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Michel Roland-Guill

Harvard Educational Review - Journal Article - 0 views

her.hepg.org/...t2k0m13756113566

lecture écriture éducation littératie

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 12 Feb 12 - No Cached
  • Michel Roland-Guill on 12 Feb 12
     
    Reading is critical to students' success in and out of school. One potential means for improving students' reading is writing. In this meta-analysis of true and quasi-experiments, Graham and Herbert present evidence that writing about material read improves students' comprehension of it; that teaching students how to write improves their reading comprehension, reading fluency, and word reading; and that increasing how much students write enhances their reading comprehension. These findings provide empirical support for long-standing beliefs about the power of writing to facilitate reading.
Michel Roland-Guill

Why can't we read anymore? - Medium - 0 views

medium.com/...t-we-read-anymore-503c38c131fe

lecture numérique

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 04 May 15 - No Cached
  • Michel Roland-Guill on 04 May 15
     
    Last year, I read four books. The reasons for that low number are, I guess, the same as your reasons for reading fewer books than you think you should have read last year: I've been finding it harder and harder to concentrate on words, sentences, pa…
  • Michel Roland-Guill on 04 May 15
     
    Last year, I read four books. The reasons for that low number are, I guess, the same as your reasons for reading fewer books than you think you should have read last year: I've been finding it harder and harder to concentrate on words, sentences, pa…
Michel Roland

untitled - 0 views

www.nytimes.com/...01lit.html

reading fiction brain literature

shared by Michel Roland on 11 Aug 11 - Cached
  • “We begin by assuming that there is a difference between the kind of reading that people do when they read Marcel Proust or Henry James and a newspaper, that there is a value added cognitively when we read complex literary texts,”
  • “We begin by assuming that there is a difference between the kind of reading that people do when they read Marcel Proust or Henry James and a newspaper, that there is a value added cognitively when we read complex literary texts,”
  • Why do we read fiction? Why do we care so passionately about nonexistent characters? What underlying mental processes are activated when we read?
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • using snapshots of the brain at work to explore the mechanics of reading
  • Blakey Vermeule, an associate professor of English at Stanford, is examining theory of mind from a different perspective. She starts from the assumption that evolution had a hand in our love of fiction, and then goes on to examine the narrative technique known as “free indirect style,” which mingles the character’s voice with the narrator’s. Indirect style enables readers to inhabit two or even three mind-sets at a time.
  • “To give us an incentive to monitor and ensure cooperation, nature endows us with a pleasing sense of outrage” at cheaters, and delight when they are punished
  • “but that fiction gives us insight into evolution.”
Michel Roland-Guill

Reading in a Whole New Way | 40th Anniversary | Smithsonian Magazine - 0 views

www.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?action=cpt&title=Reading+in+a+Whole+New+Way+|+40th+Anniversary+|+Smithsonian+Magazine&expire=&urlID=430056402&fb=Y&url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/specialsections/40th-anniversary/Reading-in-a-Whole-New-Way.h

lecture Kelly littératie

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 11 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • America was founded on the written word.
  • the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence and, indirectly, the Bible
  • Being able to read silently to yourself was considered an amazing talent. Writing was an even rarer skill. In 15th-century Europe only one in 20 adult males could write.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 11 Sep 11
       
      Vision technicisée et progressiste des pratiques de l'écriture, où il est assez naturel de retrouver relayé le mythe de la rareté de la lecture silencieuse dans l'Antiquité. Je crois avoir lu quelque part, et même en plusieurs endroits, que la connaissance et la pratique au moins rudimentaire de l'écriture était très répandue dans l'antiquité classique (grecque et romaine) au rebours de ce que soutient Kelly ici. Mais il s'appuie vraisemblablement sur des études sérieuses valant pour le 15e s. et dans sa vision linéaire d'un progrès fondé sur la succession des innovations techniques cela implique qu'on ne savait généralement pas écrire dans l'antiquité.Il n'est pas difficile de deviner combien une vision aussi simpliste, aussi simplement orientée de l'évolution des pratiques de la lettre est aujourd'hui, au moment où il nous faut évaluer une révolution nouvelle de ces pratiques est sinon nuisible au moins handicapante.
  • ...28 more annotations...
  • But reading and writing, like all technologies, are dynamic.
  • the romance novel was invented in 1740
  • In time, the power of authors birthed the idea of authority and bred a culture of expertise. Perfection was achieved “by the book.”
  • a people of the book.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 11 Sep 11
       
