Some have reported attrition from eLearning as high as 70 - 80% (Flood 2002, Forrester 2000, in Dagger & Wade, 2004). Parker (1999) argues that “With the growth of distance education has come the problem of exceedingly high attrition rates”. Citing Carter (1996), she suggests that eLearning student attrition in some institutions is exceeds 40%, while others (Frankola, 2001). Diaz (2002), put it at between 20 - 50%, and Carr (2000), estimate it to be 10% - 20% higher than for traditional on-campus education.
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Early Attrition among First Time eLearners: A Review of Factors that Contribute to Drop... - 1 views
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learners in employment bring a different set of needs, strategies and motivations to the learning process.
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frequently geographically removed from the learning resources, information sources, learner peers and Tutors compared to their on-campus peers
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Employed adults tend to complete eLearning in their personal time due to workload pressures in the workplace and/or Internet access issues at work
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Cognitive Load Theory
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states that learning is initially processed in working memory
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Learning complex or technically demanding material requires building mental models or cognitive schemas about the subject being studied or the skill being developed over time
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Learning new material or a skill, for which a schema in long term memory is undeveloped or non-existent, can cause working memory to quickly overload its limited capacity. This overloading can result in a learner becoming highly anxious and losing confidence, which in turn can lead to the learning process, in effect, freezing and the learner being unable to continue.
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“Digital literacy involves more than the ability to use software or operate a digital device; it includes a large variety of complex cognitive, motor, sociological and emotional skills, which users need in order to function effectively in digital environments.”
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It is this author’s experience in designing, developing and delivering several eLearning programmes to public sector employees in New Zealand, that a face to face workshop prior the start of the online distance course can make a significant difference to a first time eLearner’s perception and experience of eLearning.
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This type of pre-course face-to-face induction workshop can also be used to foster the group’s sense of itself, and to identify the individual participants and their backgrounds, along with their expectations and concerns. It is also helpful to have the course design, structure and philosophy explained and to discuss anxieties associated with beginning an online course.
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The multi
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al learning tasks of the first time eLearner
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dimension
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(1) negotiating the technology; (2) negotiating the course website; (3) negotiating the course content (4) becoming an eLearner (5) negotiating CMC interaction.
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come to terms with the computing technologies involved.
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develop a mental model of the content structure and navigation system in order to find his/her way around
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engage with the learning materials, readings, activities and assessments that make up a programme of study
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Confronting the actual content and of becoming a learner again.
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anxiety
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abandon his/her existing mental model of what it is to be a learner in a formal learning situation
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embrace a model based on a self-directed and motivated learner
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undertake the learning tasks involved in interacting with peers via synchronous and asynchronous Computer Mediated Communication
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Successfully negotiating this early experience depends very much on the relevant skills, circumstances, motivations and personal attributes of the learner. It follows then, that paying particular attention to how an eLearning course is structured and introduced and the manner in which the learner is inducted can make a very important difference in a learner deciding whether or not to engage and persist or to drop out.
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actually apprising learners of the issues of cognitive overload and how it is commonly experienced would go some way towards inoculating learners against its more pernicious effects.
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Supporting learners till they are over the initial “eLearning learning-curve hump”, may involve a seemingly high level of resource and effort on the part of the course facilitator and associated programme administration staff, but the payoff is that fewer learners will drop out at the early stage.
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Actively supporting, encouraging, gently cajoling and following up on learners who seem to be struggling will help to keep wavering learners in the course.
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In terms of the actual course design and the structure of the materials and learning activities, then it is a useful practice to aim to start slowly and build the course tempo over time.
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The one area where something may be done to reduce attrition is in the early stages of an online course.
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Cognitive overload is a likely contributor to high drop out rates, particularly where those withdrawing do so within the first few weeks of the start of a course. Greater levels of persistence and completions may be achieved if learners are supported to anticipate, prepare for, recognise and recover from the cognitive burden they may experience as first time eLearners.
