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katherine-medina

Frontiers | Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Oxidative Stress-Induced Human Diseas... - 1 views

www.frontiersin.org/...full

polyphenol cancer-fighting Research-idea HSR-2023 tea botany plantss

shared by katherine-medina on 26 Jun 23 - No Cached
  • phenolic acids, flavonoids, catechins, tannins, lignans, stilbenes and anthocyanidins
  • They possess antioxidant, chemopreventive and a wide range of pharmacological properties (
  • Over 8,000 polyphenols have been reported from plants, out of several hundreds of polyphenols exist in human diets
  • ...25 more annotations...
  • Organic compounds bearing an aromatic ring with at least one hydroxyl group are termed as “phenolics”. In case, a compound possesses one or more aromatic rings having more than one hydroxyl group are called polyphenols (or polyphenolic compounds).
  • As per the C1-C6 or C3-C6 backbone, they are usually referred to as derivatives of benzoic acid or cinnamic acid
  • However, the role of the dietary polyphenols of their antioxidant abilities is still unclear.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 26 Jun 23
       
      How exactly is the role of antioxidants unclear?
  • Increased intake of foods containing polyphenols (for example, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, cyanidin etc.) has been claimed to lower the incidence of a majority of chronic oxidative cellular damage, DNA damage, tissue inflammations, various cancers, viral/bacterial infections, and neurodegenerative diseases
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 26 Jun 23
       
      So an increase of foods with natural extracts, so just plain vegetables that are not processed.
  • γ rays
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 26 Jun 23
       
      I had no idea these were a thing.
  • This review specifically focuses a current understanding on the dietary sources of polyphenols and their protective effects including mechanisms of action against various major human diseases.
  • ROS when increased or excessively produced can cause oxidative changes/damages to all cellular macromolecules
  • Several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) aid in the removal of free radicals
  • Peroxynitrite can also destroy lipoproteins and causes lipid peroxidation of cell membranes
  • ROS can also affect protein synthesis and protein functions. Protein oxidation can result in amino acid modifications
  • Flavonoids are further classified into different subgroups based on their structures such as flavan-3-ols (examples: catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin), isoflavones (examples: genistein, genistin, daidzenin, daidzin, biochanin A, formononetin), flavones (examples: luteolin, apigenin, chrysin), flavonones (examples: hesperetin, naringenin), flavonols (examples: quercetin, kaempferol, galangin, fisetin, myricetin), flavononol (example: taxifolin), flavylium salts (examples: cyanidin, cyanin, pelargonidin), and flavanones (examples: hesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol, isosakuranetin)
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 26 Jun 23
       
      WOW so flavonoids have a large variety and classes.
  • urther, OS exerts deleterious effects on DNA leading to the formation of DNA lesions, which can result in genomic instability and consequently lead to cell death.
  • Polyphenols are found naturally in fruits and vegetables such as cereals, pulses, dried legumes, spinach, tomatoes, beans, nuts, peppermint, cinnamon, pears, cherries, oranges, apples, red wine, tea, cocoa, coffee and so on (Arts and Hollman, 2005; Scalbert et al., 2005). Polyphenols are classified into different groups depending on the number of aromatic (phenolic) rings they contain and the structural elements that connect these rings. They are broadly grouped into phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and lignans
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 26 Jun 23
       
      SO each polyphenol has a different number of phenolic rings. What is the difference between the different polyphenols such as phenolic acid, flavonoids, stilbenes and lignans. I think that I should look at which of these groups are more effective when working with antibiotics as a way to aid them in the fight against resistant bacterias.
  • In plant derived polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids comprise the largest group with an approximately 10,000 natural analogues
  • Dietary supplements containing elevated amounts of flavonoids from strawberries, lettuce, or blueberries aid in the reversal of age-related discrepancies in the brain and behavioral control in aged rats
  • Tea catechins
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 26 Jun 23
       
      I ha e looked into these a bit, but I did not know that they can help with neurodegenerative diseases.
  • reduced glutathione (GSH), and on membrane sulphydryl (-SH) group in humans has been reported by Maurya and Rizvi (2009).
  • OS can be the primary or secondary reason for various CVDs. Preclinical evidence support that OS is linked to a variety of CVDs, including atherosclerosis, ischemia, stroke, cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, and hypertension, as well as congestive heart failure
  • Dietary flavonoids may reduce endothelial disorders linked with various risk factors for atherosclerosis before plaque creation
  • The polyphenols of Hibiscus sabdariffa weaken diabetic nephropathy in terms of serum lipid profile and kidney oxidative markers
  • . Studies suggest that a diet that includes regular consumption of fruits and vegetables (rich in polyphenols such as catechins, resveratrol, ellagic acid, naringenin, quercetin etc.) significantly lowers the risk of developing many cancers.
  • Black tea polyphenols like EGCG, theaflavins and thearubigins have potent anticancer properties
  • Anti-carcinogenic effects of resveratrol are due to the antioxidant function, which inhibits hydroperoxidase, Akt (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway, matrix metalloprotease-9, NF-kB, protein kinase C, cyclooxygenase, focal adhesion kinase and Bcl-2 (B cell lymphoma 2) biomarkers/enzymes (Athar et al., 2007)
  • Increased OS may lead to the vulnerability of the infection and also triggers the malfunctioning of cellular metabolism
  • Resveratrol shows its anti-rheumatoid arthritis properties with reduced RA patients’ swelling, tenderness, and disease activity by lowering the biochemical indicators of inflammation like MMP-3, IL-6, ESR, C-reactive protein, and undercarboxylated osteocalcin
  • katherine-medina on 26 Jun 23
     
    A good overview about polyphenols.
katherine-medina

IJMS | Free Full-Text | Antioxidant Versus Pro-Apoptotic Effects of Mushroom-Enriched D... - 0 views

www.mdpi.com/...3987

mushrooms apotosis anti-cancer cancer-fighting HSR-2023 antioxidants

shared by katherine-medina on 01 Jul 23 - No Cached
  • In addition, the gut microbiota has also been described to be modulated by mushroom bioactive molecules, with implications in reducing liver inflammation during NAFLD progression.
  • non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 01 Jul 23
       
      I like the abbreviation
  • Of note, indeed NAFLD patients present a “metabolic inflexibility”, that is, a reduced capacity to switch back from
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 01 Jul 23
       