      Intéressant comme est ici condensé un imaginaire américain de la lettre. A remarquer que cet attachement au livre et à la chose écrite ne se double d'aucun intellectualisme, au contraire. La situation française est bien différentes et à plusieurs égards opposée. Au point qu'on peut se demander si la crise de la culture française ne s'explique pas, en partie et à ce niveau, par une contradiction entre ses éléments structurants et ceux de la culture américaine telle qu'elle est transmise par les médias de la culture populaire, cinéma et télévision au premier chef.
  • By 1910 three-quarters of the towns in America with more than 2,500 residents had a public library.
  • Today some 4.5 billion digital screens illuminate our lives.
  • This new platform is very visual, and it is gradually merging words with moving images
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 11 Sep 11
       
      Gros enjeu là, voir billet de F. Kaplan sur epub.
  • The amount of time people spend reading has almost tripled since 1980
  • But it is not book reading
  • It is screen reading
  • it seemed weird five centuries ago to see someone read silently
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 11 Sep 11
       
      !!! (voir Gavrilov & Burnyeat)
  • dog-ear
  • a contemplative mind
  • a reflex to do something
  • utilitarian thinking
  • We review a movie while we watch it,
  • Wikipedia
  • Propaganda is less effective in a world of screens, because while misinformation travels fast, corrections do, too.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 11 Sep 11
       
      Angélisme. Cf. article à retrouver: endogamie des échanges sur les blogues et les forums
  • Screens provoke action instead of persuasion.
  • On networked screens everything is linked to everything else.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 11 Sep 11
       
      Ici le coeur de la contradiction chez Kelly: la révolution numérique est appréhendée depuis le paradigme américain pré-révolution numérique qui oppose autorité et individualisme. Or la RN redistribue ici (peut-être plus qu'ailleurs) les cartes en contestant, en même temps que le rôle de l'autorité, l'individualisme libéral dont les historiens de la lecture ont montré qu'il s'est construit, depuis Augustin mais particulièrement à la Renaissance par le commerce singulier avec le livre.
  • the degree to which it is linked to the rest of the world.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 11 Sep 11
       
      Page Rank
  • In books we find a revealed truth; on the screen we assemble our own truth from pieces
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 11 Sep 11
       
      Tradition vs. Individualisme.
  • the inner nature of things
  • informational layer
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 11 Sep 11
       
      Bande de Möbius.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 11 Sep 11
       
      contradiction apparente: the inner nature = informationnal layer. cf. Derrida.
  • to “read” everything, not just text
  • Not to see our face, but our status
  • lifelogging
  • memory
Michel Roland-Guill

- How We Will Read: Clay Shirky - 0 views

blog.findings.com/...how-we-will-read-clay-shirky

shirky lecture social reading publishing publication

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 10 Apr 12 - Cached
  • Publishing is not evolving. Publishing is going away. Because the word “publishing” means a cadre of professionals who are taking on the incredible difficulty and complexity and expense of making something public. That’s not a job anymore. That’s a button. There’s a button that says “publish,” and when you press it, it’s done.
  • The question is, what are the parent professions needed around writing? Publishing isn’t one of them. Editing, we need, desperately. Fact-checking, we need. For some kinds of long-form texts, we need designers.
  • for all that I didn’t like the original Kindle, one of its greatest features was that you couldn’t get your email on it
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • The endless gratification offered up by our devices means that the experience of reading in particular now becomes something we have to choose to do.
  • When people hear “social reading,” they think that it is proximate sociability on the device in real-time. But let’s not necessarily jam the social bit into the experience of reading. The explosion of conversation around those kinds of works is best done after the fact. The phrase “social reading” often causes people to misunderstand what it is.
Michel Roland-Guill