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Looks at why some students don't make it through online courses- many first time online students are unsure what to expect and are just overwhelmed by the whole experience. -
The experience of the first-time online learner is qualified. Suggestions for decreasing early attrition are suggested. -
Attrition among mature adult online learners is affected by sociological, psychological, technical and cognitive factors, critical features of which are the notions of cognitive load and locus of control.
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http://www.mentormob.com/hosted/cards/71141_b44ac5ed2dac0a90985e4d8a0c2901b3.pdf - 0 views
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z, 'Colleges and universities ought to be concerned not with how fast they can "put their courses on the Web" but with finding out how this technology can be used to build and sustain learning communities' (1998, p. 7). Furthermore, the world's increasing dependence on lifelong access to new knowledge is transforming the landscape of higher education and forcing the academy to rethink virtually all of its systems and traditions (Rowly et al., 1998).
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Criticalness - looking at the underlying assumptions, looking at theory base; * Scholarship - quality of the writing/discourse community. Ability to use language to refer to other people such as other scholars. Are we referencing each other? Are we learning from each other?; * Connection to experiences - building on our learning from ideas and concepts gained from our experiences as educators and learners; and * Professionalism - acting professionally, using the correct grammar and contributing on time (Article No. 78)
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My objectives in developing this course were twofold. Firstly, the aim was to promote interactions amongst learners and to promote interactions between the learners and myself. Secondly, the aim was to create a student-centred approach to learning where students could own their learning and feel a sense of responsibility towards their own and the learning of others.
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Using social constructivism as a referent for my teaching approach, I encouraged students to engage in peer learning through focused discourse that was based on the theoretical ideas they read and shared with others. It was made clear to the students that the unit, and in particular the Activity Room (as the hub of the unit), was designed based on social constructivist theory to enhance opportunities for peer learning
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Are you helping your peers to improve? * How are you continuing/promoting the conversation? Conversation suggests a 'dialogue', a going back and forth rather than merely a one-way-one-time posting.
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When borne out in practice, social constructivism can be facilitated through activities that involve peer-learning, reflective thinking and the joint construction of knowledge.
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students also need induction on how to work on line. In particular, they need scaffolding in relation to collaborative learning and reflective thinking, which are the more challenging, yet, elusive aspects of online learning.
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y, systems need to be set up in order that students can easily collaborate and benefit from the advantages of the technology that is available
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Pedagogical Love and Good Teacherhood | Määttä | in education - 1 views
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A teacher’s proficiency is manifested by the ability to look at the subject from a learner’s point of view, to foresee the critical junctions in learning, and to design teaching to meet learners’ information acquisition and collection processes (e.g., Zombylas, 2007).
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van Manen (1991) claims that as teachers embrace all children, regardless of their characteristics they become real educators, and thus, educators’ pedagogical love becomes the precondition for pedagogical relations to grow (p
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Individualistic features, position, nationality, gender, abilities, race, or language do not determine a human being’s value. Those differences based on skills, intelligence, or knowledge are insignificant compared with that basic human presence that is the same for all people: the right and need to be loved, accepted, and cared for as well as the right and need to grow and develop (Bradshaw, 1996; Lanara, 1981; Sprengel & Kelly, 1992).
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A teacher’s ethical caring means genuine caring, aspiring to understand and make an effort for pupils’ protection, support, and development. Because of this pedagogical caring, the teacher especially pursues pupils’ potential to develop and thus help them to find and use their own strengths.
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Pedagogical love has been considered the core factor in the definition of good teacherhood for decades, though the characteristics of a good teacher have always included a variety of features. Features such as the ability to maintain discipline and order, set a demanding goal level, and the mastery of substance have been especially emphasized (e.g., Davis, 1993; Zombylas, 2007; Hansen, 2009)
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Love influences the direction of people’s action as well as its intensity. Positive emotions, joy, strength, and the feeling of being capable lead mental energy toward the desired goal (Rantala & Määttä, 2011). Negative emotions, grief, fear, and anger cause entropy, an inner imbalance that burns off energy, brands the target with negative status, and pursues nullifying and undervaluing (e.g., Isen, 2001).
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he educator’s task is to provide pupils with such stimuli and environment where students are guided to limit their instincts by controlling enjoyment and vital-based values, in order to be able to achieve higher values and skills (Solasaari, 2003).
