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ca21dcs

A History of "Trial By Ordeal" | Mental Floss - 0 views

  • “trial by fire” was a much more literal term, and was one of the many categories of “trial by ordeal” that permeated the judicial system of Europe, Asia, Africa, and colonial America.
  • the gods intervene and show a sign that indicates guilt or innocence.
    • Garth Holman
       
      Who protected you during ordeals? 
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  • The defendant on trial must pick an object out from within flames, or walk over hot coals. If they were burned in the process, they were presumed guilty.
  • A one-pound iron was heated in a fire, and pulled out during a ritual prayer. The defendant had to carry this iron the length of nine feet (as measured by the defendant’s own foot size). Their hands were then examined for burns
    • Garth Holman
       
      Nobles also had Trial by Battle!  A little more just. Strongest wins.  
  • thought behind trial by ordeal was that,
  • thought behind trial by ordeal was that,
dcs-armstrong

Luke - Social Studies - 0 views

  • Feudalism was the medieval model of government predating the birth of the modern nation-state. Feudal society is a military hierarchy in which a ruler or lord offers mounted fighters a fief , a unit of land to control in exchange for a military service. 
John Woodbridge

The World in Play | The Metropolitan Museum of Art - 0 views

  •  
    Middle Ages Games
Garth Holman

Medieval education in Europe: Schools & Universities - 0 views

  • It is estimated that by 1330, only 5% of the total population of Europe received any sort of education
  • Even then education, as we understand it, was not accessible or even desired by everyone. Schools were mostly only accessible to the sons of high lords of the land.
  • In most kingdoms in Europe, education was overseen by the church.
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  • The very fact that the curriculum was structured by the church gave it the ability to mould the students to follow its doctrine
  • Unofficially, education started from a very young age. This sort of early education depended on the feudal class of the child’s parents
  • Even the children of serfs would be taught the skills needed to survive by their parents. The boys would be taken out into the fields to observe and to help their parents with easy tasks, while the girls would work with the animals at home, in the vegetable garden with their mothers, or watch them weave.
  • Children of craftsmen and merchants were educated from a very young age in the trade of their fathers. Trade secrets rarely left a family and they had to be taught and understood by all male (and unusually, female) heirs, in order to continue the family legacy.
  • Young boys of noble birth would learn how to hunt and swing a weapon, while the young ladies of nobility would learn how to cook
  • The main subject of study in those schools was Latin (reading and writing). In addition to this, students were also taught rhetoric – the art of public speaking and persuasion – which was a very useful tool for both men of the cloth and nobles alike.
  • Lessons frequently started at sunrise and finished at sunset
  • University education, across the whole of the continent, was a luxury to which only the wealthiest and brightest could ever aspire
  • Since the creation of the first university in 1088
  • Students attended the Medieval University at different ages, ranging from 14 (if they were attending Oxford or Paris to study the Arts) to their 30s (if they were studying Law in Bologna)
  • The dynamic between students and teachers in a medieval university was significantly different from today. In the University of Bologna students hired and fired teachers by consensus. The students also bargained as a collective regarding fees, and threatened teachers with strikes if their demands were not met
  • A Master of Arts degree in the medieval education system would have taken six years; a Bachelor of Arts degree would be awarded after completing the third or fourth year. By “Arts” the degree was referring to the seven liberal arts – arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, and rhetoric
  • The sons of the peasants could only be educated if the lord of the manor had given his permission
  • Any family caught having a son educated without permission was heavily fined
  • Historians today believe that this policy was another way in which authority figures attempted to control the peasants, since an educated peasant/villein might prove to question the way things were done and upset the balance of power which kept the nobles strong.
  • Students held the legal status of clerics which, according to the Canon Law, could not be held by women; women were therefore not admitted into universities.
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    This explains the importance of education and how each group got an education.
Garth Holman

Diseases during the Middle Ages - 1 views

  • Rough wool worn close to the skin by peasants led to numerous and widespread skin diseases.
  • Scarcity of fruits, vegetables and proteins needed for a healthy diet led to maladies of the intestinal tract and scurvy.
  • Winter was especially hard on medieval society, as cold, drafty dwellings led to numerous cases of deadly pneumonia.
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  • improper sanitation
    • Garth Holman
       
      As you will see, human waste was dumped on the streets, out windows, or from the roof of buildings or castles.  Image walking under that. 
  • Mental illness was also widespread during the Middle Ages. Injuries received to babies during the birthing process often led to brain trauma.
  • Leprosy remained the most feared disease of the Middle Ages,
    • Garth Holman
       
      Leprosy:  is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis   Can be seen on the skin, deforms head, hands and feet. 
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    Diseases of the Middle Ages: How do we deal with them? 
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    Diseases of the Middle Ages: How do we deal with them? 
Garth Holman

Doctors - 0 views

  • Constellations and the alignment of the planets were assumed to have direct influence of the human body, thought to be comprised of four "humors" and three "spirits."
    • Garth Holman
       
