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this article talks about if we are going to have carbon tax as the increasing of using resource such like fuel by the companies, and the companies made a lot of pollution, it give us a negative externality as a whole. all the people on earth has a bad effect by the pollution, increasing of the carbon is one of the thing companies made, in order to stop companies from keeping producing carbon, let's think about put the carbon tax.

i really like this article as it focuses on the fact of global warming. Also its a new point of view to stop Global warming which could be very effective as they would raise alot of money, to use in the further research of non polutent enegery sources. What they havent realised in this article that Methan has a ration 20:1 to carbon in the field of damage causing global warming and although you dont think there is a lot of methane in the world there is. Every decomposing organic material releases methane and just think about all those decomposing plant matter at the bottom of dams with a huge accumulation of methan waiting to be released.

i really like this article as it focuses on the fact of global warming. Also its a new point of view to stop Global warming which could be very effective as they would raise alot of money, to use in the further research of non polutent enegery sources. What they havent realised in this article that Methan has a ration 20:1 to carbon in the field of damage causing global warming and although you dont think there is a lot of methane in the world there is. Every decomposing organic material releases methane and just think about all those decomposing plant matter at the bottom of dams with a huge accumulation of methan waiting to be released.

I found this article very interesting, it relates to Green GDP. The Indian government is aiming to use natural resources, and fight global warming, India is one of the most affected countries due to global warming. India's stand in the fight against global warming will let them be in a better position on negotiations about cutting emissions by an average of 5 percent below 1990 levels by 2008-12 which take place in Denmark. India has no obligations to actually reduce emission as it is still a developing countries and as it says in the article it is a "proof of its sincerity in fighting climate change". The Indian governmen t will even consider their Green GDP as part of their economic growth. This won't be an easy challenge for India though due to millions of people living in poverty and having to burn fossil fuels so their lives improve.

This is an article of interest because it hits on a variety of things that we have and are continuing to study: import tariffs, the WTO, global trading in general, and the effects that each nation's actions have on one another.

This article raises awerness of the potencial risks that protectionism polices, import tariffs in this case, might have on the economy. If the WTO talks fail and Ukraine increases import tariffs it could have huge consequences with its trading partners as the local firms of the trading partners will suffer heavy losses, potencially leading to that specific export sector closing, which in time would effect the economic growth of the exporting country/countries. That is why there always has to be a balance with protectionism policies, iit must both benefit the importer and exporter

Following the recent government unrest in Yemen, the presence of terrorist groups in the country and the ongoing economic crisis the country is facing serious issues with food and hunger. The country depends solely on imported food due to the unavailability of arable land, but due to the lack of funds the government is not able to do so. The country is already in a weak state due to the fall of the government and presence of Al- Qaeda occupied regions in the country. The country has also been hitten hard by the global increase in fuel and food prices Due to the excessively high prices 5 million people or 22% of the population that mainly consists of the poor economic section cannot feed themselves enough or go hungry to bed on most nights. Yemen is the third country in the world to have the largest number of malnourished children. Most of these kid's parents are landless labours, so they cannot grow their own food and because of the high prices, they cannot afford to buy it either.

A negative externality is a cost incurred by a comapny or a party that did not agree to whatever action caused the extra cost. This article discusses the negative externalities that we incur when we use fossil fuels etc. The cost of production and damage caused by the use of fossil fuels is not included in the price we pay for 1 gallon of gasoline. This is the negative externality. A lot of the government involvement in the private sectors is actually aimed at reducing such negative exteranlities concerned with environmental pollution. Several companies also try to reduce externalities by introducing policies. For example, SAP AG has policies that its employees cannot buy cars that have carbon emissions beyond a certain limit.

Your article is very interesting. In the end the writer talks about the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, two weeks ago or something like that I read that BP (they were the owners of the deepwater Horizon) will pay $4.5 billion in fines and other payments, the largest of its kind in US history. It is a lot of money but how can we estimate the value of million animal life's and the destruction of a big part of the Gulf of Mexico. The worst is that we could avoid it because the BP company saved money in the security systems in these Deepwater. I think that after this disaster the government should check all the deepwaters in order to reduce the possibilities of new cases.