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Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1990, 2000) has launched the concept that refers to an optimal or autotelic experience where people are riveted so comprehensively by a challenging performance that the awareness of time and place blurs. Flow is possible when the challenges in a task are balanced with an actor’s abilities. Flow is an enjoyable state of concentration and task orientation, leading to optimal performance, whether the case is wall creeping, chess playing, dancing, surgery, studying languages, painting, or composing music.
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This sets challenges for skill development. If a task is too easy, it will bore. If it is too difficult, it will cause anxiety and fear. The exact experience of flow and the active sense of well-being resulting from the former, encourage people to develop and improve their skills. People are willing to strive for flow whether it was about love for math, art, programming, or orthopedics (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).
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In an interview, Gardner (as cited in Goleman, 1999) said flow is intrinsically rewarding without the hope for reward or threat of punishment. We should use learners’ positive moods (love) and through it get them to learn things about fields they can succeed in. People have to discover what they like, what things and doings they love and do these things. Even a child learns the best when he/she loves what he/she is doing and finds it enjoyable. (p. 126)
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Pedagogical love might contribute to pupils’ learning and success by providing them with positive learning experiences, initial excitement, and perceived successes. These are the seeds of expertise as a positive feeling that can be considered the source of human strengths (Isen, 2001).
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Pedagogical love springs from an individual learner’s presence persuading it to come forward more and more perfectly and diversely. A skillful educator does not just sit by and watch if a learner makes worthless choices or fails in his or her opportunities to grow and develop.
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Haavio emphasized the meaning of pedagogical love in teachers’ work and considered that teachers’ work consists of the following two obligations: attachment to learners and dutiful perseverance of life values.
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Pedagogical love speaks to interdependence—the recognition and acceptance that we need others.
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Love appears in teaching as guidance toward disciplined work, but also as patience, trust, and forgiveness. The purpose is not to make learning fun, easy, or pleasing but to create a setting for learning where pupils can use and develop their own resources eventually proceeding at the maximum of their own abilities
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A loving teacher reveals for a pupil the dimensions of his or her development in a manner of speaking. This is how a pupil’s self-esteem strengthens and he or she can develop toward higher activities from the lowest, pleasure-oriented ones. Achieving high-level skills is rewarding because it brings pleasure, and yet, it often demands—as mentioned previously—self-discipline and rejections
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A teacher’s work is interpersonal and relational, with a teacher’s own personality fundamental to building relationships with students. A teacher’s work involves plenty of emotional strain. In addition, a teacher inevitably has to experience frustration in his or her work. There are many situations when a teacher will feel like she or he has failed regardless of the solution he or she creates.
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Consequently, teachers are likely to experience guilt because they cannot sufficiently attend to all pupils in an appropriate way that is congruent with the notion of caring.
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However, teachers have to realize that their own coping, motivation, and engagement require attention; they are not automatic.
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Pedagogical love emerges through teachers’ emotions, learned models, moral attitude, and actions
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Good teachers are examples to learners even in the most difficult life situations. Teachers have to believe in their work and endeavour to build a nurturing environment and a more humane world.
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To be happy about life, to guide students to see the wonder and joy in the mundane is a teacher’s most important skill. Being able to help students find and negotiate the joy, wonder, happiness, and pain in the everydayness of life is an increasingly important quality in today’s insecurities, with the mounting pressure of increased demands for efficiency
one small step for blogging…one giant leap for me » Ice-breaking activities a... - 2 views
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The Digital Citizen - My Sojourn in the World of Web 2.0 by Irene Watts-Politza - 3 views
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“You are interacting with one single individual at all times. There is no ‘class’ …”
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“Design a course with the student perspective, one who has never taken an online course before” (Pickett, What Works?).
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Great advice! I have a hard time sometimes with this, because there's part of me that also wants to design it for someone who not only hasn't taken an online course, but perhaps isn't very tech savvy :-)
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I must find a balance, however, in order to complete the necessary tasks well so I can savor the doing of those that have salience.