Why Abundance is Good: A Reply to Nick Carr | Britannica Blog - 0 views

www.britannica.com/...e-is-good-a-reply-to-nick-carr

lecture littératie Google Carr #delicious Shirky

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 15 Oct 11 - Cached
  • I think Carr’s premises are correct:  the mechanisms of media affect the nature of thought.
  • there are a host of people, from mathematicians to jazz musicians, who practice kinds of deep thought that are perfectly distinguishable from deep reading.
  • in either the availability or comprehension of material on scientific or technical subjects
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • it’s not just Carr’s friend, and it’s not just because of the web—no one reads War and Peace. It’s too long, and not so interesting.
  • The reading public has increasingly decided that Tolstoy‘s sacred work isn’t actually worth the time it takes to read it, but that process started long before the internet became mainstream.
  • we continued to  reassure one another that War and Peace or À La Recherche du Temps Perdu were Very Important in some vague way.  (This tension has produced an entire literature about the value of reading Proust that is now more widely read than Proust‘s actual oeuvre.)
  • because the return of reading has not brought about the return of the cultural icons we’d been emptily praising all these years, the enormity of the historical shift away from literary culture is now becoming clear.
  • William Sayoran once remarked, “Everybody has got to die … but I have always believed an exception would be made in my case.” Luddism is a social version of that, where people are encouraged to believe that change is inevitable, except, perhaps, this time.
  • Luddism is bad for society because it misdirects people’s energy and wastes their time.
  • our older habits of consumption weren’t virtuous, they were just a side-effect of living in an environment of impoverished access.
Michel Roland

Reading ebooks on your phone- why do it? - Mobile Technology News - 1 views

gigaom.com/reading-ebooks

reading ereading iphone smartphone

shared by Michel Roland on 07 Jun 11 - No Cached
  • There is nothing better than finding an unexpected five minute window open up that can be spent enjoying a good book.
  • The key to the unexpected free time scenario I mentioned is that I must have the reader with me at all times.  My experience has taught me that the only way I can guarantee always having the reader with me is if it lives in my cell phone.
  • in the first two weeks of iPhone ownership I had read six books on it
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • any comporomises you might be making due to the small screen on your phone are more than met by the joys of finding time to read you would otherwise miss.
Michel Roland-Guill

The Best Device For Reading Is Still the Phone In Your Pocket - 0 views

gizmodo.com/l-the-phone-in-your-1649361031

smartphone lecture numérique

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 27 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • Michel Roland-Guill on 27 Oct 14
     
    For long-time book lovers, reading on an electronic device can be disorienting experience. The most obvious choice for those going down the e-book path is a device like the Kindle, completely and utterly dedicated to emulating the traditional expe...
  • Michel Roland-Guill on 27 Oct 14
     
    For long-time book lovers, reading on an electronic device can be disorienting experience. The most obvious choice for those going down the e-book path is a device like the Kindle, completely and utterly dedicated to emulating the traditional expe...
Michel Roland-Guill