      I did not know that
  • ...22 more annotations...
  • The increase in nutrient availability causes systemic metabolic alterations that lead to an increase in hepatic mitochondrial respiration as well as changes in the mitochondrial lipid membrane composition.
  • They are also rich in phenolic acids, such as hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and carotenoids that are known for their antioxidant activity
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 01 Jul 23
       
      They are high in polyphenols, just like I had thought, I do wonder if they have tried to single out a certain flavonoid or stilbene in order to determine whether or not it was the mechanism that caused the positive reaction.
  • NASH is currently the third most common indication for liver transplantation in the United States and accounts for 10% of all HCC cases in Europe
  • The increased levels of β-oxidation seem to result in an increase in citrate within the mitochondrial matrix that can be transported to the cytosol via the citrate-malate shuttle and converted to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase [90,106]. Indeed, NAFLD patients present increased citrate levels in plasma
  • An alternative explanation for the deficient mitochondrial respiration might be the alterations in the mitochondria lipid composition, which are already present in steatosis.
  • As defined by mitohormesis, ROS production is physiological at low levels, acting as a crucial effector in proliferation, expression of antioxidant enzymes and insulin signalling. However, high levels of ROS formation causes oxidative stress and cell damage by reacting with its different components [90,114,115]. Oxidative stress occurs when the antioxidant capacity of the cell is not sufficient to neutralize the overproduction of ROS. ROS generation causes the peroxidation of phospholipids and cardiolipin at the mitochondrial membrane
  • All these mechanisms seem to be involved in the progression from NAFL to NASH. Indeed, NASH patients present increased ROS production, DNA damage, as measured by 8-Oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) levels, and hepatic lipid peroxidation coupled with decreased expression of ETC Com
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 01 Jul 23
       
      So essentially NASH patients have a higher level of ROS which damages their DNA. increase of ROS = DNA damage
  • In parallel, the negative regulation on the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) mediated by the translocation of a series of IAP antagonists such as Smac, HTRA2/Omi and apoptosis-related protein in the TGF-ß signalling pathway (ARTS) to the cytosol, results in the release and activation of caspases
  • Aiming at weight loss, calorie-restricted diets and regular physical activity can improve hepatic mitochondria dysfunction by decreasing FFA liver input and alleviating oxidative stress.
  • To sum up, mitochondria play a central role in the pathophysiology and progression of NAFLD as well as in the development of HCC, which can be a late-stage consequence of NASH. Hepatic mitochondria undergo bioenergetic remodelling to face the metabolic burden imposed by the increased FFAs load secondary to systemic IR. In turn, a decompensation of these processes may result in ROS formation and mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to the development of NASH. Lastly, hepatic mitochondria also seem to be involved in anti-apoptotic oncogenic processes driving HCC. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction is thus a promising approach for the treatment of the NAFLD continuum. The following section describes some of the in-vitro and in-vivo studies on the beneficial effects of mushroom-enriched diets or mushroom-derived compounds/extracts (Box 2) in preventing/reverting such liver damage.
  • showed lipid metabolism-modulating properties in the liver
  • This may lead to a decrease in lipogenesis and a concomitant increase in β-oxidation that could explain the reduction in IHTG content [203]. Similarly, the supplementation with a 1% aqueous extract of A. cinnamomea for 8 weeks reduced the expression of leptin and increased the expression of adiponectin, which was accompanied by an increase of AMPK and PGC-1α and a reduced expression of ACC, FAS and SREBP
  • IHTG content that was similar to the positive control group, treated with rosiglitazone, a PPAR-agonist antidiabetic drug
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 01 Jul 23
       
      Interesting, I wonder if there is more that can be done with this extract with these types of effects.
  • herefore, these studies suggest a pivotal capacity of mushroom extracts to counteract the detrimental oxidative damage of mitochondria in NAFLD.
  • which seems to exacerbate NASH. H2O2 over-production may open the mPTP, while its transmembrane diffusion to the cytoplasm may even result in highly detrimental OH• formation. [93,131,132]. In contrast, the capacity of mushroom extracts from species such as Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. (oyster mushroom) or G. lucidum to elevate the entire antioxidant defence system of hepatocytes, seems a more promising therapeutic effect against the oxidative stress in NASH.
  • . Such evidence further supports the potential of G. lucidum extracts in reversing mitochondrial dysfunction in NAFLD.
  • In this line of research, novel therapies aim to target apoptosis via mitochondria, using molecules that mimic BH3 proteins and disrupt the interactions of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins.
  • Both aqueous and ethanol extracts, or isolated compounds (GL22 from Ganoderma leucocontextum T.H Li, W.Q. Deng, Dong M. Wang & H.P. Hu) increased the pro-apoptotic Bax to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bcl-xL ratio
  • The antitumorigenic effects of mushroom extracts and isolated compounds have also been demonstrated in in-vivo xenograft models, resulting in tumour size reduction and increased animal survival rates (Table 2). Furthermore, in the HCC Huh7 xenograft mice model, fatty acid binding proteins
  • Therefore, the mechanisms by which mushroom extracts or isolated compounds induce mitochondrial-related apoptosis pathways are diverse and may be related with specific bioactive compounds. Modulation of pathways crucial for cell survival and alterations in lipid homeostasis seem to be related with the pro-apoptotic effects observed in HCC cell lines and in in-vivo xenograft models.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 01 Jul 23
       
      Cool
  • New therapies need to be developed to target NAFLD and NASH,
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 01 Jul 23
       
      Are there any new therapies to treat NASH and NAFLD
  • This distinct property of mushroom-based therapy or -containing diet is especially relevant in the multifactorial context of NAFLD and especially NASH, where systemic synergistic metabolic alterations need to be addressed.
  • katherine-medina on 01 Jul 23
     
    An article detailing a bit of the effects that mushrooms can have on the liver's mitochondrial cells.
katherine-medina