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I need to find balance myself. I think the only reason the way I'm doing things right now is ok is because I live alone. I will eventually have a family, and I want to be an online instructor...I will certainly need to figure this out!
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I realized that the online environment is actually a type of classroom; is that why course language includes such terms as “area”, and “room”?
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The resulting ah ha moments became the core of my entry …
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One activity that I am especially excited to observe is the students tweeting from their placements when they make a course- to- practice connection.
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How am I simultaneously learning how to be an online student and instructor?
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Something that has been proven to work is frequent, immediate instructor feedback.
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This is a HUGE difference I notice between Alex and other instructors. She has definitely built her social presence with me this way. Her podcast on my learning activities was an eye opener for me. It made me feel so good that she had ACTUALLY looked at my work! I have often wondered if other teachers REALLY did that.
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Aug 04 2012
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Reflecting on the online course design process, I realize I have made a tremendous transition from first-time student to instructor in the space of one semester. What I have learned about myself is that I have an affinity for designing in the online environment.
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I am technology-proficient.
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While I am not yet a full technophile, I am surely no longer a technophobe!
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I so deeply enjoyed the reading and studying portion of this course … it opened a new world of theory to me, made more exciting by the historic proximity of the leading researchers in the field.
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I kept telling myself, “You need the experience if you want to be an instructional designer!”
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So, reflection has proven its worth yet again: reflecting on my work in designing EED406 thus far is proof that research-based best practice works.
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discussion is the heart of online learning.
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students’ learning is demonstrated through the vehicle of discussion.
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blog posts are personalized records of learning, thinking, and being.
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It is not about what the instructor wants to hear, it is about hearing the student’s articulation of what is being learned that is essential to evaluating the content of a blog post.
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Through trying to be “fearless” about using technology, as Alex advises, I have come to learn that confidence is something that one must exercise in all spheres of the online environment.
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we can not help but to teach when we learn and to learn when we teach.
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“As iron sharpens iron, so a friend sharpens a friend.” This is certainly true of discussion forum. We learn with and for each other: as you learn, I learn.
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(Think Twitter, Irene!)
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It causes me to reflect on the similarities between online and physical communities, something I had not thought of before. Could it be that we really are, slowly and steadily, growing into a genuine community?
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I am a student whose understanding of connectivism and heutagogy is being developed experientially through taking this course.
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Teaching presence also involves anticipating students’ needs based on monitoring progress and being ready to find that perfect something to support the student’s learning.
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I have spent my academic life I believing that I have to ‘go it alone’, since I walked home from school alone the first day of first grade. Strangely, this course, in which I spend so much time alone, is teaching me that I don’t.
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complaints, above, I think about the layout of the course; if it’s too many clicks away or the explanations aren’t clear, students become anxious, lose interest, and possibly
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I just finished what may be my last discussion post for ETAP640. As I went through the post process, I was cognizant of each step: read your classmates’ posts; respond to something that resonates within you; teach (us) something by locating and sharing resources that support your thinking; include the thinking and experiences of classmates; offer your opinion on what you are sharing; cite your resources for the benefit of all; tag your resources logically.