A negative externality is an action of a product on consumers that imposes a negative side effect on a third party. Many negative externalities are related to the environmental consequences of production and use. for example the emmisions of green house gases. in this article it explains that when i company creates negative externalities neither the company nor the consumer pays for them so there the government has to step in to stop it by ptting regulations which increases the cost of the comapanies decreasing the negative externalities. but national companies complain because they say if regulations are set they cant compete with international firms like in china where there are no regulations for fuel negative externalities. for example a negative externality was the gulf of mexico oil spill where BP oil prices didnt rise to clean up the mess but the taxes did

This article explains how South Korea's export-driven economy picked up slightly in the final quarter of 2012 on private consumption, yet recovery will likely be delayed until global demand gathers momentum. Asia's fourth-largest economy increased by 0.4% from October-December which was better considering in September there was only a 0.1 % rise, the slowest growth in over three years. This was the seventh consecutive quarter with growth of less than 1%, the longest in more than four decades. South Korea's economy has been hit hard by the depressed global demand, as it had to rely on exports due to high consumer debt surpassing private consumption. The nation's economic growth rate has obviously been stunted with further government intervention needed.

This article shows how the environment can influence the aggregate supply in the economy. The article states that heat stress from global warming may be having an impact on outdoor work productivity in hot regions like northern Australia, Southeast Asia and the southern US. And the calculation tells us thatin temperate regions, people work continuously, but in the hottest places, the working day is split between 80% work and 20% rest. Therefore, people and government should pay attention to the environment problems nowadays because it will lead to a change in nation's GDP. And economists also should consider environment as a determinant of aggregate supply.

This article talks about how global warming is causing a decrease in work productivity, which would lead to a decrease in production. It states that in the hottest months of the year, labour capacity decreases by around 10%. They estimate that by 2050 the temperature would have risen by 1.8 degrees. At this temperature labour capacity would decrease by 20%. So overall this could have huge effects on the economy as production will decrease, and therefore there will be over aggregate demand. this then would cause inflation.

The most recent searches by Rabobank say that commercial wine are at their lowest prices in over a decade. Many wine companies globally have had to tighten their supply. The tighter supply situation has eliminated much of the unsustainable competition that had been undercutting pricing. Markets that do not pay much for bulk wine will be outbid by markets that will pay higher prices. Europe will see decline in imports, and therefore also consumption of wine. I found this article interesting because there are quite a few non-price determinants shifting the supply curve and therefore changing the market price equilibrium. This article sums up many concepts that we have learned over the past 6 weeks.

As all of us know, our world's population is increasing at a rapid rate. They predict that in 2025, there will be 1 more billion people on earth than their are today. So on average, they are predicting that there will be an increase in population of about 80 million people a year. Our resources that we have right now are already scarce, so it will only get tougher. Reporters say the 3 nations that will be most in need of more water will be China, India, and USA due to population growth, increasing irrigation and economic growth. Reporters also say that the amount of extra water needed is equivalent to 20 Nile Rivers. Failure to find the needed extra water could result in great conflicts over water. Also, with climate change (global warming) this will decrease the amount of available freshwater. Furthermore, the water needs to be sanitized to avoid diseases and sickness being spread. The report said that this could cost up to an extra 11 billion dollars a year. I chose this article because it is clearly related to scarcity and is growing concern in our world that needs to be looked at. 2025 is not very far away, and we need to come up with ideas for producing extra, clean water.

It is an article about the trade bloc created between Byelorussia, Russia and Kazakhstan. This Customs Union in its three-member format of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan still appears tiny beside the European Union, however countries like Kyrgyzstan and Armenia have declared interest in joining this group due to the energetic privileges that Russia offers to the countries members. One of the strongest points of this Custom Union is its large population that creates a big consumer market. On the other side the countries members of this block will have to accept the high interest rates of the Russian government. This article has a very good conclusion that I Would like to write down: ''The market is global but there is no global regulation,'' Valovaya says. The response has been a rush to recruit nations into regional trade blocs. It is a rivalry recalling the Cold War, but these new trade groups are mostly creedless structures, able to espouse little if any distinguishing ideology.