Full article: Effect of Dandelion root extract on growth performance, immune function a... - 0 views

www.tandfonline.com/...09540105.2018.1548578

pig-experiments Dandelion Chineses-herbs HSR-2023 supplemental-research

shared by katherine-medina on 13 Jun 23 - No Cached
Sean Nash liked it
  • From days 12 to 14 and days 26 to 28, approximately 100 g of faeces was collected from each pen for 3 days and the faecal samples were stored at −20°C. The 3-d faecal collection was pooled by pen and then dried at 65°C for 72 h.
  • From days 12 to 14 and days 26 to 28, approximately 100 g of faeces was collected from each pen for 3 days and the faecal samples were stored at −20°C. The 3-d faecal collection was pooled by pen and then dried at 65°C for 72 h.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jun 23
       
      Kinda gross, but interesting to know how and when the collected the "feces."
  • There were no differences in the ATTD of GE, CP, NDF and ADF among the three treatments.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jun 23
       
      Interesting that there was no difference between the three groups in that category.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • uring days 15–28, pigs in the CHE group had lower (P < .05) diarrhoea frequency compared with those in the NC treatment, and dietary CHE supplementation decreased the diarrhoea frequency by 63.62% and 57.82% compared with the NC and PC groups, respectively
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jun 23
       
      So the Chinese herbal extract did a better job at reducing the diarrhoea frequency by 63.62 and 57.82% in comparison to the NC and PC groups.
  • Moreover, the concentration of IL-6 in serum in pigs fed the CHE diet was greater (P < .05) than those fed the NC diet.
  • There were no differences in the concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, GSH-PX, MDA, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-1β among the three treatments.
  • Furthermore, pigs in the CHE group had greater (P < .05) formic acid, propionate and butyrate concentrations in faeces compared with pigs in the PC group, and had greater (P < .05) formic acid, butyrate and valerate concentrations in faeces compared with pigs in the NC group
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jun 23
       
      Cool to note that the CHE group had a lower lactic acid concentration in comparison to the PC group.
  • Pigs in the CHE group showed increased relative abundance of Sytrophococcus on genus level, and decreased (P < .05) relative abundance of Clostridiaceae_1
  • In addition, relative abundances of genus Selenomonas, Alloprevotella, Prevotella_2, Rjkenellaceae, and Kitasatospora all increased in faecal samples when pigs fed the PC diet.
  • CHE supplementation decreased the diarrhoea frequency of pigs compared with diets with or without antibiotics supplemented. Some previous studies also reported the positive effects of dietary Chinese herbs supplementation on diarrhoea frequency of weaned pigs
  • he increased concentrations of immune markers in serum and faecal SCFAs in weaned pigs consumed CHE in our study may explain the positive effects of CHE supplementation on diarrhoea frequency and nutrient digestibility
  • but decreased the incidence of diarrhoea and increased digestibility of some nutrients.
  • In addition, CHE supplementation improved faecal SCFAs concentrations and immune function of weaned pigs, and shaped faecal microbial community in weaned pigs. As a result, the traditional Chinese herb medicine, CHE, could act as a potential alternative to the antibiotics such as aureomycin used in weaned pig diets.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jun 23
       
      I do quite enjoy this closing statement, so in summary CHE works to decrease diarrhoea in weened pigs.
  • katherine-medina on 13 Jun 23
     
    An article showing that pigs who ate CHE had a significant decrease in diahrroea.
  • Sean Nash on 15 Jun 23
     
    Super interesting. Just remember that experimentation on mammals where diet is altered, etc... is a super tightrope walk. It is almost impossible to get those approved. You would have to really dig into the ISEF rules on that. However, you can always think about ways to transfer ideas and concepts down to a "lower" animal model for many studies.
  • Sean Nash on 15 Jun 23
katherine-medina

Topical pine tar: History, properties and use as a treatment for common skin conditions... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC5434829

pine-tar non-cancerous treatment HSR2023 environmental coal-tar trees wood

shared by katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23 - No Cached
  • Pine tar is thought to exert its effect by reducing DNA synthesis and mitotic activity, which promotes a return to normal keratinisation. In addition, pine tar has been shown to be antipruritic, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal
  • Topical pine tar has been available over‐the‐counter in Australia since 1953. Today, it is available in various formulations including a gel, lotion, oil, soap‐free bar and solution containing up to 2.3% w/w pine tar
  • There are two kinds of wood tars; made either from trees with a high content of resin (pine and juniper), or from hardwood trees (birch and beech).3 Pine tar (also known as tar, alquitrán vegetal, pix liquida, stockholm tar (in commerce), wood tar, brea de pino, brea vegetal, goudron végétal, nadelholzteer, pix abietinarum, pix pini and pyroleum pini
  • ...31 more annotations...
  • There are two kinds of wood tars; made either from trees with a high content of resin (pine and juniper), or from hardwood trees (birch and beech).3 Pine tar (also known as tar, alquitrán vegetal, pix liquida, stockholm tar (in commerce), wood tar, brea de pino, brea vegetal, goudron végétal, nadelholzteer, pix abietinarum, pix pini and pyroleum pini
  • is obtained by high temperature carbonisation of pine wood from various trees of the family Pinaceae in anoxic conditions (dry distillation or destructive distillation)
  • is obtained by high temperature carbonisation of pine wood from various trees of the family Pinaceae in anoxic conditions (dry distillation or destructive distillation)
  • empyreumatic
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      smokey or burnt odor
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      smokey or burnt odor
  • empyreumatic
  • Although pine tar has been used for the treatment of various skin diseases for thousands of years, its mechanism of action is poorly understood and has been extrapolated from studies performed using coal tar.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      Why is it hard to understand the mechanisms behind how pine tar works?
  • This promotes a return to normal keratinisation, which is important in skin diseases such as psoriasis
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      No kidding.
  • carcinogenic
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      Potential to cause cancer
  • antipruritic
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      It can relieve itching
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      It can relieve itching
  • antipruritic
  • Fractionation of pine tar has revealed that the components responsible for its bacteriostatic properties are the resin acids,14 and that acetovanillone, 1,1′,3,3′‐tetraoxo‐2,2′‐bicyclopentyl and its 4‐methyl derivative,
  • Fractionation of pine tar has revealed that the components responsible for its bacteriostatic properties are the resin acids,14 and that acetovanillone, 1,1′,3,3′‐tetraoxo‐2,2′‐bicyclopentyl and its 4‐methyl derivative,
  • as well as another unknown compound,
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      If they know that there is another component that is responsible for how pine tar works, why haven't they found it yet?
  • as well as another unknown compound,
  • In terms of pharmacokinetics, it has been observed by infrared spectroscopy that pine tar is detectable in the skin 1 h following the topical application of 12% pine tar to the skin, but was undetectable in the skin after 8 h
  • Sensitivity to pine tar.18 Pre‐existing folliculitis or severe acne are also possible contraindications.19
  • proliferation
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      the rapid growth of multiple cells.
  • Thus it can reasonably be assumed that pine tar lacks significant carcinogenic activity.23 Further, pine tar used in the manufacture of topical pine tar products available in Australia today has been found not to be carcinogenic by the Ames test (unpublished data, Ego Pharmaceuticals), and is not classified as a carcinogen
  • Thus it can reasonably be assumed that pine tar lacks significant carcinogenic activity.23 Further, pine tar used in the manufacture of topical pine tar products available in Australia today has been found not to be carcinogenic by the Ames test (unpublished data, Ego Pharmaceuticals), and is not classified as a carcinogen
  • Despite the extensive use of medicinal tars, particularly in psoriasis patients, there is no epidemiological evidence that topical tar products, including pine tar, cause cutaneous or internal cancer
  • Despite the extensive use of medicinal tars, particularly in psoriasis patients, there is no epidemiological evidence that topical tar products, including pine tar, cause cutaneous or internal cancer
  • Hypersensitivity reactions for tars are rare, but wood tars are more likely to cause sensitisation than coal tar
  • Hypersensitivity reactions for tars are rare, but wood tars are more likely to cause sensitisation than coal tar
  • It is important to note that the number of positive reactions for wood tars was not significantly greater than those for other common allergens.
  • It is important to note that the number of positive reactions for wood tars was not significantly greater than those for other common allergens.
  • generally a mixture of pine, juniper, birch and beech tars, and therefore the exact tar eliciting the positive reaction is not known.
  • Furthermore, there have been only five cases of adverse events for pine tar reported to the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia since records began in 1971, which included pruritus, rash and dermatitis.
  • Of the 21 patients 19 preferred the pine tar baths due to the attractive green colour and smell
  • pityrosporum
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      A yeast that is associated with dandruff aka ovale
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
       
