Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairness.
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Defining Critical Thinking - 0 views
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Critical thinking can be seen as having two components: 1) a set of information and belief generating and processing skills, and 2) the habit, based on intellectual commitment, of using those skills to guide behavior. It is thus to be contrasted with: 1) the mere acquisition and retention of information alone, because it involves a particular way in which information is sought and treated; 2) the mere possession of a set of skills, because it involves the continual use of them; and 3) the mere use of those skills ("as an exercise") without acceptance of their results.
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Critical thinking of any kind is never universal in any individual; everyone is subject to episodes of undisciplined or irrational thought. Its quality is therefore typically a matter of degree and dependent on, among other things, the quality and depth of experience in a given domain of thinking or with respect to a particular class of questions. No one is a critical thinker through-and-through, but only to such-and-such a degree, with such-and-such insights and blind spots, subject to such-and-such tendencies towards self-delusion. For this reason, the development of critical thinking skills and dispositions is a life-long endeavor.
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Critical thinking is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way. People who think critically consistently attempt to live rationally, reasonably, empathically. They are keenly aware of the inherently flawed nature of human thinking when left unchecked. They strive to diminish the power of their egocentric and sociocentric tendencies. They use the intellectual tools that critical thinking offers – concepts and principles that enable them to analyze, assess, and improve thinking. They work diligently to develop the intellectual virtues of intellectual integrity, intellectual humility, intellectual civility, intellectual empathy, intellectual sense of justice and confidence in reason. They realize that no matter how skilled they are as thinkers, they can always improve their reasoning abilities and they will at times fall prey to mistakes in reasoning, human irrationality, prejudices, biases, distortions, uncritically accepted social rules and taboos, self-interest, and vested interest. They strive to improve the world in whatever ways they can and contribute to a more rational, civilized society. At the same time, they recognize the complexities often inherent in doing so. They avoid thinking simplistically about complicated issues and strive to appropriately consider the rights and needs of relevant others. They recognize the complexities in developing as thinkers, and commit themselves to life-long practice toward self-improvement. They embody the Socratic principle: The unexamined life is not worth living, because they realize that many unexamined lives together result in an uncritical, unjust, dangerous world. ~ Linda Elder, September, 2007
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shared by Lisa Martin on 08 Jul 12
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The role of student learning styles, gender, attitudes and perceptions on information a... - 0 views
www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy.albany.edu/...S0360131599000202
learning styles communication information technology attitudes perceptions
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shared by Lauren D on 16 Aug 12
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Benefits of Peer-Based Learning.pdf (application/pdf Object) - 0 views
its.uiowa.edu/...of%20Peer-Based%20Learning.pdf
education technology collaboration peer-based learning benefits
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Forums, online communities, and professional networks are these new learning environments, where people find and share information, collaborate and learn on demand. A significant challenge is to motivate people to participate in the knowledge-sharing and learning process. Especially in peer-based learning environments, where learning depends on the effort of all participants, it is essential to provide enough incentives to participate and share information with others." Implementing systems fostering trust through reputation can enhance the learning effectiveness, and provide alternatives for the traditional pedagogical approaches still in place in current e-learning courses. Formal education could profit from such new learning environments adopting these pedagogical approaches and related technical systems."
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shared by Maria Guadron on 14 Aug 12
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Lee Hamilton: Digital Disorder - 0 views
leehamilton.blogspot.com/...digital-disorder.html
knowledge miscellaneous student-centered learning disorder
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shared by Fiona Grady on 05 Jun 12
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Wanted: Information Literacy Skills in a World of Google and Wikipedia - 0 views
portal.sliderocket.com/...InformationLiteracyWebinar-NYS
information literacy easybib wikipedia authoritative
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Information Literacy Definition - 0 views
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Definitions of Information Literacy Information Literacy: a Critical Skill and a Strategic Commitment Plattsburgh State is committed to graduating students who are information-literate. The definitions below clarify the meaning of this critical skill and indicate why it is important for individuals as students, scholars, and citizens.
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Educational Leadership:Teaching for Multiple Intelligences:Integrating Learning Styles ... - 0 views
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Learning-style theory begins with Carl Jung (1927), who noted major differences in the way people perceived (sensation versus intuition), the way they made decisions (logical thinking versus imaginative feelings), and how active or reflective they were while interacting (extroversion versus introversion)
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Most learning-style theorists have settled on four basic styles. Our own model, for instance, describes the following four styles: The Mastery style learner absorbs information concretely; processes information sequentially, in a step-by-step manner; and judges the value of learning in terms of its clarity and practicality. The Understanding style learner focuses more on ideas and abstractions; learns through a process of questioning, reasoning, and testing; and evaluates learning by standards of logic and the use of evidence. The Self-Expressive style learner looks for images implied in learning; uses feelings and emotions to construct new ideas and products; and judges the learning process according to its originality, aesthetics, and capacity to surprise or delight. The Interpersonal style learner,1 like the Mastery learner, focuses on concrete, palpable information; prefers to learn socially; and judges learning in terms of its potential use in helping others.
