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Research also indicates that men with stay-at-home wives tend to hold negative views of working women.

Among these, women have a tendency to focus on building effective relationships as leaders. Meanwhile, men tend put their energy into demonstrating results of their work, according to a study that came out last year.

We have so many women who are great at running accounts so management is reluctant to move them out of those roles,”

Research tends to support theories that women don’t call as much attention to their own achievements. In fact, not only are women more likely to abandon these efforts because of negative feelings about self-promotion, they are more likely to encounter backlash for advocating for themselves.

As part of the Lean In organization, Sandberg has also raised the issue of women taking on “office housework” like taking notes and planning meetings — tasks that don’t usually pay off neither financially nor with the corner office.  

“Everyone talks about mentorship — but what does that really mean? You have to be in the room, making decisions,” she says. “But that inner circle starts to narrow around that second or third tier. That’s where there must be gender equity. Something is wrong if there are all-male meetings at that level.”

when a user gives Facebook a phone number for two-factor authentication or in order to receive alerts about new log-ins to a user’s account, that phone number became targetable by an advertiser within a couple of weeks

I’ve been trying to get Facebook to disclose shadow contact information to users for almost a year now. But it has even refused to disclose these shadow details to users in Europe, where privacy law is stronger and explicitly requires companies to tell users what data it has on them.

To test the shadow information finding, the researchers tried a real-world test. They uploaded a list of hundreds of landline numbers from Northeastern University. These are numbers that people who work for Northeastern are unlikely to have added to their accounts, though it’s very likely that the numbers would be in the address books of people who know them and who might have uploaded them to Facebook in order to “find friends.” The researchers found that many of these numbers could be targeted with ads, and when they ran an ad campaign, the ad turned up in the Facebook news feed of Mislove, whose landline had been included in the file; I confirmed this with my own test targeting his landline number.

“I think that many users don’t fully understand how ad targeting works today: that advertisers can literally specify exactly which users should see their ads by uploading the users’ email addresses, phone numbers, names+dates of birth, etc,” said Mislove. “In describing this work to colleagues, many computer scientists were surprised by this, and were even more surprised to learn that not only Facebook, but also Google, Pinterest, and Twitter all offer related services. Thus, we think there is a significant need to educate users about how exactly targeted advertising on such platforms works today.”

There are certainly creepier practices happening in the advertising industry, but it’s troubling this is happening at Facebook because of its representations about letting you control your ad experience. It’s disturbing that Facebook is reducing the privacy of people who want their accounts to be more secure by using the information they provide for that purpose to data-mine them for ads.

When I asked the company last year about whether it used shadow contact information for ads, it gave me inaccurate information, and it hadn’t made the practice clear in its extensive messaging to users about ads

The median age of adult U.S. Twitter users is 40, while the median U.S. adult is 47 years old.

Although less pronounced than these differences in age, Twitter users also tend to have higher levels of household income and educational attainment relative to the general adult population. Some 42% of adult Twitter users have at least a bachelor’s degree – 11 percentage points higher than the overall share of the public with this level of education (31%). Similarly, the number of adult Twitter users reporting a household income above $75,000 is 9 points greater than the same figure in the general population: 41% vs. 32%. But the gender and racial or ethnic makeup of Twitter users is largely similar to the adult population as a whole.