      A yeast that is associated with dandruff aka ovale
  • Both pine tar and glucocorticosteroid treatments had an almost equally inhibiting effect on the various cellular constituents of allergic inflammation including the influx of T‐cells, eosinophils, and CD1+, RFD1+, IFN‐γ+, and IL‐4+ cells,
  • Both pine tar and glucocorticosteroid treatments had an almost equally inhibiting effect on the various cellular constituents of allergic inflammation including the influx of T‐cells, eosinophils, and CD1+, RFD1+, IFN‐γ+, and IL‐4+ cells,
  • katherine-medina on 28 Jul 23
     
    A nice summary about what pine tars are and what they can do.
Sean Nash

Health Effects from Swimming Training in Chlorinated Pools and the Corresponding Metabo... - 4 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC4351252

swimming chlorine mice-experimenting HSR2023 blood liver pools

shared by Sean Nash on 13 Jul 23 - No Cached
  • Numerous epidemiological publications have associated the chlorination of pools with dysfunctions of the respiratory system and with some other diseases
  • Therefore, the health effects from swimming in chlorinated pools and the corresponding stress reactions in organisms are unclear. In this study, we show that although the growth and behaviors of experimental rats were not affected, their health, training effects and metabolic profiles were significantly affected by a 12-week swimming training program in chlorinated water identical to that of public pools.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      This may prove to be a concerning fact that myself and others on the swim team swim rather consistently.
  • The epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects from swimming in chlorinated water primarily originate from studies concerning respiratory function and asthma, althoughVillanueva et al. reported a significant increased risk of bladder cancer for swimmers compared with nonswimmers [5].
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      Kinda scary to think about the fact that swimming could be hurting my lungs.
    • Sean Nash
      Sean Nash on 13 Jul 23
       
      OK... this is all a very rare and interesting topic to me. I've never considered it. Of course, in thinking a bout this as a HS research topic, the fact that it centers around humans... is a feasibility issue. However, what sort of invertebrate models could we use in place? Would we be able to detect DBPs?
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • Interestingly, the eyes and skin are the organs that are more directly affected than the lungs by the irritants in chlorinated water; instead of chlorination, training intensity, training frequency and choking on water may be the primary factors for lung damage induced by swimming.
  • Therefore, the health effects from swimming in chlorinated pools and the corresponding stress reactions occurring in our bodies are unclear
  • he water for the EG was purified using a water purifier and then disinfected using calcium hypochlorite, similar to public swimming pools, whereas the water for the CG was only purified, not chlorinate
  • In fact, similar symptoms, red and swollen eyes, dried skin and nasal mucosal congestion, always appear after humans swim in a chlorinated pool; however, the long-term (12 weeks) and high-frequency (5 days a week) of the experimental swimming training caused even worse symptoms in these experimental rats.
  • however, some unusual appearance changes appeared in the EG rats.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      EG rats had the exposure of a public level of chlorine.
  • First, the skin around their eyes became increasingly red with the development of the experiment, and in the ending period of the experiment, bloodstains could be observed in the rims of most rats’ eyes.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      Wow.
  • Third, their fur became increasingly dry and lackluster, and significant signs of hair loss were observed during the last month.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      This doesn't sound good.
  • These results indicated that the fur, respiratory tracts and eyes of the EG rats were severely affected by chlorinated water, although their growth was essentially unaffected. According to our observations, the daily behaviors and sizes of the EG rats were normal, and their final body weights were even slightly heavier than those weights of the control group. Nevertheless, dried and lackluster fur, hair removal, bloody noses and eyes did occur in the EG rats and not to the CG rats.
  • A meta-analysis performed by Goodman et al. demonstrated that the association between asthma and swimming could only be confirmed among competitive swimmers and could not be confirmed among non-competitive swimmers
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      SO competitive swimmers are the ones with an association of asthma and pool water.
  • Additionally, an interesting phenomenon was observed by comparing the development of the bloody noses and bloody eyes. The bloody noses commonly appeared in the third and in the fourth week; however, approximately two weeks later, this symptom gradually disappeared. The significantly bloody eyes commonly appeared in the ending period of the experiment; however, this problem was becoming worse during the study, and no signs of improvement appeared. The bloody noses appeared first, suggesting that respiratory tracts may be more vulnerable to the irritants from the chlorinated water than eyes; the gradually disappearing symptom suggests that respiratory tracts may have some adaptability to chlorinated water possibly because of the protection from nasal mucous. In contrast, without the mucosal protection, the bloody eyes were becoming increasingly significant during the entire experiment, although this symptom appeared later than the bloody noses.
  • The duration period from the entry into water until the rats reached exhaustion was significantly shorter for the EG rats compared with the CG rats (29.74±11.50 vs. 39.15±9.85 minutes, p<0.05)
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      Rats in chlorine swam ten minutes less on average.
  • Three rats from the EG were found liver damage, indicating that the positive rate reached 18 percen
  • or instance, Tumasonis et al. reported that a significantly increased incidence of hepatic neoplastic nodules in female rats and a significantly increased incidence of hepatic adenofibrosis in both male and female rats were induced by the chronic ingestion of chloroform [15].
  • Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E, 400×) of liver sections.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      The liver literally changed between the two groups.
  • . We suppose that the primary differences between the competitive swimmers and non-competitive swimmers are training intensity and frequency, not the pool water.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      An interesting theory, but I wonder if it has been proved.
  • The first three principal components (PCs) explain 57.3% of the total variance of the raw data and are sufficient to present the differences between the EG and the CG
  • In Fig. 3, we can see that the majority of the differences between the EG and the CG are explained by PC 1 and PC 3.
  • which suggests that the 12-week swimming training in chlorinated water induced a significant change in the metabolic profiles of the experimental group rats.
  • As an antioxidant, taurine can directly scavenge hypochlorous acid (HClO) and prevents changes in membrane permeability due to oxidative impairment
  • Hippurate is an inhibitor of glucose utilization in the muscle and in the kidneys, an inhibitor of glucose utilization in the kidneys and in the liver, a modulator of fatty acid metabolism, and a stimulator of ammoniagenesis
  • Chlorine is a necessary element for our bodies, and nontoxic.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
       
