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the desertion of the French king had been a major blow, from which they could not hope to recover

Realising that he had no hope of holding Jerusalem even if he took it, Richard sadly ordered a retreat.

Richard I (September 8, 1157 – April 6, 1199) was King of England from 1189 to 1199. He was often referred to as Richard the Lionheart

sons of Henry II

Richard had limited respect for his father and lacked foresight and a sense of responsibility

Feudalism was based on the belief that the land belonged to God - but that the Kings, who ruled by Divine Right, managed the land and used it as they wished. However, under the Feudalism pyramid the King was answerable to the Pope. The Pope, as God's vicar on Earth, had the right to intervene and impose sanctions on an unjust King. Under the feudalism pyramid the Pope had the power to pronounce judgement against a King, depose a King, forfeit his Kingdom, put another King in his place or excommunicate a King.

Serfs could buy their freedom from the manor, but where would they get the money?

If a new lord took over the manor, he would need the serfs for labor.

Peasants were free to leave if they wished

Peasants worked the land and made the goods in exchange for protection.

Other than that, their life was just like a serf's life.

A few peasants escaped the hard work on the farm by joining the church. But most lived and died on the manor where they were born.

Everyone had to pay taxes to the lord

To pay the crop tax, some crops went to the lord, and some they kept. To pay the bread tax, some bread they made went to the lord, and some they kept. To pay the coat tax, some of the warm coats they made went to the lord, and some they kept.

Everything was paid in barter. Coinage or money did not exist on the manor. 

People believed that the only way to get to Heaven was to follow the teachings in the Bible.

The common people could not read or write.

The priest told them who they must marry and when. You had to do everything the priest said if you wanted to get to heaven. 

peasants and serfs were mostly content with their lot.

work kept everyone on the manor fed and comfortable, including themselves. 

They were not slaves. These people could not be bought and sold. But they could not leave the manor without permission.

Nobles ate rich and fancy food prepared by the servants.

About 20 percent of women and 5 percent of babies died during childbirth.

There were plenty of toys and games. Medieval children had dolls, spinning tops, rattles, hobby horses, blocks, balls, whistles and puppets. Little girls had glass jewelry for dress-up, while little boys played with wooden soldiers, whips, toy horses and wooden swords.

Royal children learned a few manners, a little reading, writing and dancing.

At age 7, boys were sent to another castle to begin learning to become a knight.

At age 7, girls were sent to another castle to learn to become a lady.

Marriages were never based on love. They were arranged by the parents and often involved land issues and strategic bonds.

Girls as young as age 12 were married to anyone who met the requirements of the girl’s parents. Grooms could be from 20 years to 50 years old.

Women sewed, took care of children and ran the estate.

Clothing

The people were bound to their land plots

The court was overseen by a representative of the lord, usually his steward.

They had grazing and field rights around their village.

They did not have right to hunt most wild game

. The average farmer was given a plot of land on which he could farm.

The kings held this land by what they believed was "divine right"

The barons were given a large portion of the king's land, known as fiefs or manors.

"shield money" was often used to maintain a somewhat regular army.

. The class of lords solidified into an upper nobility class.

Whenever a baron was granted or inherited a fief, he was made into a vassal of the king.

"homage and fealty"

During the period of history known as the Middle Ages, feudalism was the law of the land.