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In integrating these major theories of knowledge, we moved through three steps. First, we attempted to describe, for each of Gardner's intelligences, a set of four learning processes or abilities, one for each of the four learning styles. For linguistic intelligence, for example, the Mastery style represents the ability to use language to describe events and sequence activities; the Interpersonal style, the ability to use language to build trust and rapport; the Understanding style, the ability to develop logical arguments and use rhetoric; and the Self-expressive style, the ability to use metaphoric and expressive language.
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In MI theory, I begin with a human organism that responds (or fails to respond) to different kinds of contents in the world. . . . Those who speak of learning styles are searching for approaches that ought to characterize all contents (p. 45).
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They recognize the role of cognitive and affective processes in learning and, therefore, can significantly deepen our insights into issues related to motivation.
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They tend to emphasize thought as a vital component of learning, thereby avoiding reliance on basic and lower-level learning activities.
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Learning-styles models have a couple of limitations. First, they may fail to recognize how styles vary in different content areas and disciplines.
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Second, these models are sometimes less sensitive than they should be to the effects of context on learning.
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Emerging from a tradition that viewed style as relatively permanent, many learning-style advocates advised altering learning environments to match or challenge a learner's style. Either way, learning-style models have largely left unanswered the question of how context and purpose affect learning.
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But learning styles emphasize the different ways people think and feel as they solve problems, create products, and interact.
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The theory of multiple intelligences is an effort to understand how cultures and disciplines shape human potential
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Though both theories claim that dominant ideologies of intelligence inhibit our understanding of human differences, learning styles are concerned with differences in the process of learning, whereas multiple intelligences center on the content and products of learning. Until now, neither theory has had much to do with the other
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Illinois Online Network: Instructional Resources : Pointers and Clickers : Facilitating... - 1 views
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Make the chunks or pieces of information small enough to appeal to and be processed by those who have only 15 to 30 minutes a day to log in. These small pieces of information can quickly be processed by the student who can then return later to finish other assignments. There can be more than one chunk of information per unit or module, but the unit itself should be broke into manageable chunks.
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An online syllabus should also contain information relating to the length of time a given assignment is anticipated to take for the average student.
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With an engaging course in which many students are active participants, the number of messages posted within any course discussion forum can quickly grow. When such a case presents itself, it is a good idea to give specific minimum (and maximum if necessary) requirements concerning the number of posts each student is required to submit. For example, in an ice-breaking activity, you could require each student to post responses to 2 other student posts chosen by selecting the student above and below that student in a listing of students sorted by some criteria such as alphabetically by login. When minimum requirements and other guidelines are given, students know how much work is expected of them for the assignment, ensuring that they will allocate enough time to do an adequate job and enabling them able to prioritize their time. Even an active student can have a busy week in which he/she must schedule time to properly meet this minimum requirement.
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Also, many would argue that students (and people in general) have a naturally inquisitive nature. To bring out this potential in one's students, try building "discovery" activities into the course. Ask students to find a new site or pose a question of their own on a weekly basis. Any activity that involves the students will aid in their motivation.
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If a student is beginning to lag behind the rest of the course, or the student is not making the required posts, direct items specifically to that student. When prompting higher order thinking, provide a list of students that you would like to respond to the question. Always be sure that such lists include active students as well to take the pressure off the lagging student as having to be the first one to post a response.
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Content Curation Tools | iTeachU - 0 views
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What is Content Curation? As instructors, we are all information curators. How do you collect and share currently relevant content with your students? How do your students research and share information that they find with the rest of class? What tools do you use to manage or facilitate presentation of resources? Is it public? Can students access it at other times? In groups? Modern web tools make it easy for both students and instructors to contribute online discoveries to class conversations. Using free online content curation software, we can easily integrate new content in a variety of ways."
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Taking Notes and Listening - 0 views
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information not available in textbooks, and they make connections. Notes are a storehouse of information for later use, e.g., when you take more advanced courses. We remember more when we write things down. Taking notes helps you to listen attentively and to think critically. Note-taking is a skill required in many jobs. Studies show that people may forget 50% of a lecture within
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Authentic On-line Learning - 3 views
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I suppose one of the assumptions that I have about my own on-line course is that if a certain percentage of my students are of the Generation Y population, they may very well know more about the technology than I do.
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20 to 22
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so I guess that will most likely be my audience.