      I did not know that.
  • In summary, the 12-week swimming training in chlorinated pool water did induce some disease symptoms, an impairment of training effects and a significant change in the metabolic profiles, although the growth and behaviors of the experimental animals were not affected
  • Thus, the eyes and skin might be the organs that require greater attention for permanent damage.
  • Symptoms found in the liver and lung sections indicate that the liver is most likely the most possible target organ of DBPs, and training intensity, training frequency and water choking may be the primary factors for lung damage induced by swimming, instead of chlorination. The result of the swimming capacity test showed that training effects were significant affected by chlorinated water through perturbing the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
  • katherine-medina on 13 Jul 23
     
    A really cool article about how chlorine can affect the bodies of mice. (An article I will never be able to forget about due to it being similar to my situation.)
  • Sean Nash on 13 Jul 23
     
    A really cool article about how chlorine can affect the bodies of mice. (An article I will never be able to forget about due to it being similar to my situation.)
katherine-medina

Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginger in Health and Physical Activity:... - 1 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3665023

Ginger cancer-fighting HSR-2023 botany biology

shared by katherine-medina on 18 Jun 23 - No Cached
izzy kelly liked it
  • the rhizome
  • Ginger has staring potential for treating a number of ailments including degenerative disorders (arthritis and rheumatism), digestive health (indigestion, constipation and ulcer), cardiovascular disorders (atherosclerosis and hypertension), vomiting, diabetes mellitus, and cancer.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 18 Jun 23
       
      It has the potential for it, so there may not be many studies on these different things that ginger can supposedly do. So it makes me Infinitely more curious to look and see if there are other studies that actually have information about these said claims.
  • Furthermore, it has antimicrobial potential as well which can help in treating infectious diseases.[2
  • ...17 more annotations...
  • The bioactive molecules of ginger like gingerols have shown antioxidant activity in various modules
  • Inflammatory disorders such as gastritis, esophagitis, and hepatitis, which are caused not only by infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites but also by physical and chemical agents like heat, acid, cigarette smoke, and foreign bodies, are recognized as risk factors for human cancer
  • This study aimed to review the current evidence on ginger effects as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative.
  • es.[2
  • 6-Shogaol has exhibited the most potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in ginger, which can be attributed to the presence of alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone moiety
  • Furthermore, feeding ginger to rats at 1% w/w during administration of malathion
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 18 Jun 23
       
      Wow, so they fed the rats pesticides than ginger
  • so it can possibly value in treatment of Parkinson's disease.[17]
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 18 Jun 23
       
      Really cool
  • This effect was improved by a treatment with 1% dietary ginger 1 month in rats which suggest that ginger may have protective role against the ethanol induced hepatotoxicity.
  • could be useful in preventing acute liver injury
  • Habib et al. showed that ginger extract can reduce the elevated expression of NFκB and TNF-α in rats with liver cancer
  • howed that gingerols can inhibit LPS-induced COX-2 expression while shogaol containing extracts has no effect on COX-2 expression
  • Ginger and its bioactive molecules are effective in controlling the extent of colorectal, gastric, ovarian, liver, skin, breast, and prostate cancers
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 18 Jun 23
       
      Wow it can do a lot.
  • They observed that [6]-gingerol inhibits TRAIL-induced NF-κB activation by impairing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, suppresses cIAP1 expression, and increases TRAIL-induced caspase-3/7 activation
  • Inhibition of angiogenesis in the mouse skin is the mechanism of ginger for treating of skin cancer.
  • However, ginger significantly lowered blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides, and raised HDL in hyperglycemic rats, in models that are diabetic, deficient in the apolipoprotein E gene or those that have been fed a high lipid diet.
  • ethanolic extract of ginger reduced body weights and levels of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids in high-fat diets.
  • CONCLUSIONS
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 18 Jun 23
       
      Overall a good synopsis on what ginger can do.
katherine-medina

The Efficacy of Dandelion Root Extract in Inducing Apoptosis in Drug-Resistant Human Me... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3018636

Dandelions Cancer-fighting botany HSR-2023 potential research idea Melanoma

shared by katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23 - No Cached
Sean Nash liked it
  • 2. Materials and Methods
  • 2. Materials and Methods
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23
       