Orthographic Processing in Baboons (Papio papio) - 1 views

www.sciencemag.org.proxy.unice.fr/...245.full

lecture langage évolution singes écriture

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 15 Apr 12 - Cached
  • Our results demonstrate that basic orthographic processing skills can be acquired in the absence of preexisting linguistic representations.
  • The computation of letter identities and their relative positions is referred to as orthographic processing, and there is a large consensus today that such processing represents the first “language-specific” stage of the reading process that follows the operations involved in the control of eye movements (bringing words into the focus of central vision) and early visual processing (enabling visual feature extraction; Fig. 1A) (1–4). In the present study, we examined whether the ability to efficiently process orthographic information can operate in the absence of prior linguistic knowledge.
  • Orthographic processing lies at the interface between the visual processing and the linguistic processing involved in written language comprehension.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Dehaene and colleagues proposed that skilled reading involves an adaptation of general object-identification processes in ventral occipitotemporal brain areas to the specific characteristics of printed words
  • according to the dominant theories of reading, orthographic processing is still primarily considered to be an extension of already established linguistic skills in the domain of spoken language processing
  • We challenged the hypothesis that learning an orthographic code depends on preexisting linguistic knowledge by investigating whether nonhuman primates can learn this skill.
  • the word versus nonword discrimination could be made implicitly on the basis of statistical dependencies between letters.
  • More detailed analyses revealed that baboons were not simply memorizing the word stimuli but had learned to discriminate words from nonwords on the basis of differences in the frequency of letter combinations in the two categories of stimuli (i.e., statistical learning).
  • words that were seen for the first time triggered significantly fewer “nonword” responses than did the nonword stimuli
  • Even more striking is the strong linear relation, shown in Fig. 4, between accuracy in response to nonword stimuli and their orthographic similarity to words that the baboons had already learned. The more similar a nonword was to a known word, the more false positive responses it produced.
  • Our findings have two important theoretical implications. First, they suggest that statistical learning is a powerful universal (i.e., cross-species) mechanism that might well be the basis for learning higher-order (linguistic) categories that facilitate the evolution of natural language (18, 19). Second, our results suggest that orthographic processing may, at least partly, be constrained by general principles of visual object processing shared by monkeys and humans.
  • Our study may therefore help explain the success of the human cultural choice of visually representing words using combinations of aligned, spatially compact, ordered sequences of symbols. The primate brain might therefore be better prepared than previously thought to process printed words, hence facilitating the initial steps toward mastering one of the most complex of human skills: reading.
  • Our results indicate that baboons were coding the word and nonword stimuli as a set of letter identities arranged in a particular order. Baboons had learned to discriminate different letters from each other (letter identity) and to associate those letter identities with positional information. Their coding of the statistical dependencies between position-coded letters is reflected in (i) their ability to discriminate novel words from nonwords (i.e., generalization), (ii) the significant correlation between bigram frequency and the accuracy of responses to words, and (iii) the increase in errors in response to nonword stimuli that were orthographically more similar to known words.
Michel Roland-Guill

How Our Brains Make Memories / Greg Miller | Science & Nature | Smithsonian Magazine - 0 views