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While I think the technology has to be embedded in instruction whenever possible, it can’t be left to teachers alone to solve this problem.
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I feel teachers need much more support from administrators as well as the Education Department. I know that SED is currently addressing the problem of making technology accessible in our classrooms, but even as they are planning it, the technology is increasing exponentially. It's going to take major educational reform -- Our new commissioner has been personally involved with the Technology task force.
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This is my struggle too. I am spending this weekend stopping in. I do like the post titles, it helps me to priortize what I want to read.
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I think a lot of my difficulty is that my only comparison for online learning are the 2 courses I've taken prior to this. One was okay, the other not so good. So, I'm only realizing now that the online environment and experience can be a lot more robust that I had thought.
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I had to question what the objectives were first, and then create an assessment that tied into the objectives.
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This is probably one area that still scares me. I think I'm going to have to come up with a rubric for the forum in my course, and I don't have any experience creating a rubric. I've Googled it and there are many rubrics out there, but I don't know if I can just "borrow" a rubric and tweak it or is this plagarism?
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what I need to do is think of these posts as mini research papers.
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exactly!!! i actually say "Every post you make in this course is an exam. " in the interaction course info document for the course!! : )
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Now that I realize this, I'm finding the workload a little easier. I had to adjust my schedule. I'm used to doing most of my online work on weekends, but that's not enough for this course, so I made changes. Now I come home from work and put aside about 2 hours each night specificallly for addressing posts.
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I don’t feel like I can get to it all.
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I’m doing my best.
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I decided to give it a try.
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1) Will it help you present content in a more effective or engaging manner, 2) will it facilitate collaboration or interaction between students in an more effective manner, and 3) will it help provide feedback or help assess students more effectively. I feel the blog will get students interacting in a more casual setting regarding the stories, and the Wiki will definitely facilitate collaboration.
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Your assessment of the first 4 weeks is so correct, (in my opinion). I am into the end of the 4th week in an online course I am teaching now and my students are finally soaring, It is soooooo exciting for me to see the growth. The only problem is that my class is only 6 weeks summer....The course I am planning is a 4 week winter term course, so now how to I get my students to soar within one week? My dilemma.
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Wow, 4 weeks is not very long. What kind of class will you be teaching in the winter session? I'm not sure you can push the timeframe of when they begin to soar...that happens when it happens. I guess if you can somehow get them interacting with each other right away, that might help promote discussions that lead to those 'aha' moments.a little quicker.
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I decided not to do winter term...I will no less than 8 week courses...which as an adjunct is a $$$ decision that will hurt. However, I do not believe that 16 courses squeezed into 4 weeks is ethical.
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My Avatar
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off. Luckily, the course unfolded slowly and in a very specific order, and I had time to reflect, prepare, and digest the information coming at me. I’ve learned that I can take on a rather monumental assignment and with a lot of hard work and perseverance, I can complete
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flect, prepare, and digest the information coming at me. I’ve learned that I can take on a rather monumental assignment and with a lot of hard work and perseverance, I can complete it. This was a BIG deal for me and it’s given me a sense of empowerment. It’s also come at a good time, because I’ll be taking my last course in September in order to finish up my degr
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flect, prepare, and digest the information coming at me. I’ve learned that I can take on a rather monumental assignment and with a lot of hard work and perseverance, I can complete it. This was a BIG deal for me and it’s given me a sense of empowerment. It’s also come at a good time, because I’ll be taking my last course in September in order to finish up my degr
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prepare, and digest the information coming at me. I’ve learned that I can take on a rather monumental assignment and with a lot of hard work and perseverance, I can complete it. This was a BIG deal for me and it’s given me a sense of empowerment. It’s also come at a g
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Never in a million years did I ever think that I would go on to graduate school, but here I am on the cusp of that achievement. I am the first out of 6 siblings to earn a master’s degree.
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I didn’t realize that I was in charge of my own learning.
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any kind of learning... online or f2f is ONLY student-centered if that is how it is designed and if that is how the instructor facilitates it... now that you know that you are in charge of your own learning, i need your help : ) You can help me change the world by sharing that insight with anyone you have the opportunity to teach in the future. I have very high expectations of you Donna!!! : )
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I came to realize that I didn’t have to give them all my knowledge — that in fact, I had to let them learn some of these things on their own.
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I think it’s a situation where I don’t know what I need until somebody tells me that I need it. I’m certainly open to suggestions, but at this point I feel like I’ve done what I was supposed to do; however, I realize that this is VERY new to me and that I have probably made some mistakes that will be pointed out to me. That’s fine, and as I said, I welcome comments and suggestions.
