Diet-induced obesity and low testosterone increase neuroinflammation and impair neural ... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4190446
Testosterone neuroinflammation glia insulin resistance obesity diabetes brain CNS PNS inflammation low T low Testosterone TNF-alpha IL-1beta
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Apr 15
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both obesity and low testosterone are also risk factors for neural dysfunction, including cognitive impairment [58–61] and development of AD
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diet-induced obesity causes significant metabolic disturbances and impairs central and peripheral nervous systems.
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both obesity and low testosterone are linked with promotion of inflammatory pathways [70–72] and exert harmful actions on the central [73–75] and peripheral [29,76] nervous systems
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In general, obesity-related changes were worsened by low testosterone and improved by testosterone treatment; however, this relationship was not statistically significant in several instances. Further, our data suggest that a common pathway that may contribute to obesity and testosterone effects is regulation of inflammation
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fasting blood glucose levels were independently and additively increased by GDX-induced testosterone depletion and high-fat diet
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testosterone treatment significantly reduced fasting glucose under both the normal and high-fat diets, demonstrating potential therapeutic efficacy of testosterone supplementation
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fasting insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA index), and glucose tolerance, low testosterone tended to exacerbate and or testosterone treatment improved outcomes.
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testosterone’s effects likely do not indicate an indirect result on adiposity but rather regulatory action(s) on other aspects of metabolic homeostasis
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Prior work in rodents has shown diet-induced obesity induces insulin resistance in rat brain [63] and that testosterone replacement improves insulin sensitivity in obese rats [64]. Our findings are consistent with the human literature, which indicates that (i) testosterone levels are inversely correlated to insulin resistance and T2D in healthy [30,65] as well as obese men [66], and (ii) androgen therapy can improve some metabolic measures in overweight men with low testosterone
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it has been shown that TNFα has inhibitory effects on neuron survival, differentiation, and neurite outgrowth
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Our data demonstrate that low testosterone and obesity independently increased cerebrocortical mRNA levels of both TNFα and IL-1β
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many beneficial effects of testosterone, including inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine expression
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neuroprotection [80,81], are dependent upon androgen receptors, the observed effects of testosterone in this study may involve androgen receptor activation
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testosterone can be converted by the enzyme aromatase into estradiol, which is also known to exert anti-inflammatory [82] and neuroprotective [83] actions
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Since testosterone can affect glial function [86] and improve neuronal growth and survival [87–89], it was unexpected that testosterone status exhibited rather modest effects on neural health indices with the only significant response being an increase in survival in the testosterone-treated, high-fat diet group
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testosterone treatment significantly lowered TNFα and IL-1β expression to near basal levels even in obese mice, indicating a protective benefit of testosterone across diet conditions
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Testosterone status and diet-induced obesity were associated with significant regulation of macrophage infiltration
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a possible mechanism by which obesity and testosterone levels may affect the health of both CNS and PNS
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Study points to obesity and low Testosterone contribution of neuroinflammation. No effect of body weight was seen with TRT. This animal model found similar positive effects of TRT in insulin sensitivity. Obesity and low T increase inflammatory cytokine production: this study found an increase in TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and TRT reduced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta to near base-line. Testosterone is neuroprotective and this study reviewed the small volume of evaded that pointed to benefit from estradiol. Testosterone's effect on glial survival was positive but not significant. Obesity and low T were found to be associated with increased macrophage infiltration in the PNS with increased TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Testosterone therapy improved peripheral neuropathy via its positive effects on nocicieption.