www.smithsonianmag.com/...-Our-Brains-Make-Memories.html

mémoire cerveau Nader neuroscience

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 09 Feb 12 - No Cached
  • Nader, now a neuroscientist at McGill University in Montreal, says his memory of the World Trade Center attack has played a few tricks on him. He recalled seeing television footage on September 11 of the first plane hitting the north tower of the World Trade Center. But he was surprised to learn that such footage aired for the first time the following day. Apparently he wasn’t alone: a 2003 study of 569 college students found that 73 percent shared this misperception.
  • In short, Nader believes that the very act of remembering can change our memories.
  • Nader was born in Cairo, Egypt. His Coptic Christian family faced persecution at the hands of Arab nationalists and fled to Canada in 1970, when he was 4 years old
  • ...22 more annotations...
  • Memories surrounding a major event like September 11 might be especially susceptible, he says, because we tend to replay them over and over in our minds and in conversation with others—with each repetition having the potential to alter them.
  • He attended college and graduate school at the University of Toronto, and in 1996 joined the New York University lab of Joseph LeDoux, a distinguished neuroscientist who studies how emotions influence memory.
  • Scientists have long known that recording a memory requires adjusting the connections between neurons. Each memory tweaks some tiny subset of the neurons in the brain (the human brain has 100 billion neurons in all), changing the way they communicate. Neurons send messages to one another across narrow gaps called synapses. A synapse is like a bustling port, complete with machinery for sending and receiving cargo—neurotransmitters, specialized chemicals that convey signals between neurons. All of the shipping machinery is built from proteins, the basic building blocks of cells.
  • In five decades of research, Kandel has shown how short-term memories—those lasting a few minutes—involve relatively quick and simple chemical changes to the synapse that make it work more efficiently. Kandel, who won a share of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, found that to build a memory that lasts hours, days or years, neurons must manufacture new proteins and expand the docks, as it were, to make the neurotransmitter traffic run more efficiently. Long-term memories must literally be built into the brain’s synapses. Kandel and other neuroscientists have generally assumed that once a memory is constructed, it is stable and can’t easily be undone. Or, as they put it, the memory is “consolidated.”
  • under ordinary circumstances the content of the memory stays the same, no matter how many times it’s taken out and read. Nader would challenge this idea.
  • Work with rodents dating back to the 1960s didn’t jibe with the consolidation theory. Researchers had found that a memory could be weakened if they gave an animal an electric shock or a drug that interferes with a particular neurotransmitter just after they prompted the animal to recall the memory. This suggested that memories were vulnerable to disruption even after they had been consolidated.
  • the work suggested that filing an old memory away for long-term storage after it had been recalled was surprisingly similar to creating it the first time
  • In the winter of 1999, he taught four rats that a high-pitched beep preceded a mild electric shock. That was easy—rodents learn such pairings after being exposed to them just once. Afterward, the rat freezes in place when it hears the tone. Nader then waited 24 hours, played the tone to reactivate the memory and injected into the rat’s brain a drug that prevents neurons from making new proteins. If memories are consolidated just once, when they are first created, he reasoned, the drug would have no effect on the rat’s memory of the tone or on the way it would respond to the tone in the future. But if memories have to be at least partially rebuilt every time they are recalled—down to the synthesizing of fresh neuronal proteins—rats given the drug might later respond as if they had never learned to fear the tone and would ignore it. If so, the study would contradict the standard conception of memory.
  • When Nader later tested the rats, they didn’t freeze after hearing the tone: it was as if they’d forgotten all about it
  • After Nader’s initial findings, some neuroscientists pooh-poohed his work in journal articles and gave him the cold shoulder at scientific meetings. But the data struck a more harmonious chord with some psychologists. After all, their experiments had long suggested that memory can easily be distorted without people realizing it.
  • To Nader and his colleagues, the experiment supports the idea that a memory is re-formed in the process of calling it up. “From our perspective, this looks a lot like memory reconsolidation,” says Oliver Hardt, a postdoctoral researcher in Nader’s lab.
  • “When you retell it, the memory becomes plastic, and whatever is present around you in the environment can interfere with the original content of the memory,” Hardt says.
  • The question is whether reconsolidation—which he thinks Nader has demonstrated compellingly in rat experiments—is the reason for the distortions.
  • at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute. Alain Brunet, a psychologist, is running a clinical trial involving people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The hope is that caregivers might be able to weaken the hold of traumatic memories that haunt patients during the day and invade their dreams at night.
  • In Brunet’s first study, PTSD patients took a drug intended to interfere with the reconsolidation of fearful memories. The drug, propranolol, has long been used to treat high blood pressure, and some performers take it to combat stage fright. The drug inhibits a neurotransmitter called norepinephrine. One possible side effect of the drug is memory loss.
  • Nine patients took a propranolol pill and read or watched TV for an hour as the drug took effect. Ten were given a placebo pill. Brunet came into the room and made small talk before telling the patient he had a request: he wanted the patient to read a script, based on earlier interviews with the person, describing his or her traumatic experience. The patients, all volunteers, knew that the reading would be part of the experiment. “Some are fine, some start to cry, some need to take a break,” Brunet says. A week later, the PTSD patients listened to the script, this time without taking the drug or a placebo. Compared with the patients who had taken a placebo, those who had taken the propranolol a week earlier were now calmer; they had a smaller uptick in their heart rate and they perspired less.
  • The treatment didn’t erase the patients’ memory of what had happened to them; rather, it seems to have changed the quality of that memory. “Week after week the emotional tone of the memory seems weaker,” Brunet says. “They start to care less about that memory.” Nader says the traumatic memories of PTSD patients may be stored in the brain in much the same way that a memory of a shock-predicting tone is stored in a rat’s brain. In both cases, recalling the memory opens it to manipulation.
  • Nader suggests that reconsolidation may be the brain’s mechanism for recasting old memories in the light of everything that has happened since. In other words, it just might be what keeps us from living in the past.
  • Elizabeth Loftus
  • Karim Nader
  • Eric Kandel
  • Brunet
  • Michel Roland-Guill on 09 Feb 12
     