      Who did Doctors look to for answers as to why people were sick? 
  • Medieval surgical instruments included scissors, razors, lancets, needles and speculums.
  • guilds.
    • Garth Holman
       
      Like todays labor union.  Group of people doing the same job that share ideas, protect each other. 
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  • Ancient Greek texts were first translated to Arabic, then by Jewish translators into Latin. It is difficult to know how much knowledge was lost or erroneous from these many translations.
    • Garth Holman
       
      again the idea that when Rome fell much was lost.  In this case, knowledge of medical care. 
dcs-armstrong

Checks and Balances - 0 views

    • dcs-armstrong
       
      The Constitution is the United States version of "Civil Law" 
    • dcs-armstrong
       
      The Constitution is the United States version of "Civil Law" 
  • hat was an important decision because it gave specific powers to each branch and set up something called checks and balances.
  • point of checks and balances was to make sure no one branch would be able to control too much power, and it created a separation of powers
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  • some examples of how the different branches work together:
  • legislative branch makes laws
  • President in the executive branch can veto those laws
  • legislative branch makes laws
  • judicial branch can declare those laws unconstitutional.
  • President in the executive branch can veto a law,
  • legislative branch can override that veto with enough votes.
  • egislative branch has the power to approve Presidential nominations
  • control the budget
  • and can impeach the President and remove him or her from office.
  • executive branch can declare Executive Orders, which are like proclamations that carry the force of law
  • judicial branch can declare those acts unconstitutional.
  • judicial branch interprets laws
  • President nominates Supreme Court justices,
  • who make the evaluations.
    • dcs-armstrong
       
      The Judicial branch interprets laws, but the President appoints Supreme Court Justices (judges). The judges that the President appoints are the people who interpret the law.
    • dcs-armstrong
       
      The Judicial branch interprets laws, but the President appoints Supreme Court Justices (judges). The judges that the President appoints are the people who interpret the law.
  • judicial branch interprets laws
  • enate in the legislative branch confirms the President’s nominations for judicial positions
  • Congress can impeach any of those judges and remove them from office
  • Constitution divided the Government into three branches
Garth Holman

Life in Sparta - Sparta - 1 views

  • strong enough to be Spartan citizens. If the infants were too week or sick, they were abandoned in the country side to die
    • Garth Holman
       
      Why would they do this?  How does this help the City-State? 
  • male Spartan was at the age of seven, he was taken from his mother and sent to live in special military barracks for twenty three years.
  • They were allowed to marry, but couldn’t live with their wives.
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  • Equals were the soldiers who reached thirtieth age, but if any soldier who disgraced himself in any way was risked not becoming an equal.
  • They were granted expanded rights and allowed to participate in politics
    • Garth Holman
       
      So "They" where the soldiers over 30 years old. 
  • the military and the city state were the center of every Spartan citizen’s life
Garth Holman

Renaissance Art Basics: Everything You Need to Know to Sound Smart at a Cocktail Party ... - 1 views

  • The 14th century was a time of great crisis; the plague, the Hundred Years war, and the turmoil in the Catholic Church all shook people’s faith in government, religion, and their fellow man. In this dark period Europeans sought a new start, a cultural rebirth, a renaissance.
  • Humanistic education, based on rhetoric, ethics and the liberal arts, was pushed as a way to create well-rounded citizens who could actively participate in the political process. Humanists celebrated the mind, beauty, power, and enormous potential of human beings. They believed that people were able to experience God directly and should have a personal, emotional relationship to their faith. God had made the world but humans were able to share in his glory by becoming creators themselves.
  • Prior to the Renaissance Period, art was largely commissioned by the Catholic Church, which gave artists strict guidelines about what the finished product was to look like. Medieval art was decorative, stylized,  flat, and two-dimensional and did not depict the world or human beings very realistically. But a thriving commercial economy distributed wealth not just to the nobility but to merchants and bankers who were eager to show their status by purchasing works of art
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  • while Italy’s trade with Europe and Asia produced wealth that created a large market for art.
  • Perspective. To add three-dimensional depth and space to their work, Renaissance artists rediscovered and greatly expanded on the ideas of linear perspective, horizon line, and vanishing point.
  • Vanishing point: The vanishing point is the point at which parallel lines appear to converge far in the distance, often on the horizon line. This is the effect you can see when standing on railroad tracks and looking at the tracks recede into the distance.
  • Shadows and light. Artists were interested in playing with the way light hits objects and creates shadows. The shadows and light could be used to draw the viewer’s eye to a particular point in the painting.
  • Realism and naturalism. In addition to perspective, artists sought to make objects, especially people, look more realistic. They studied human anatomy, measuring proportions and seeking the ideal human form. People looked solid and displayed real emotions, allowing the viewer to connect with what the depicted persons were thinking and feeling.
Shira H

Middle Ages :: Crusades - 1 views

    • Shira H
       
      Great site for Quest 8. Has information about the Crusades. 
Omar Abdel Azim

Magna Carta, Petition of Right, History of Civil Liberties : United for Human Rights - 6 views