      If I plan on doing some sort of experiment with Dandelion root, I will likely need to come back and look at how this study did it.
  • After a long exposure of 96 hours, NHFs did not exhibit any reduction in cell viability
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23
       
      Wow, so even after 3 days the Dandelion Root did nothing to the NHF aka. normal human cells.
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • With DRE having proven its efficacy in successfully killing this aggressive, chemoresistant form of skin cancer, DRE toxicity on normal cells had to be evaluated
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23
       
      Always remember to hav e a control.
  • DRE was found to reduce cell viability in a dose-dependent fashion, over time, in A375 melanoma cells as was measured by WST-1 assay. Based on metabolic activity of A375s, it was confirmed that treatment at 2.5 mg/mL DRE resulted in ~50% reduction in cell viability against control within 24 hours (Figure 1(a))
  • Higher doses were then used and a response was observed at a concentration of 10 mg/mL (
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23
       
      For different types of melanoma a different amount of DRE is needed.
  • Typical apoptotic morphology was observed in G361 cells treated with DRE starting at 5 mg/mL concentrations for 72 hours
  • . However, there has been little scientific advancement made in this field with regard to the effect of dandelion root extract on cancer, and even more so on chemoresistant, human malignant melanoma skin cancer.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23
       
      I do so love it when the author identifies the fact that there is so few research papers about DRE.
  • ) is more than a worthy chemopreventative, it is fast-acting, nontoxic, and therefore specific in its targeting of human melanoma cancer cells, making it a valuable chemotherapeutic. We have investigated the induction of apoptosis in human malignant melanoma cells and observed its long-term effects in human melanoma cancer.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23
       
      alrighty then.
  • We are yet to determine the effect of each of the individual components (such as the family of triterpene alcohols and phenolic acids—found in the roots—and cinnamic acids, flavinoids and coumarins—that are found in the leaves
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23
       
      Maybe I could look into the specific component that kills the cancer, so that in future years after I had figured this out I could put it into practice.
  • Given that DRE has traditionally been used naturopathically for a variety of ailments, we assume that it would be relatively nontoxic to healthy cells. Our results show that the Normal Human Fibroblasts (NHFs) (which were treated at a low population doubling where NHFs have the best proliferation rate) and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells remained unaffected and healthy after a 96-hour and 48- hour exposure to DRE, respectively (Figures 2(a)–2(d)).
  • Lupeol,
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23
       
      What is Lupeol. (I should probably look into that.)
  • taraxasterol
  • More importantly, an increase in ROS production indicates prooxidant behaviour of DRE on cancer cell mitochondria, which is contrary to the antioxidant convictions of traditional medicine and previous studies on Taraxacum extracts citing reductions in NO, ROS, RNS, and COX-2 [10, 11] in mouse macrophages.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23
       
      That is very important and interesting.
  • There are two main points that must be stated here: firstly, that noncancerous cells are unaffected by DRE treatment, and secondly, melanoma cells retain the signals to commit suicide long after DRE has been removed from the system
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23
       
      Good to restate.
  • Metformin acts as a metabolism interfering compound that debilitates cancer cells, and the case of G361-resistant melanoma cells, combining DRE with metformin reduces cell viability at even lower doses (Figures 9(a) and 9(b)).
  • By 48 hours, human melanoma A375 cells uncharacteristically showed susceptibility to apoptosis induction by DRE
  • We believe that this nontoxic extract can undergo precipitous translation from bench top to bedside, with dandelion products that are already commercially available in the form of tea and supplements.
  • katherine-medina on 07 Jun 23
     
    Essentially it is an article that figured out that DRE can induce apoptosis in melanoma cells, and it also proved that DRE is non-toxic to normal human cells.
katherine-medina

Peptidomimetic antibiotics disrupt the lipopolysaccharide transport bridge of drug-resi... - 0 views

www.science.org/...sciadv.adg3683

bacteria-killing HSR2023 peptide drug-resistant thanatin

shared by katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23 - No Cached
  • Recently, naturally occurring peptides were proposed to interfere with the function of proteins constituting the lipopolysaccharide
  • periplasmic
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      The space in between the inner and outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria
  • Thanatin, a 21–amino acid defense peptide isolated from the gut of the hemipteran insect Podisus maculiventris (18), exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      I wonder what other peptides do so as well?
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • We hypothesized that thanatin mainly acts as a competitive inhibitor of the protein-protein interactions mediating the Lpt bridge assembly
  • Thanatin, however, is not a suitable drug candidate for further development due to poor drug-like properties and rapid emergence of resistance
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      Why/How does thanatin have poor drug-like properties?
  • β-jellyroll
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      structure found in proteins
  • Here, we introduce thanatin-derived synthetic macrocyclic peptides found after a substantial medicinal chemistry effort.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      Essentially they synthetically created it
  • Development of resistance against thanatin was observed after 1 day of passaging in both E. coli and K. pneumoniae and is characterized by a spontaneous FOR of 1.2 × 10−6 for E. coli at 4× MIC
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      That is kinda scary to think about
  • genome sequencing of a diverse panel of thanatin-resistant strains confirmed on-target modifications on LptA as the main resistance determinant in E. coli and K. pneumoniae.
  • The attractive in vitro and in vivo profile of these new antibiotics, coupled with their novel mechanism of action, showing no cross-resistance to standard of care antibiotics, may provide clinicians with additional treatment options to fight AMR, either in combination with SoC or as stand-alone antibiotics.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
       
      It is interesting to look around that these other methods that can fight off bacteria.
  • katherine-medina on 05 Aug 23
     
    An article showing a new class of antibiotics known as a peptidomimetic antibiotic.
katherine-medina

