 views
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Government in Athens Pericles was the leader of Athens for thirty years. He was not a monarch or despot. The people of Athens elected him year after year. He declared that Athens was a democracy. In Athens, power was “in the hands of many rather than the few.” Pericles was correct about saying that Athens was a democracy at that time. Compared to other ancient governments, Athens was democratic, but it does not seem that way today. When he spoke of government by the people, he should have said government by the citizens. Citizens had more rights in Greeks cities than any of the others. They could do almost anything they wanted to do. They could own property, take part in politics and the law. Most of the men in Greece were citizens, but women, slaves, and foreigners could not be.
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n Sparta only rich men were citizens. Citizenship was like a family. It depended on birth. Only children of citizens could be citizens themselves. Children that lived in Athens all of their lives were not citizens if their parents came from other places. Athens seems undemocratic to us because women had no voice in government. Slaves were normally captured prisoners of wars. They were sold to people and whoever bought them owned them. Some slaves lived good lives with their owners. Others lived in terrible conditions or toiled in mines until death. Unlike slaves in America, slaves in Greece got paid and if they saved their money they might be able to buy their own freedom.
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Poe's Life | Edgar Allan Poe Museum - 1 views
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. Griswold followed the obituary with a memoir in which he portrayed Poe as a drunken, womanizing madman with no morals and no friends. Griswold’s attacks were meant to cause the public to dismiss Poe and his works, but the biography had exactly the opposite effect and instead drove the sales of Poe’s books higher than they had ever been during the author’s lifetime.
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Days after Poe’s death, his literary rival Rufus Griswold wrote a libelous obituary of the author in a misguided attempt at revenge for some of the offensive things Poe had said and written about him
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Two years later he heard that Frances Allan, the only mother he had ever known, was dying of tuberculosis and wanted to see him before she died. By the time Poe returned to Richmond she had already been buried. Poe and Allan briefly reconciled, and Allan helped Poe gain an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point.
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Humiliated by his poverty and furious with Allan for not providing enough funds in the first place, Poe returned to Richmond and visited the home of his fiancée Elmira Royster, only to discover that she had become engaged to another man in Poe’s absence.
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Within three years of Poe’s birth both of his parents had died, and he was taken in by the wealthy tobacco merchant John Allan and his wife Frances Valentine Allan in Richmond, Virginia while Poe’s siblings went to live with other families.
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“Panic of 1837,” Poe struggled to find magazine work and wrote his only novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym.
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Oligarchy - History for Kids! - 0 views
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Oligarchy means the rule of the few, and those few are generally the people who are richer and more powerful than the others, what you might call the aristocrats or the nobles.
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Usually the way it works is that there is a group of people who are in charge, somehow. Sometimes they may be elected, and sometimes they are born into their position, and at other times you might have to have a certain amount of money or land in order to be in the council. Then this group of people meets every so often - every week or every month - to decide important questions, and to appoint somebody to deal with things. Like they might decide that it should be illegal to steal, and then they would appoint one of the nobles to be a judge, and decide if people were guilty of stealing, and decide what to do with them if they were.
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Martin Luther Biography - 0 views
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Bachelors and Masters degrees in Theology. He was in his first year of Law School in Erfurt when an incident occurred that would change the course of European history.
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Many Christians of the late Middle Ages had a great fear of demons and devils, and were terrified of ending up in hell. Mortality rates were high and life was very uncertain due to disease, accidents, childbirth and wars. Luther shared those fears and his first years in the monastery he was tormented with the idea that all men were hopeless sinners in the sight of God and unworthy of salvation.
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reason, he was sent to teach theology at the University of Erfurt, and in 1511, at the University of Wittenberg, where he received his Doctorate in Theology. In Wittenberg he was also the parish priest assigned to minister to the citizens of the town.
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A major source of church funding during this period was the sale of indulgences. An indulgence was a "get out of purgatory card" that could be obtained for oneself or others by paying a certain sum to the church.
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The Pope was selling offices and indulgences to get money for an ambitious building program which included the construction of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. The Pope's representative, the Dominican Father Tetzel, encouraged people to buy the indulgences with the jingle, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings The soul from Purgatory springs"
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He was shocked by the lack of morality and piety of the local clergy and by the luxurious lifestyle of the Pope Leo X, a member of the Medici family. Pope Leo was known for his expensive tastes and was fond of hunting, gambling and carnivals. The papacy was at a low point in its history and others had been calling out for reform prior to Luther.
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He came to the conclusion there was no evidence in the Bible for believing the Pope had power to release souls from Purgatory.
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On October 31, 1517, Luther nailed his ninety-five theses, or points of discussion, on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The document was in Latin and invited other scholars to debate the statements set out.
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The 95 Theses were translated into German and widely distributed throughout Germany, courtesy of the printing press.
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There is no question, however, that Luther wrote the list and sent a copy of it to Prince Albert of Mainz.
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The reaction of the Church initially was to try and suppress the attack on indulgences by suppressing Martin Luther.
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The protest against the indulgences set off a conflagration which, step by step, resulted in most of Northern Europe breaking away from the authority of the Catholic Church.
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It was clear by this time that there could be no coming together on these issues, since the very authority of the Pope was called into question.
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Luther was given safe conduct to attend the meeting and defend his positions. At the Diet of Worms, Luther was shown a table with a pile of his books and other writings. He was offered the opportunity to recant, but refused. Luther's reply was written down as he spoke it: "Unless I am convicted by Scripture and plain reason -- I do not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other -- my conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. God help me. Amen." The printed document released after the Diet of Worms also contained the famous words, "Here I stand, I can do no other."
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He spent nearly a year there, writing furiously and fighting depression and numerous physical ailments. It was in a small study in the castle in 1522 that he translated the New Testament from Greek into German and profoundly influenced the form and standardization of the German language.
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Maybe one of the most important ideas. He gave the people the bible in the local language, so more people could read what the bible said...not have someone tell them. See this link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible#Surviving_copies
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in Luther's absence numerous leaders had sprung up, each with his own interpretation of doctrine, and most having far more radical views than Luther.
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Priests wore ordinary clothing and grew their hair, services were performed in German, monks and nuns were leaving the cloisters and getting married. Some groups were smashing images and statues in the churches and dragging priests away from the altars.
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However, he impulsively announced he was marrying Katharina von Bora, to the great surprise of his friends.
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Many were inspired by Martin Luther's challenge to the authority of the Church to challenge the secular powers as well.
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Both sides were angry with Luther: the nobles blamed him for stirring up the people and the peasants blamed him for encouraging the nobles to use violence against them.
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Luther wrote to and met with other leaders of the Reformation, such as Zwingli, to try and produce a unified statement of belief for the reformed church, but nothing came out of it because they were not able to agree on many of the doctrinal issues.
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Daily Life, Kids, Toys, Bone Games - Mongols, the Felt Tent People, For Kids - 0 views
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Mongol Kids: From a very early age, kids were taught to respect their parents. They were taught survival skills - how to collect dry animal dung for firewood, how to milk cattle, how to use a bow and arrow, and how to cook and sew.
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Good Behavior: The most important things Mongol parents taught their children had to do with behavior. Everything they did, including the toys they gave their children, and the stories they told, were designed to teach their children to be ethical, honest, and skilled - to have good behavio
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Although the Mongols were nomads, they still had a royalty of sorts - chieftains, and later khans. These were the leaders of various tribes. In ancient times, a tribe did not necessarily travel together. But they did get together at festivals, and in times of need.
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They did not live in towns. The Mongols were nomads. They traveled in small groups composed of perhaps only two or three families.