    may 2010
Michel Roland-Guill

38% of College Students Can't Go 10 Minutes Without Tech [STATS] - 1 views

mashable.com/...college-tech-device-stats

étudiants tablettes etextbook reading ereading

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 07 Jun 11 - Cached
  • 500 American college students. Seventy-three percent of them said they would not be able to study without some form of technology, and 38% said that they could not even go more than 10 minutes without checking their laptop, smartphone, tablet or ereader.
  • 70% of the students said they use keyboards rather than paper to take notes and 65% said they use digital devices to create presentations.
  • A 2010 study by OnCampus Research found that 74% of college students surveyed still preferred to use a printed textbook. But the CourseSmart survey suggests that further etextbook adoption might be on the way.Nearly half of the 98% of students in the survey who owned a digital device said they regularly read etextbooks. Sixty-three percent had read an etextbook on their device at least once, and the majority of the survey group agreed that etextbooks are easier to carry, simpler to search, cheaper and better than traditional textbooks for reading on-the-go.
Michel Roland-Guill

Rough Type: Nicholas Carr's Blog: Killing Mnemosyne - 1 views

www.roughtype.com/...killing_mnemosy_1.php

Carr mémoire littéracie reading ereading

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Apr 11 - Cached
  • Isidore, the bishop of Seville, remarked how reading “the sayings” of thinkers in books “render[ed] their escape from memory less easy.”
  • Shakespeare has Hamlet call his memory “the book and volume of my brain.”
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Apr 11
       
      Dante: "In quella parte del libro de la mia memoria, dinanzi a la quale poco si potrebbe leggere, si trova una rubrica la quale dice: In quella parte del libro de la mia memoria, dinanzi a la quale poco si potrebbe leggere, si trova una rubrica la quale dice: INCIPIT VITA NOVA."
  • Books provide a supplement to memory, but they also, as Eco puts it, “challenge and improve memory; they do not narcotize it.”
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Apr 11
       
      Voir chez Jack Goody comment la mémoire dite "par coeur" dépend de la textualité.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Erasmus, in his 1512 textbook De Copia, stressed the connection between memory and reading. He urged students to annotate their books
  • He also suggested that every student and teacher keep a notebook, organized by subject, “so that whenever he lights on anything worth noting down, he may write it in the appropriate section.”
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Apr 11
       
      Voir Darnton qui récemment voyait dans les livres d'extraits la preuve que les empans brefs ne dataient pas d'hier...
  • kinds of flowers
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Apr 11
       
      > "anthologie"
  • To him, memorizing was far more than a means of storage
  • Far from being a mechanical, mindless process, Erasmus’s brand of memorization engaged the mind fully
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Apr 11
       
