IL-2 is a 15.5-kDa cytokine secreted predominately by Ag-simulated CD4+ T cells, but it can also be produced by CD8+ cells, NK cells, and activated dendritic cells
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IL-2: The First Effective Immunotherapy for Human Cancer | The Journal of Immunology - 0 views
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A generalized capillary leak syndrome was induced by IL-2 in vivo that resulted in interstitial pulmonary infiltrates and substantial weight gain in patients
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Tumors do not express IL-2 receptors and thus the antitumor activity was the result of IL-2 stimulation of immune cell
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Patients with metastatic melanoma or metastatic renal cell cancer were uniquely responsive to high-dose IL-2 administration, and except for patients with advanced non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (35) only rare responses were seen in patients with other tumor types
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The underlying toxicity of IL-2 results from a capillary leak that leads to fluid extravasation into visceral organs that can compromise their function
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shared by wheelchairindia9 on 22 May 15
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Wheelchair 4 Wheel Drive - 0 views
www.wheelchairindia.com/...Wheelchair-With-4-Small-Wheels
Wheelchair Wheels Are Detachable And Foldable electric propulsion by motors safe operation Wheelchairs weigh maximum fixed or detachable armrests rear wheels by hand strong and durable frame low resistant Nylon
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A wheelchair is a wheeled mobility device in which the user sits. The device is propelled either manually (by turning the wheels by the hand) or via various automated systems. Wheelchairs are used by people for whom walking is difficult or impossible due to illness (physiological or physical), injury, or disability. The chair seat size (width and depth), seat-to-floor height, footrests/leg rests, front caster outriggers, adjustable backrests, controls, and many other features can be customized on, or added to, many basic models, while some users, often those with specialised needs, may have wheelchairs custom-built. The usual size of the rear wheel ranges from twenty to twenty-six inches in diameter. A larger wheel increases the height of the seat off the ground and decreases the rolling resistance, thus easing the effort of pushing. The rear wheels can be solid or pneumatic. Solid wheels have a low rolling resistance and are very easy to maintain. They are ideal for use in institutional settings or for indoor use in noncarpeted areas. Pneumatic wheels have better grip on carpeted surfaces and are better if there is going to be significant outdoor use, but they run the risk of flats and require higher maintenance. The flat tire problem can be circumvented by the use of a foam insert that can prevent leaks. Wire spokes are lighter in weight but higher in maintenance. Most older persons will select large plastic spokes referred to as mag wheels. The wheels can be offset posteriorly to decrease the risk of tipping backwards. Wheelchair With 4 Small Wheels: Wheelchair With 4 Small Wheels foldable frame wheelchair made of chrome with 18" inches seat width, 8" Inches Front and Rear wheel, total weight 14 kg helps physical challenged person to move around indoor. Wheelchair With 4 Small Wheels Measurements: Seat Width : 16 inch., 18 inch. Frame Style : Foldable Frame Material : M.S. Chrome open position wheel to wheel width in : 22" (inches) Seat Width : 1
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Exposure to Bisphenol A Prenatally or in Adulthood Promotes TH2 Cytokine Production Ass... - 0 views
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BPA promotes the development of TH2 cells in adulthood and both TH1 and TH2 cells in prenatal stages by reducing the number of regulatory T cells.
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Prenatal exposure to BPA has been shown to alter a variety of reproductive endocrine parameters, such as testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels
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Exposure to BPA by subcutaneous injection in adulthood significantly promoted antigen-stimulated production of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 in TH2-skewed
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We showed that prenatal exposure to BPA increased the production of a TH1 cytokine, IFN-γ, and a TH2 cytokine, IL-4, after the offspring developed, suggesting that prenatal exposure to BPA can induce persistent immunologic effects lasting into adulthood.
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These results are consistent with a previous report that fetal exposure to BPA augmented TH1 and TH2 immune responses
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our results clearly demonstrate that the production of TH2 cytokines is promoted by BPA in adult mice and in offspring during developmental exposure.
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The decrease of Treg cells would predispose to immune dysfunction in aged individuals, explaining their higher risk of immune-mediated diseases, cancer, and infections.
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BPA might cause these diseases. Thus, avoiding exposure to or promoting the excretion of BPA and other EDCs would help in preventing diseases and adverse health effects.