Price controls on many staple food items ordered by Ethiopia's government early this month have reduced grocery bills for many low-income families. But now shopkeepers are upset and some basic items are disappearing from store shelves. Economists are concerned about the long-term effect of the government's price-fixing strategy. The consumers responded by going to local retail shops on the first day of the new low prices to stock up on much needed basic good. how ever chaos has broken out between shop keepers and consumers as the shelves aare being cleaned of basic and even normal goods. The shopkeepers responded complaining that the weeks of low prices were unbaraible because of consumers being unhappy of even the lowest prices. The Ethiopian government defended it self that the price caps were needed to help the economic crises but 4 independant economist say that it would help the economy recover, but the government ignored them saying it would. Critcs warn that it will only help in the short term and only worsen the economy in the long term.

Price controls on many staple food items ordered by Ethiopia's government early this month have reduced grocery bills for many low-income families. However, shopkeepers are now upset and many basic items are disappearing from store shelves. Economists are concerned about the long-term effect of the government's price-fixing strategy as the price controls have triggered chaos and tension in the local marketplace. 'Ceiling price have been put on items such as meat, bread, rice, sugar, powdered milk and cooking oil due to merchants taking advantage of global price hikes. The consumers have greatly benefitted yet storekeepers are unhappy, some products they bought before the price controls must now be sold below cost. In a free market economy, the preferred way of doing this is to increase the supply and increase competition. The Ethiopian government has been heavily criticized. Despite the upheaval, government officials are hoping their experiment in price-fixing will help to curb inflation. Recently released figures show the inflation rate jumped from 10.2 percent in November to 14.5 percent last month.

The article talks about Japan's monetary problem in bond markets, which has threatened to undermine the country's battle to end deflation and stimulate growth in the giant economy. This causes the banks to expand the monetary base. However, Japan is still in debt and now it has more money struggles. Governor Haruhiko Kuroda is looking for a way to combat falling price and he declares that he will even double Japan's monetary base. But again, the debts of Japan is "twice as much as the size of the country", thus Japan is vulnerable to rising borrowing costs. Fortunately, the government uses pushing government spending, boosting asset prices by raising asset price inflation expectation, and increasing the country's GDP as solutions; and they do work.

It is a nice article about the central bank in my country Poland. The central bank in poland uses changes in interest rates to keep the inflation rate within the targeted range of 2.5% plus or minus 1%. This week the central bank has reduced the key rate by 25 basis points to 3 percent. As we know, a decrease in inflation will lead to the increase in consumption and investment. The consumption is the total spending of consumers in domestic products. With lower interest rates, consumers will borrow more money from the bank and they will spend more, so the AD curve will shift to the right. Investment is defined as the addition of capital stock to the economy. Lower interest rates will encourage the producers to spend more on investment. Another thing to take into consideration is that the decrease in inflation will make the exports from Poland more competitive in foreign countries where the inflation rate is much higher. Targeting inflation, whether explicitly or implicitly, is said to be beneficial as it results in a reduction in inflationary expectations. If the workers do not expect higher inflation then they will not make demands for increases in wages any higher than the expected rate of inflation and this will keep the costs of labour from rising excessively. Poland has enjoyed uninterrupted annual growth for the past two decades, and for a while after the financial crisis of 2008/9 the economy continued to defy the global downturn. However last year gross domestic product growth slowed to about two percent, less than half the pace in 2011, as infrastructure spending tailed off and the gloom from the euro zone started to filter through to previously bullish Polish consumers.

Oceans are one of the Commons, and as any other commons, it becomes overconsumed. Fishers all around the world keep devastating populations of the fish. To prevent overfishing, pollution and other human impacts, leading international marine scientists are proposing radical changes in the governance of the world's oceans. They carried an experiment in Chilie, and based on it, scientists state that they would be able to help to reverse "the tragedy of the commons". Problems in Chilie made people be open to new arrangements, scientists and fishers began working together to improve the situation with fish. By working together for some years, scientists became able to reveal about fish stocks and and the surrounding marine ecosystem. The new laws gave exclusive ocean territories to local 'artisanal' fishers, and excluded the big industrial fishing fleets, which had their own exclusive fishing zone. Scientists and small fishers then worked together to understand and rebuild the shattered fish stocks in their zone, leading to a shared vision and voluntary agreements on how to manage them.

I find this article particularl interesting because due to a political change in Chile, it has now effected the common resource tradegy of the Oceans. It has reduced the over fishing in Chile, which has let the fish start to regenerate. The research has found out that the key to managing the fisheries depends on making decisions flexible enough to cope with the changes that the ocean goes through.