      Il faudrait référer cette thématique érasmienne à la problématique plus large de la mémoire et de l'éducation à la Renaissance. Montaigne, Rabelais, "tête bien faite", vs "bien pleine".
  • “We should imitate bees,” Seneca wrote, “and we should keep in separate compartments whatever we have collected from our diverse reading, for things conserved separately keep better. Then, diligently applying all the resources of our native talent, we should mingle all the various nectars we have tasted, and then turn them into a single sweet substance, in such a way that, even if it is apparent where it originated, it appears quite different from what it was in its original state.”
  • Memory, for Seneca as for Erasmus, was as much a crucible as a container.
  • “commonplace books,”
  • Francis Bacon
  • “a gentleman’s commonplace book” served “both as a vehicle for and a chronicle of his intellectual development.”
  • The arrival of the limitless and easily searchable data banks of the Internet brought a further shift, not just in the way we view memorization but in the way we view memory itself.
  • Clive Thompson, the Wired writer, refers to the Net as an “outboard brain”
  • David Brooks
  • “I had thought that the magic of the information age was that it allowed us to know more,” he writes, “but then I realized the magic of the information age is that it allows us to know less. It provides us with external cognitive servants—silicon memory systems, collaborative online filters, consumer preference algorithms and networked knowledge. We can burden these servants and liberate ourselves.”
  • Peter Suderman
  • “it’s no longer terribly efficient to use our brains to store information.”
  • “Why memorize the content of a single book when you could be using your brain to hold a quick guide to an entire library? Rather than memorize information, we now store it digitally and just remember what we stored.”
  • Don Tapscott, the technology writer, puts it more bluntly. Now that we can look up anything “with a click on Google,” he says, “memorizing long passages or historical facts” is obsolete.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Apr 11
       
      "Google" > inutilité des outils de mémorisation (signets) eux-mêmes!
  • When, in an 1892 lecture before a group of teachers, William James declared that “the art of remembering is the art of thinking,” he was stating the obvious.
Michel Roland-Guill

How people read online: Why you won't finish this article. - Slate Magazine - 0 views

www.slate.com/...inish_this_article.single.html

lecture attention

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 04 Aug 13 - No Cached
  • The more I type, the more of you tune out. And it’s not just me.
  • lots of people are tweeting out links to articles they haven’t fully read.
  • There’s a very weak relationship between scroll depth and sharing.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • articles that get a lot of tweets don’t necessarily get read very deeply.
Michel Roland-Guill

Dehaene.pdf - Powered by Google Docs - 1 views

docs.google.com/viewer

reading brain dehaene ereading

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 29 Apr 11 - No Cached
  • Michel Roland-Guill on 29 Apr 11
     
    How Learning to Read Changes the Cortical Networks for Vision and Language
Michel Roland-Guill

Never Mind E-Books: Why Print Books Are Here to Stay - WSJ.com - 0 views

online.wsj.com/...lMyQjAxMTAzMDAwNTEwNDUyWj.html

#Carr livres numériques livre imprimé

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 21 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • The initial e-book explosion is starting to look like an aberration. The technology's early adopters, a small but enthusiastic bunch, made the move to e-books quickly and in a concentrated period.
  • the shift from e-readers to tablets may also be dampening e-book purchases
  • The fact that an e-book can't be sold or given away after it's read also reduces the perceived value of the product.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Screen reading seems particularly well-suited to the kind of light entertainments that have traditionally been sold in supermarkets and airports as mass-market paperbacks.
  • Readers of weightier fare, including literary fiction and narrative nonfiction, have been less inclined to go digital. They seem to prefer the heft and durability, the tactile pleasures, of what we still call "real books"—the kind you can set on a shelf.
Michel Roland-Guill

The End of Solitude - The Chronicle Review - The Chronicle of Higher Education - 0 views

