The art practice most akin to what Gates is doing, and to which he often refers, is Project Row Houses. In 1993, Rick Lowe and several other African-American artists renovated a string of abandoned shotgun-style homes in Houston’s Third Ward, turning them into artist residences, setting up community-arts programming and later opening transitional housing for single mothers. They based the enterprise on the German artist Joseph Beuys’s concept of social sculpture, the idea that a work of art could be a practical social action