    • Garth Holman
       
      We will spend at least a week on the story and events around the Magna Carta
    • Kareem Fareed
       
      ok
    • Omar Abdel Azim
       
      OKAY
    • Kareem Fareed
       
      Sup Bro
  • (1) No taxes may be levied without consent of Parliament, (2) No subject may be imprisoned without cause shown (reaffirmation of the right of habeas corpus), (3) No soldiers may be quartered upon the citizenry, and (4) Martial law may not be used in time of peace
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    when would we do the bubonic plague?
Garth Holman

Control Alt Achieve: 5 Fantastic Word Cloud Tools for Chromebooks - 0 views

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    Five ways to build your own word clouds on Chromebooks.
Angela W

The Middle Ages: Religion - 6 views

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    This is a great website about religion in the Middle Ages and what people did. For more info click the Read More link.
Garth Holman

History of Timbuktu, Mali - 6 views

  • The popular statement, " From here to Timbuktu." conjures up images of remote, isolated and distant parts of this earth. Very few people are aware of this ancient city's location, and fewer still ascribe any kind of civilization to this historic area. Timbuktu is located in the western African nation of Mali at the edge of the sahara.
  • The historic town of Timbuktu is located at the precise point where the Niger flows northward into the southern edge of the desert. As a result of its unique geographical position, Timbuktu has been a natural meeting point of Songhai, Wangara,Fulani, Tuareg and Arabs. According to the inhabitants of Timbuku, gold came from the south, the salt from the north and the Divine knowledge, from Timbuktu. Timbuktu is also the cross-road where "the camel met the canoe." It is to this privilege position that the city owes much of its historical dynamism. From the 11th century and onward, Timbuktu became an important port where goods from West Africa and North Africa were traded.
  • Goods coming the Mediterranean shores and salt were traded in Timbuktu for gold. The prosperity of the city attracted both black scholars, blacks merchants and Arabs traders from North Africa. Salt, books and gold were very much in demand at that time.
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  • he first constructions in Timbuktu were designed by African architects from Djenne and later on by Muslim architects from North Africa. Trade and knowledge were at their height.
  • Timbuktu became a celebrated center of Islamic learning and a commercial establishment. Timbuktu had three universities and 180 Quranic schools. These universities were the Sankore University, Jingaray Ber University and Sidi Yahya University. This was the golden age of Africa. Books were not only written in Timbuktu, but they were also imported and copied there. There was an advanced local book copying industry in the city. The universities and private libraries contained unparalleled scholarly works. The famous scholar of Timbuktu Ahmad Baba who was among those forcibly exiled in Morocco claimed that his library of 1600 books had been plundered, and that his library, according to him, was one of the smaller in the city.
  • The booming economy of Timbuktu attracted the attention of the Emperor of Mali, Mansa Mussa (1307-1332) also known as “Kan Kan Mussa.” He captured the city in 1325. As a Muslim, Mansa Mussa was impressed with the Islamic legacy of Timbuktu. On his return from Mecca, Mansa Mussa brought with him an Egyptian architect by the name of Abu Es Haq Es Saheli.
  • The Emperor also brought Arabs scholars to Timbuktu. To his great surprise, the Emperor has found that these scholars are underqualified compared to the black scholars of Timbuktu
  • Mansa Mussa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 had made Mali known worldwide. The great rulertook 60,000 porters with him. Each porter carried 3 kilograms of pure gold, that is, 180,000 kilograms or at least 180 tons of gold (Reference: Volume IV UNESCO General History of Africa, pages 197-200). He had so much gold with him that when he stopped in Egypt, the Egyptian currency lost its value and as result, the name of Mali and Timbuktu appeared on the 14th century world map.
    • Garth Holman
       
      Who would take notice of all this gold?  
    • Garth Holman
       
      Where camel met the canoe.  What does this mean? 
    • Garth Holman
       
      Key items traded? 
    • Garth Holman
       
      Spread of Islam.  How did Timbuktu help Islam take hold in Africa?  How did Mansa Mussa Help spread the word about Timbuktu?
km21dcs

Top 10 Inventions of the Middle Ages - Listverse - 2 views

  • hourglass was one of the few reliable methods of measuring time
  • Bacon made the earliest recorded comment on the use of lenses for optical purposes
Garth Holman

New Water Map Washes Away An Urban Legend : NPR - 1 views

    • Garth Holman
       
      Or What a Historian does: search for truth 
  • But when historians read this, they got confused
  • That, Richard says, is impossible. He pulls out a topographical map and points to the location of the marker
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  • He says the story of the lagoon can be traced back to a single paragraph, written by the Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza, in March 1776
  • dated June 29, 1776. According to legend, that's when Spanish settlers supposedly set up camp on the shores of a lake called Laguna Dolores – Dolores Lagoon
  • "It's all just a big misunderstanding," he says, "but it has become legend.
  • Our lives are dedicated to figuring out what is from what isn't,"
  • "That's what a scientist does."
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