Effects of experimental increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 on feather growth rate... - 0 views

journals.biologists.com/...ental-increase-in-insulin-like

birds biology HSR2023 insulin plumage feathers molt

shared by katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23 - No Cached
  • In mammals, IGF-1 also induces the proliferation of hair follicles and inhibits apoptosis, and therefore helps to keep them longer in the active (so-called anagen) phase and delay their transition to the regressive (catagen) phase
  • while a recently published study indicated a positive relationship between plumage quality, feather vane length and IGF-1 in a passerine species
  • Detailed quantification of the moulting stage was achieved by scoring the moult of the primary wing feathers and tail feathers on a scale of 0–5, using the standard protocol for recording the progress of feather growth as suggested by the British Trust for Ornithology and further described in
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      I had no idea one could predict when a bird will molt.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • As a result, 2 weeks after treatment, IGF-1-treated birds were in a more advanced stage of moult than controls
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      Interesting
  • In the longer term, IGF-1 treatment altered the intensity of moult: 2 weeks after treatment, control birds were moulting fewer feathers than at the start of the experiment, while IGF-1-treated birds showed the opposite pattern and increased the number of feathers being moulted simultaneously, albeit with substantial individual variation
  • We manipulated IGF-1 levels using an injection of poly-(lactic-co-glycolid acid) (PLGA) microspheres prepared by S.V.-K. and B.A.G. as described previousl
  • For example, stressors may cause a decrease in circulating IGF-1 levels (Tóth et al., 2018), and it may not be beneficial if that would affect the growth rate or the size of the developing flight feathers.
  • The fact that the growth of the tail feathers was also unaffected by the manipulation is more surprising as they are sexually selected ornaments in this species
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      Wow, I wonder why it had no effect on the growth of the tail feathers.
  • espite the robust lack of effect on feather growth speed, IGF-1 treatment maintained or even increased the number of feathers moulted simultaneously within 2 weeks, while the number of simultaneously growing feathers dropped in controls within the same period
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      Cool
  • In contrast to hair, the number of feather follicles that produce wing and tail feathers is small and shows no variation within species
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      I had no idea.
  • Some species, however, moult several wing and tail feathers simultaneously, which also applies to the bearded reedling
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      Why do some species of birds molt more feathers at the same time than others.
  • . Protein synthesis in tissues, for example, is partly promoted by and regulated through IGF-1 and this might also be of importance during the growth of feathers, in particular considering the increased demand for proteins during moulting
  • The interaction of corticosterone and IGF-1 has been suggested to predict fitness in growing songbirds (Lodjak et al., 2016). Corticosterone levels are known to have a seriously detrimental effect on growing feathers
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
       
      How does corticosterone and IGF-1 interact?
  • katherine-medina on 10 Jul 23
     
    A study about the effect of insulin on the growth of feathers.
katherine-medina

The chemical composition and antioxidant properties of common dandelion leaves compared... - 1 views

cdnsciencepub.com/...cjps-2016-0409

Dandelions environmental antioxidants HSR-2023 botany

shared by katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23 - No Cached
  • sea buckthorn leaves exhibited a significantly higher level of antioxidant activity as measured by ABTS
  • . Dandelion leaves were richer in tocopherols, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin while the sea buckthorn leaves contained higher levels of l-ascorbic acid.
  • aw dandelion are partly related to the antioxidant properties of some of its components;
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23
       
      Why haven't they done more studies on this specific part about dandelions?
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • The present study will also be helpful with regard to the standardization of bioactive content in plant materials.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23
       
      Cool, cool, although I was hopping that their goal was something slightly different.
  • polyphenols: flavonoids, isoflavones, anthocyanins, and catechins
  • Sea buckthorn
  • Plants contain small amounts of lead, which may significantly increase when exposed to lead contamination in the soil and air; however, lead was not detected in the examined leaves of dandelion and sea buckthorn.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23
       
      Did not know that.
  • neutralize ABTS
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23
       
      So essentially the higher the antioxidant concentration the more the color of the ABTS changes.
  • katherine-medina on 06 Jun 23
     
    This article helped me understand a few of the different antioxidants that dandelions, and sea buckthorn.
katherine-medina

Plants | Free Full-Text | Expression of a Stilbene Synthase Gene from the Vitis labrusc... - 0 views

www.mdpi.com/770

polyphenols stilbene plants polyphenol-transfer HSR-2023 botany tobacco grapes

shared by katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23 - No Cached
  • Stilbenes are found in plants of different families, but the best studied stilbene is resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) isolated from grape plants.
  • Resveratrol synthesis in transgenic plants did not always render them fully resistant to one or another pathogen.
  • The aim of our investigation was to isolate a VlvSTS stilbene synthase gene from the hybrid grape V. labrusca x V. vinifera L. and obtain transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing the gene to study their resistance to a number of bacterial and fungal pathogens, among them bacteria as E. carotovora and fungi as B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. culmorum.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • by PCR. F
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      PCR is a method with which scientists are able to amplify a gene
  • Based on the results of the VlvSTS gene transcription analysis, seven transgenic tobacco lines were selected for further experiments.
  • Expression of the VlvSTS gene in tobacco plants led to a significant increase in the pollen grain size, but with a tendency to a decrease in the total number of pollen grains per anther
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      Too much of that gene leads to a decrease of fertility.
  • In all tests with E. carotovora bacteria, transgenic plants expressing the VlvSTS gene demonstrated a significantly higher resistance versus control plants
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      interesting
  • The leaf involvement was significantly smaller in transgenic plants expressing the VlvSTS gene.
  • Overexpression of the VlvSTS gene reduced the corolla pigmentation in transgenic plants.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      Why did the overexpression of that gene reduce the corolla pgmentation.
  • binary vector
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      like a DNA transfer
  • showed a significant fertility reduction,
  • For the first time it was shown that plants expressing the VlvSTS gene had enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen E. carotovora subsp. carotovora B15.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      Interesting that it took this long for it to be shown that this specific stilbene can fight against certain pathogens.
  • Interestingly, resistance correlated with the expression level of the stilbene synthase gene. In plants with a higher gene expression (L10 and L23), the area of Erwinia-caused leaf damage was in a range from 0 to 40% respect to the control, while the leaves of line L24 were affected up to 60–100%.
  • hile in transgenic lines, the lysis areas were significantly smaller, probably due to the synthesis of the phytoalexin resveratrol.
  • Some studies showed that Arabidopsis plants transformed with wild grape stilbene synthase genes responded to a pathogen attack by activating genes responsible for the synthesis of signaling molecules such as salicylic and jasmonic acids (SA and JA, respectively) [
  • Our data show a decrease in the total flavonoid content in the flower petals but not in the leaves of plants upon expression of the VlvSTS gene.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      That seems rather odd.
  • We were the first to show that transgenic tobacco plants carrying the VlvSTS gene had a significantly larger pollen grain size and a smaller number of pollen grains per anther. At the same time, the number of fertile pollen grains decreased, especially in the plant line with the highest expression of the VlvSTS gene.
  • For example, in apple plants with the grape stilbene synthase gene Vst1 under its own promoter, the expression of the gene had no effect on pollen development
  • The study showed that the expression of a VlvSTS stilbene syntase gene in tobacco transgenic plants increases their resistance to bacterial pathogen E. carotovora. There was a significant reduction of disease symptoms after infection of leaves by grey mould fungus B. cinerea, but not to Fusarium fungi. We were the first to show that transgenic tobacco plants carrying the VlvSTS gene had a significantly larger pollen grain size and a smaller number of pollen grains per anther. The number of fertile pollen grains decreased, especially in the plant line with the highest expression of the VlvSTS gene. These changes resulted in a decreased weight of seed bolls in the transgenic tobacco lines.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 28 Jun 23
       