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Student Reflections @wattspoi on "Heutagogy & its Implications for Evaluative Feedback" http://t.co/xiuWsCsD #lrnchat #edchat
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Embodied Learning - 0 views
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It is useful to think of embodied learning (“M-BOD”), as Gee conceives it, as a dimension of EL since the pedagogy constructs learning as active and interactive, but it would be a mistake to conflate the concepts. M-BOD is a framework, a set of principles, for understanding how people become motivated to engage and re-engage cognitively challenging tasks--to "practice" at something--but this is not thinkable as an operation of (again in Fenwick's words) an "autonomous rational knowledge-making self, disembodied, rising above the dynamics and contingency of experience." Condensing and simplifying some of Gee's ideas, I came up with the hypothesis that practice is pleasurable when it involves people in making choices that reward them somehow--choices about who to be: (imaginative projection: some participation in story-telling or drama) what the rules are (game recognition: the mental labor of identifying problems and how to solve them) how to adapt (or improvise on) the rules to suit a particular context (game elaboration: some kind of recoding of some elements of the game)
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Far more than books or movies or music, games force you to make decisions. Novels may activate our imagination, and music may conjure up powerful emotions, but games force you to decide, to choose, to prioritize. All the intellectual benefits of gaming derive from this fundamental virtue, because learning how to think is ultimately about learning to make the right decisions: weighing evidence, analyzing situations, consulting your long-term goals, and then deciding…. Those decisions are …predicated on two modes of intellectual labor that are kept to the collateral learning of playing games. I call them probing and telescoping (41) Probing: you have to probe the depths of the game’s logic to make sense of it and like most probing expeditions, you get result by trial and error, by stumbling across things, by following hunches (42-3) Telescoping is managing…simultaneous objectives… you can’t progress far in a game if you simply deal with the puzzles you stumble across; you have to coordinate them with the ultimate objectives on the horizon...Telescoping is about constructing the proper hierarchy of tasks and moving through the tasks in the correct sequence. It’s about perceiving relationships and determining priorities (54-55).
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Teaching Students with Special Needs: Advice for Teachers (Grades K-12) - TeacherVision... - 0 views
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A learning disabled student …
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Use these appropriate strategies with learning disabled students:
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Present tests and reading materials in an oral format so the assessment is not unduly influenced by lack of reading ability.
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You could try using voice to text service, set up chat sessions, even meet in person to conduct evaluations
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frequent progress checks.
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immediate feedback
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Make activities concise and short
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Learning disabled youngsters have difficulty learning abstract terms and concepts. Whenever possible, provide them with concrete objects and events—items they can touch, hear, smell, etc.
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This will be my hardest, how do you accomodate everyone, with every thing they need?
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provide specific praising comments that link the activity directly with the recognition
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offer information in both written and verbal formats
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Create an atmosphere in which a true “community of learners” is facilitated and enhanced.
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Build a Solar System Model | Exploratorium - 0 views
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Activity: Make a scale model of the Solar System and learn the Real definition of "space."
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Small Town Girl in the Big Cyber City - 1 views
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My original goal was to get an A in the class, and every other class until I reached my objective of my Master’s w/ a 4.0. Now my goal is to become a teacher that is there for my students, who isn’t assuming any good or bad about them, who’s only goal is to help them grow and learn, (and hopefully to get at least a B in this class.)
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Again, I find myself writing for a college professor rather than a middle school student. Even this past September, I handed out my “course syllabus” to each of my classes. Looking back now I wonder if they knew it was one of my course information documents or is they were trying to figure out how to clap out the syllables.
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Why did I need to call it a syllabus? That wasn’t for them, it was for me.
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I want them to know that I understand that some activities will suck and be difficult and that they’ll want to rip their hair out but that I also know which activities are the most fun and how rewarding and accomplished they will feel when it’s all said and done.
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I really don’t know why I do things the way I do. Is it from years of routine as to this is how it needs to be done? Is it from no one stopping and helping me break these habits?
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At first my fear was that I was a “dead-thinker”
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I was predispositioned to not question, to memorize and regurgitate information. I was scared that I was passing this trait on to my students.
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I’m losing that with all the hours it takes to create these.
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I really began to question whether I am a teacher or a web designer.
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After Alex asked me to think about how this may hold true in my daily life and routine I realized I really don’t speak up any where let alone in class.
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I think this is not only my biggest challenge in this class but in my life as well
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I think I’m just scared.
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This is a brilliant self-reflection. Now what are you going to do about it? There is NOTHING wrong with being shy, or an introvert ( http://www.diigo.com/user/alexandrapickett/introvert ) WATCH this NOW! http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts.html You need to get MAD and use that anger to get over the fear that is preventing you from doing/being/experiencing. Anger is a powerful force that can help you stop focusing on yourself -when you flip it to use it to advocate for those less powerful than you - your students!
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Oh, I'd love to get angry and actually stand up for myself and others. Unfortunately that only seems to happen with a few glasses of wine in me. Not too feasible in the classroom, lol. That should be my next goal, find strength without liquid courage!