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Role of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy: OncoImmunology: Vol 5, No 6 - 1 views
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approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (1992) and later for metastatic melanoma (1998) by FDA
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It is produced predominately by antigen-simulated CD4+ T cells, while it can also be produced by CD8+ cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and activated dendritic cells (DC)
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It can promote CD8+ T-cell and NK cell cytotoxicity activity, and modulate T-cell differentiation programs in response to antigen, promoting naive CD4+ T-cell differentiation into T helper-1 (Th1) and T helper-2 (Th2) cells while inhibiting T helper-17 (Th17) differentiation
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Of note, Tregs, which act to dampen the immune response, constitutively express high levels of α chain
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IL-2Rα is unique to IL-2 and is expressed by a number of immune cells including T regulatory cells (Treg), activated CD4+ and CD8+T cells, B cells, mature DCs, endothelial cells
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Unfortunately, not all of patients would benefit from targeted therapy and nearly all patients who initially respond to targeted inhibitors inevitably develop acquired resistance to the treatment
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IL-2 also stimulates T-regulatory cells that constitutively express CTLA-4 and can suppress immune reactions. Hence, IL-2 might enhance antitumor reactivity in the presence of CTLA-4 blockade
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both HD and low-dose IL-2 therapy preferentially induce the expansion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg and the Treg level remains elevated after each cycle of HD IL-2 therapy
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Due to rapid elimination and metabolism via the kidney, IL-2 has a short serum half-life of several minutes
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HD IL-2-induced severe toxicities including vascular leak syndrome (VLS), pulmonary edema, hypotension, and heart toxicities
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Toxicity of the spike protein of COVID-19 is a redox shift phenomenon: A novel therapeu... - 0 views
www.sciencedirect.com/...S0891584923005014
COVID19 COVID-19 cancer inflammation SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins COVID spikeopathy
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Long-term effects include redox shift and cellular anabolism as a result of the Warburg effect and mitochondrial dysfunction
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Long-term effects include redox shift and cellular anabolism as a result of the Warburg effect and mitochondrial dysfunction
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Long-term effects include redox shift and cellular anabolism as a result of the Warburg effect and mitochondrial dysfunction
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Long-term effects include redox shift and cellular anabolism as a result of the Warburg effect and mitochondrial dysfunction
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Lipoic acid and Methylene Blue have been shown to enhance the mitochondrial activity, relieve the Warburg effect and increase catabolism
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Lipoic acid and Methylene Blue have been shown to enhance the mitochondrial activity, relieve the Warburg effect and increase catabolism
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Lipoic acid and Methylene Blue have been shown to enhance the mitochondrial activity, relieve the Warburg effect and increase catabolism
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Methylene Blue, Chlorine dioxide and Lipoic acid may help reduce long-term Covid-19 effects by stimulating the catabolism
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Methylene Blue, Chlorine dioxide and Lipoic acid may help reduce long-term Covid-19 effects by stimulating the catabolism
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Methylene Blue, Chlorine dioxide and Lipoic acid may help reduce long-term Covid-19 effects by stimulating the catabolism
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direct consequence of redox iMeBalance, itself a consequence of decreased energy yield by the mitochondria
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direct consequence of redox iMeBalance, itself a consequence of decreased energy yield by the mitochondria
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mitochondrial dysfunction and increased levels of lactate, which are important characteristics of metabolic shift and Warburg effect in many diseases
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mitochondrial dysfunction and increased levels of lactate, which are important characteristics of metabolic shift and Warburg effect in many diseases
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cell division is the most sophisticated way to release entropy
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redox signaling plays an important role in regulating immune function and inflammation, and disruptions in this signaling can lead to excessive cytokine production and immune system activation
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reduced extracellular environment in the elderly and the increased susceptibility to Covid-19 infection
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reduced extracellular environment in the elderly and the increased susceptibility to Covid-19 infection
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Redox signaling tightly modulates the inflammatory response and oxidative stress has been reported in acute Covid-19
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People at high risk are the elderly, patients suffering from metabolic syndrome such as obesity, or those suffering from chronic diseases such as cancer or inflammation
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COVID-19 patients with severe disease have higher levels of oxidative stress markers and lower antioxidant levels
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oxidative stress can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, which is a protein complex that plays a key role in the cytokine storm
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inflammation leads to the formation of ROS and RNS, while redox iMeBalance results in cellular damage, which in turn triggers an inflammatory response
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persistently elevated mtROS triggers endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, which results in a vicious loop involving ROS, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction
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IL-2 is highly up-regulated in Covid-19 patients [37], and IL-2 is known to significantly stimulate the generation of NO in patients
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Elevated levels of lactate, a characteristic of the Warburg effect, were also reported in the high-risk Covid-19
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vaccinated with RNA or DNA vaccines triggering the synthesis of the viral spike protein in human cells
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viral reactivation in varicella-zoster virus [55] or hepatitis [56], coagulopathy and resulting stroke and myocarditis following both DNA-based vaccines [57] and RNA-based vaccines
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characteristic of the Warburg effect is present in almost every disease and appears to be a central feature in most of the hallmarks of cancer
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inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and increased lactate concentrations in the extracellular fluid
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As the mitochondria are impaired, the infected cell cannot catabolize efficiently. It will release lactic acid in the blood stream
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Striking similarities are seen between cancer, Alzheimer's disease and Covid-19, all related to the Warburg effect
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Cancer, inflammation, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases share a common peculiarity, the inability of the cell to export entropy outside the body in the harmless form of heat
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MEB relieves the Warburg effect [87], improves memory [77], is active in the treatment of depressive episodes [79,80] and reduces the importance of ischemic strokes
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MEB relieves the Warburg effect [87], improves memory [77], is active in the treatment of depressive episodes [79,80] and reduces the importance of ischemic strokes
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It has been shown that Covid-19-patients treated with MEB, have a significant reduction in hospital stay duration and mortality
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MeB + can take a pair of electrons (of H atoms) and MeBH can release this pair easily, so that MeB is partially recycled like a catalyst
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MeB acts as an electron bridge between a donor (FADH2, FMNH, NADH) and an acceptor (complex IV of ETC or oxygen itself)
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As a coenzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) initiates the formation of acetyl-CoA to feed the TCA cycle
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ALA enhances the catabolism of carbon. cycle and therefore may reduce the Warburg effect and consequently, lactate production
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Methylene Blue plays a similar role after the TCA cycle, by carrying electrons to complex IV of the electron transport chain
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Drugs such as lipoic acid and MeB, which target the metabolism, decrease the redox shift by increasing catabolism