      Overall, this article is one that I may come back to depending on what path I go down when searching to develop a research topic further.
katherine-medina

Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Microalgae Photo-Protectants and Related Bio-Carriers L... - 0 views

www.mdpi.com/487

shared by katherine-medina on 14 Sep 23 - No Cached
Sean Nash liked it
  • This review focuses on the use of these microalgae compounds obtained by UV stimulation and takes advantage of their natural UV-resistant characteristics to potentially apply them as an alternative for UV protection products.
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 14 Sep 23
       
      Can I put this on a plant in order to mitigate heat damage?
  • pproximately 90–99% of the solar UV radiation energy that reaches the Earth’s surface is UV-A
  • whereas only 1–10% is UV-B [4]. Both UV-A and UV-B are responsible for one of the biggest concerns related to UV radiation, which is skin cancer
  • ...28 more annotations...
  • The mechanisms leading to skin damage are not fully understood and may derive from the generation of ROS and subsequent lipid peroxidation
  • To prevent photodamage, organisms have evolved to provide biochemical and physical defenses to UV by synthesizing robust bioactive compounds
  • Some algae species synthesize substances with chemical structures that can absorb UV radiation as well as inhibit actions on melanin synthesis
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 14 Sep 23
       
      Which algaes
  • Microalgae can produce organic metabolites, such as sporopollenin, scytonemin, and MAAs to mention a few, and these metabolites have the purpose to protect the microalgae from UV radiation while allowing visible radiation involved in photosynthesis to pass through
  • two marine microalgae Pavlova lutheri, currently known as Diacronema lutheri, and Odontella aurita
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 14 Sep 23
       
      After I get through the other ones I will get to you my pretty
  • UV-Resistant Microalgae
  • Marine organisms, including eukaryotic microalgae and cyanobacteria, during evolution, have developed physiological and biochemical traits for defense and/or tolerance to UV rays
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 14 Sep 23
       
      Come back to this part
  • This research also mentioned the Antarctic microalgae Chaetoceros dichaeta, Phaeocystis antarctica, and Polarella glacialis, these were subjected to acclimation to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and showed resistance to UV-B rays.
  • It was found that the tolerant species contained substantial amounts of acetolysis-resistant residue
  • So far, several species, e.g., Coelastrella rubescens, Coelastrella terestris, Enallax coelastroides, Scotiella chlorelloidea, Ankistrodesmus spiralis, Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Pseudococcomyxa sp. have been reported as rich sources of MAAs
  • They are abundant in various aquatic and terrestrial environments and are known for being eco-sustainable compounds since they are the outcome of the evolution of algae. Unlike their synthetic counterparts used unconventional sunscreens, there are no possibilities for pollution caused by them [22]. Thus, algal metabolites shape the safety and sustainability profiles of commercial sunscreens [22].
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 14 Sep 23
       
      How long can the algae last on the skin or leaf of a plant
  • The results obtained point out different resistance and defense mechanisms of the four microalgae in response to UV-B irradiance and suggest that the strain of Nostoc sp. tested is the most suitable for surviving under the high UV irradiation [33]
  • Certain microalgae produce organic metabolites, such as sporopollenin, scytonemin, and MAAs as well as other UV-absorbing substances to counteract the harmful effects of UV radiation and protect themselves while allowing visible radiation involved in photosynthesis to pass through
  • The best known photoprotective response in marine organisms is the production or accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds, including MAAs as the most common compounds with such properties, but there are also others, such as scytonemin, carotenoids, alganean, and various secondary metabolites
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 14 Sep 23
       
      photoprootective means protecting the skin
  • f low molecular weight, commonly found in marine environments. These compounds have absorption maxima in the UV region between 310 and 360 nm, they can dissipate radiation as heat without producing ROS. Under fixed light, MAA biosynthesis seems the most effective photoprotective mechanism
  • For these reasons, they potentially can prevent UV-induced skin damage
  • It was reported that species of microalgae that were highly tolerant to UV radiation had substantial amounts of sporopollenin. This compound functions as an antimicrobial agent, confers rigidness to the cell wall, and may further protect from UV rays by increasing the optical density, whereas species containing little or no sporopollenin were highly UV radiation susceptible
  • However, the potential of microalgae as topical photoprotectants has not been fully exploited, since there are not a lot of studies regarding this application.
  • Other reports determine that scytonemin is suspected to be synthesized from metabolites of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis
    • katherine-medina
      katherine-medina on 14 Sep 23
       
      No set decision on how it is created
  • Alginate is a
  • ydration
  • However, some microalgae have a great ability to overcome or counteract different stresses such as intense solar UV radiation, this has been happening over the years and with the evolution of microalgae, some examples of defense and/or tolerance mechanisms are: DNA repair, synthesis of antioxidants, and enzymatic/non-enzymatic compounds, such as MAAs and scytonemin to counteract the harmful effects of UV radiation
  • Scytonemin is a yellow-brown lipid soluble sheath pigment that absorbs maximally in the UV-A and UV-C regions, but with some absorbance in the UV-B region. It has an in vivo absorption maximum of 370 nm.
  • tigate UV damage induced.
  • photosensitizers, their antioxidant
  • V
  • ed.
  • t
  • katherine-medina on 14 Sep 23
     
    A recent article showing the potential use of microalgae as a sunscreen.
  • Sean Nash on 14 Sep 23
     
    Yes..... let's chat this one out!
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