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Ya know Alex, I love you and all and this class has been amazing but I honestly think you are killing my laptop!!
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Well no more soul searching I have a course to design. Best of wishes to all my fellow classmates as we begin to wrap up this amazing journey!
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Lisa, I can’t believe how amazing your course is! I want to take it!!
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Thank you, thank you, thank you...I'm finally now starting to spend a good amount of time looking through other people's courses. Looking forward to seeing yours!
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Less than 24 hours later this article appeared in my inbox. At first I was really aggravated by this article because it seemed like it was ripping to shreds everything I have been working at this summer and I felt like he was sitting at home with an “I told you so” smirk. This quote just floored me “In terms of learning on the college level, the Department of Education looked at thousands of research studies from 1996 to 2008 and found that in higher education, students rarely learned as much from online courses as they did in traditional classes.” Really, what study? Everything that we have read seems to be in the complete opposite direction of this statement! I agree that for some there will be a financial obstacles and internet issues like we’ve all had but that’s where as a teacher we come into play and offer solutions and options. Upon reading it for a second time I feel that this article and any other article discrediting online teaching should be looked at as a challenge! I am strong and passionate about this endeavor of mine and no article or fuddy duddy teacher is going to come in the way of that. Well I hope you all have an amazing weekend. I will be attempting to cool my boiling blood as I sit by the calming cool waters of the Kinzua Dam with a delicious glass of Riesling.
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That article prompted response from the online learning community. Here is a particularly excellent articulate and respectful response: http://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/technology-and-learning/open-letter-professor-edmundson
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: ) ammunition for your challenge: http://slneducation.edublogs.org/2010/02/16/online-learning-vs-classroom-instruction/
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As this class come to an end and I look back at where I was in May, I can only say I wish I knew then what I know now. This class has given me so much academically, personally and technologicially, lol. In only a short time I feel like I have grown so much as person and as a teacher.
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Constructivist Teaching and Learning - 0 views
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Constructivist teaching is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge construction rather than passively receiving information. Learners are the makers of meaning and knowledge. Constructivist teaching fosters critical thinking and creates motivated and independent learners.
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belief that knowledge isn't a thing that can be simply given by the teacher at the front of the room to students in their desks
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ction from the transmission curriculum to a transactional curriculum. In a traditional curriculum, a teacher transmits information to students who passively listen and acquire facts. In a transactional curriculum, students are actively involved in their learning to reach new understandings.
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flexibly and creatively incorporate ongoing experiences in the classroom into the negotiation and construction of lessons with small groups and individuals. The environment is democratic, the activites are interactive and student centered, and the students are empowered by a teacher who operates as a facilitator/consultant.
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shared by Lauren D on 29 Jun 12
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Strategies for motivating students / Engaging and motivating students / Facilitating / ... - 0 views
www.newcastle.edu.au/...strategies-for-motivating.html
education motivating strategies critical_thinking online teaching
shared by Lauren D on 29 Jun 12
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communicate with your students, right from the start, what will be required of them as an online learner
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encourage students to seek help when they don't understand something about how the course is facilitated or course content
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Guest presenters The advantage of the online learning means that guest presenters can be located anywhere throughout the world. This potentially increasing their availability, flexibility and quality.
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Blogs There are numerous ways to integrate blogs into an online course. For example, recording a learning experience over a period of time. Students can also review and compare other students' blogs and draw their own conclusions about particular topics.
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Non - computer based activities Just because an online course is online does not necessarily mean that all learning has to occur in front of the computer screen. Activities can be developed that require students to engage in the physical environment.
