However, experientially I believe that what distinguishes
collaboration from cooperation comes down to exactly what is shared.
When cooperating, it is only physical resources (objects, time,
money) or intellectual resources (knowledge, expertise) that are
shared. Whereas when collaborating, in addition to these shared
physical and intellectual resources, are shared goals,
responsibilities, values, beliefs and attitudes. Some of these
intellectual resources (both cognitive and affective) may become
shared through the practice of cooperation but with collaboration
they are factored in from the start. From this collaborative sharing
comes synergy which adds value by producing something
new and unique.