I find this article particularl interesting because due to a political change in Chile, it has now effected the common resource tradegy of the Oceans. It has reduced the over fishing in Chile, which has let the fish start to regenerate. The research has found out that the key to managing the fisheries depends on making decisions flexible enough to cope with the changes that the ocean goes through.

This article talks about the decline in deforestation in Brazil of the Amazon. It states that the deforestation in brazil has decreased dramatically from its peak in 1995, at 30 000 square km per year to 4656 square km this year. Although this doesnt seem as alot of space..its actually the size of The New York state. This has all happend due to the rising awareness of the Government to preserve the Amazon. Althoigh enviromentalists are still not completelty happy because the Brazilian government recently signed an agreement in favor of the farmers cutting down trees to increase agriculture. The Brazilians government is planing to reduce deforestation to 3925 by 2015. this is a market failure because by cutting down trees it affects the oxygen levels in the atmosphere increasing the effects of global warming.

The United States remains desperate for faster growth and stronger job creation as it continues its slow recovery from the 2009 recession. Peter Blair Henry, the dean of NYU's Leonard N. Stern School of Business states private investment is falling $1 trillion short per year due a to disputes over the "fiscal cliff," the federal borrowing limit and other issues." Monetary policy and fiscal policy are working at "cross purposes" - one is expanding while the other contracts." Governments should save money during times of economic prosperity and spend it to boost the economy when growth decreases. Lawmakers should prioritize predictability in policymaking to trigger private investment and government investments, particularly in education, should be off-limits to cuts. Henry points out that a solution to closing the wage gap is to produce more skilled workers. Raising taxes on the highest tax bracket may also be part of the solution to overall sustainability concerning the fiscal side, but not a solution for income inequality.

The article talks about the overall German economy. The economy ministry states that although there is weak development in industrial output to the point where there is contraction the GDP during the fourth quarter of 2012, there are many signs that indicate the growing economy. He states that the economy has reached its lowest point already. The country sees a growth of 0.8 percent in industrial orders as there is an increase in euro zone. Furthermore, many surveys indicate that many businesses, investors, and consumers are becoming more optimistic. Data has shown that there is increase in exports, international trade, and as well as a decrease in unemployment. Contribute by a narrowed US trade deficit indicates an increase in global demand. This article can be related back to the business cycle. As you can see, by description, German's economy is in a trough phase and with evidences indicating that it is leading towards the recovery phase. This shows that there is a lowest point in the phase where the economy can not get any worse. There is a point that there is still consumption. We can also see that during the recession, GDP decreases, aggregate output decreases, aggregate demand decreases, and unemployment increases. This clearly reflects the business cycle.

It is hard to supply products to the countries that doesn't have a good infrastucture. Most of the countries in Africa have a problems with that, as well as a problem with mortality of population. So few years ago one of the philanthropist asked: "If the Coca-Cola company can deliver a bottle of soda to a village deep in the African countryside on a daily basis, why can't governments and nonprofits figure out how to do the same with life-saving pharmaceuticals?" It used to take 30 days to deliever mediciens or vaccines to the patients, but in 2009 the Global Fund asked Coca-Cola for that support. In two years we can see a good results: in 80% of cases patient can find the right vaccination, it's 30% more than it was two years ago; it takes only 5 days to deliver them. But there is a huge difference between that two products - Coke and medicines: expensive drugs need to be refrigerated, and they expire, compare to Coca-Cola. That's why logistics takes a huge part in the planning of supply and it's excellently presented in that article.

NEW YORK-According to a new report published Friday by the United Nations Development Programme, Raider Nation has for the fifth straight year held the lowest position in the Human Development Index rankings. Taking into account such factors as health, education, and poverty, the report stated that the Human Development Index value of Raider Nation is 0.302, far below the global average and indeed at the very bottom of the 187 territories surveyed by the international organization.

Andres Dombret has defended Germany's trade surplus. In recent weeks Germany has been criticized for their extremely high trade surplus due to the mass amounts of exports they ship out. Their Current accounts surplus ended up being at 19.7 billion, the highest in the world. Officials are saying they are hurting the Global Economy with this and that they need to boost their domestic demand. What do you think?