Classroom Activities that Promote Active Learning and Critical Thinking - 0 views
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Motivation in Sports Psychology - 0 views
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External and introjected regulations represent non-self-determined or controlling types of extrinsic motivation because athletes do not sense that their behaviour is choiceful and, as a consequence, they experience psychological pressure. Participating in sport to receive prize money, win a trophy or a gold medal typifies external regulation. Participating to avoid punishment or negative evaluation is also external. Introjection is an internal pressure under which athletes might participate out of feelings of guilt or to achieve recognition. Identified and integrated regulations represent self-determined types of extrinsic motivation because behaviour is initiated out of choice, although it is not necessarily perceived to be enjoyable. These types of regulation account for why some athletes devote hundreds of hours to repeating mundane drills; they realise that such activity will ultimately help them to improve. Identified regulation represents engagement in a behaviour because it is highly valued, whereas when a behaviour becomes integrated it is in harmony with one’s sense of self and almost entirely self-determined. Completing daily flexibility exercises because you realise they are part of an overarching goal of enhanced performance might be an example of integrated regulation. Intrinsic motivation comes from within, is fully self-determined and characterised by interest in, and enjoyment derived from, sports participation. There are three types of intrinsic motivation, namely intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation to accomplish and intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation. Intrinsic motivation is considered to be the healthiest type of motivation and reflects an athlete’s motivation to perform an activity simply for the reward inherent in their participation.
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Theories of Motivation in Sports Psychology. Can be applied to the classrooom setting.
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Three generations of distance education pedagogy | Anderson | The International Review ... - 0 views
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Another notable trend is towards more object-based, contextual, or activity-based models of learning. It is not so much a question of building and sustaining networks as of finding the appropriate sets of things and people
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and activities. CloudWorks, a product of the OU-UK, is an example of this new trend, in which objects of discourse are more important than, or at least distinct from, the networks that enable them (Galley, Conole, Dalziel, & Ghiglione, 2010).
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The next step in this cycle would seem to be, logically, to enable those sets to talk back to us: to find us, guide us, and influence our learning journeys. This represents a new and different form of communication, one in which the crowd, composed of multiple intelligences, behaves as an intentional single entity.
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PageRank algorithm behind a Google search works in exactly this way, taking multiple intelligent choices and combining them to provide ranked search results (Brin & Page, 2000).
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it is not individuals, groups, or networks that help us to learn but a faceless intelligence that is partly made of human actions, partly of a machine’s.
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We and others have described these entities in the past as collectives (Segaran, 2007).
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Despite the ubiquity of such systems, what still remains unclear is how best to exploit them in learning. However, it seems at least possible that the next generation of distance education pedagogy will be enabled by technologies that make effective use of collectives.
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learners and teacher collaborate to create the content of study, and in the process re-create that content for future use by others. Assessment in connectivist pedagogy combines self-reflection with teacher assessment of the contributions to the current and future courses. These contributions may be reflections, critical comments, learning objects and resources, and other digital artifacts of knowledge creation, dissemination, and problem solving.
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Teaching presence in connectivist learning environments also focuses on teaching by example. The teachers’ construction of learning artifacts, critical contributions to class and external discussion, capacity to make connections across discipline and context boundaries, and the sum of their net presence serve to model connectivist presence and learning.
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Special Issue - Connectivism: Design and Delivery of Social Networked Learning Terry Anderson and Jon Dron Athabasca University, Canada Abstract. This paper defines and examines three generations of distance education pedagogy.
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Connectivism: Design and Delivery of Social Networked Learning Terry Anderson and Jon Dron Athabasca University, This paper defines and examines three generations of distance education pedagogy.
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Three Generations of Distance Education Pedagogy [Print Version] Special Issue - Connectivism: Design and Delivery of Social Networked Learning Terry Anderson and Jon Dron Athabasca University, Canada
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"This study provides evidence on how young children can start to direct their learning plans and take responsibility in responding to their problems through active participation in planning and assessment, and it therefore contributes to our understanding of how ECE classrooms can operate as Communities of Learning. In any Communities of Learning, there is always a dual focus: To empower children as learners, using the concept of learning as change in participation, but also to keep a close and critical eye on what the nature of the change is and its relationship with valuable learning. Edwards (2005) calls it "learning as a resourceful action" and argues that it "allows us to examine the processes of learning as well as the outcomes and to consider how they are pedagogically supported" (p. 58). Her argument for research that highlights the cognitive potential of sociocultural approaches to learning can contribute to the research about Learning Cultures in kindergarten (Hodkinson et al. 2008).