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shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 20 May 12 - Cached
  • The camera has created a culture of celebrity; the computer is creating a culture of connectivity. As the two technologies converge — broadband tipping the Web from text to image, social-networking sites spreading the mesh of interconnection ever wider — the two cultures betray a common impulse. Celebrity and connectivity are both ways of becoming known. This is what the contemporary self wants. It wants to be recognized, wants to be connected: It wants to be visible.
  • I once asked my students about the place that solitude has in their lives. One of them admitted that she finds the prospect of being alone so unsettling that she'll sit with a friend even when she has a paper to write. Another said, why would anyone want to be alone?
  • Man may be a social animal, but solitude has traditionally been a societal value. In particular, the act of being alone has been understood as an essential dimension of religious experience, albeit one restricted to a self-selected few. Through the solitude of rare spirits, the collective renews its relationship with divinity.
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  • Communal experience is the human norm, but the solitary encounter with God is the egregious act that refreshes that norm.
  • Like other religious values, solitude was democratized by the Reformation and secularized by Romanticism.
  • The child who grew up between the world wars as part of an extended family within a tight-knit urban community became the grandparent of a kid who sat alone in front of a big television, in a big house, on a big lot. We were lost in space. Under those circumstances, the Internet arrived as an incalculable blessing
  • For Emerson, "the soul environs itself with friends, that it may enter into a grander self-acquaintance or solitude; and it goes alone, for a season, that it may exalt its conversation or society."
  • Modernism decoupled this dialectic. Its notion of solitude was harsher, more adversarial, more isolating. As a model of the self and its interactions, Hume's social sympathy gave way to Pater's thick wall of personality and Freud's narcissism — the sense that the soul, self-enclosed and inaccessible to others, can't choose but be alone. With exceptions, like Woolf, the modernists fought shy of friendship. Joyce and Proust disparaged it; D.H. Lawrence was wary of it; the modernist friendship pairs — Conrad and Ford, Eliot and Pound, Hemingway and Fitzgerald — were altogether cooler than their Romantic counterparts.
  • Protestant self-examination becomes Freudian analysis, and the culture hero, once a prophet of God and then a poet of Nature, is now a novelist of self — a Dostoyevsky, a Joyce, a Proust.
  • Romantic solitude existed in a dialectical relationship with sociability
  • My students told me they have little time for intimacy. And of course, they have no time at all for solitude. But at least friendship, if not intimacy, is still something they want.
  • In fact, their use of technology — or to be fair, our use of technology — seems to involve a constant effort to stave off the possibility of solitude, a continuous attempt, as we sit alone at our computers, to maintain the imaginative presence of others.
  • The more we keep aloneness at bay, the less are we able to deal with it and the more terrifying it gets.
  • the previous generation's experience of boredom
  • The two emotions, loneliness and boredom, are closely allied. They are also both characteristically modern. The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest citations of either word, at least in the contemporary sense, date from the 19th century.
  • Boredom is not a necessary consequence of having nothing to do, it is only the negative experience of that state. Television, by obviating the need to learn how to make use of one's lack of occupation, precludes one from ever discovering how to enjoy it. In fact, it renders that condition fearsome, its prospect intolerable. You are terrified of being bored — so you turn on the television.
  • consumer society wants to condition us to feel bored, since boredom creates a market for stimulation.
  • The alternative to boredom is what Whitman called idleness: a passive receptivity to the world.
  • Loneliness is not the absence of company, it is grief over that absence.
  • Internet is as powerful a machine for the production of loneliness as television is for the manufacture of boredom.
  • And losing solitude, what have they lost? First, the propensity for introspection, that examination of the self that the Puritans, and the Romantics, and the modernists (and Socrates, for that matter) placed at the center of spiritual life — of wisdom, of conduct. Thoreau called it fishing "in the Walden Pond of [our] own natures," "bait[ing our] hooks with darkness." Lost, too, is the related propensity for sustained reading.
  • Solitude, Emerson said, "is to genius the stern friend." "He who should inspire and lead his race must be defended from traveling with the souls of other men, from living, breathing, reading, and writing in the daily, time-worn yoke of their opinions." One must protect oneself from the momentum of intellectual and moral consensus — especially, Emerson added, during youth.
  • The university was to be praised, Emerson believed, if only because it provided its charges with "a separate chamber and fire" — the physical space of solitude. Today, of course, universities do everything they can to keep their students from being alone, lest they perpetrate self-destructive acts, and also, perhaps, unfashionable thoughts.
  • The last thing to say about solitude is that it isn't very polite.
  • the ability to stand back and observe life dispassionately, is apt to make us a little unpleasant to our fellows
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