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National Institute for Direct Instruction - 0 views
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The National Institute for Direct Instruction (NIFDI) is the world's foremost Direct Instruction (DI) support provider. This website provides information and resources for administrators, teachers, and parents to help them maximize student achievement through DI. The website also contains information on DI's extensive and broad research base, including a searchable database of more than one hundred article summaries.
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Education And Learning: A Paradigm Shift - Part 2 - How To Prepare Yourself For A Meani... - 0 views
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Instead of collecting knowledge, discovering it. Instead of receiving it, trying to seek it, to answer some kind of questions, something that's meaningful to me.
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For me to learn today is about being properly connected to other people, being able to find information when I want.
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Having tools at my disposal that allow me to access different sources of information, and also having a network of people that enables me to reach out, ask questions when I need it.
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In a real very practical sense, my ability to connect to other people, is learning for me. My ability to find information sources through easy-to-use tools is learning for me. And ultimately, anything whether it's policy, government initiatives, copyright, or any other system that puts up barriers between me and my ability to connect to others and information, it is ultimately a barrier to my learning.
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Michael Polanyi and tacit knowledge - 0 views
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Central to Michael Polanyi's thinking was the belief that creative acts (especially acts of discovery) are shot-through or charged with strong personal feelings and commitments (hence the title of his most famous work Personal Knowledge).
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Polanyi's argument was that the informed guesses, hunches and imaginings that are part of exploratory acts are motivated by what he describes as 'passions'.
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Perhaps the strongest echo of his work that we encounter as educators comes through the work of Donald Schön and Chris Argyris on knowing in action, and in Eisner's consistent arguments for connoisseurship and criticism in evaluation.
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By paying attention to Polanyi's conception of the tacit dimension we can begin to make sense of the place of intuition and hunches in informal education practice - and how we can come a better understanding of what might be going on in different situations
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shared by Diane Gusa on 06 Jul 11
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E-Coaching Tip 25: Discussion Wraps - A Useful "Cognitive Pattern" or "Collection of Di... - 0 views
www.designingforlearning.info/...tip25.html
E-Coaching tip discussion wraps module 4 assignment cognitive presence online courses
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Here are some roles/tasks that are pertinent for online weekly discussion groups. Information and opinion giver. Offers facts, opinions, ideas, suggestions, and relevant information to help group discussion. Information and opinion seeker. Asks for facts, opinions, ideas, suggestions, and relevant information to help group discussion. Summarizer. Pulls together related ideas or suggestions and restates and summarizes main point discussed. Coordinator. Shows relationships among various ideas by pulling them together and harmonizes activities of various subgroups and members. Diagnoser. Figures out sources of difficulties the group has in working effectively and the blocks to progress in accomplishing the group's goals. Reality tester. Examines the practicality and workability of ideas, evaluates alternative solutions, and applies them to real situations to see how they will work.
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"Each of us has a typical way of acting in a group. Some people like to lead, some act to keep the group focused on the task and some serve to keep the group from taking itself too seriously." (Svinski, 2006
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Mayer et al. (1996), showed not only that students remember more of the important material when it is presented as a summary but that they also better understand the material.
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Svinicki, M. (2006). "The Discussion Class: Interaction Functions." from <www.utexas.edu/academic/diia/gsi/coursedesign/interaction.php> Accessed on 10-20-06.
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Schallert explains why she uses the technique of creating a separate word document for weekly summaries. <www.utexas.edu/academic/blackboard/examples/videos/schallert_02.html>
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Create a separate word document that encapsulates the key postings of the week integrating these statements with the key conceptst
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Production Values in Informational/Educational Videos - YouTube - 1 views
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Relational Context of Teaching - 3 views
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He continues that we can face the future with confidence if we know how to teach ourselves, read between the subjective lines of media, process the vast amount of information that will be available, work collaboratively, and reaching for resources that will expand our capacities – for example a resource like this course!!
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I believe that anyone can conquer fear by doing the things he fears to do, provided he keeps doing them until he gets a record of successful experience behind him.
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However, to be part of the social network and be actively involve citizens, each must become life-long learners.
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... and like it or not life is now technology mediated. No matter who you end up being "when you grow up" if you are not comfortable with technology, can't assess/evaluate information, can't find information when you need it, you will be at a disadvantage.
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I agree. I am concern for the students who are not exposed to this technology. In our district, the computer teacher was laid off, yet we kept all the coaches/sports. Adults, who are not on board with the technological needs of their students, are the ones making these decisions.
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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June 21st,
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What I would like is to have the option of posting and assessing it as NG (no grade)
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Finally, I carefully considers there are no place where Alex might say “can you tell me more”
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Since our blogs are shared work-spaces, we are suppose to engage in collaborative reflective discourses, creating a shared understanding, leading to collaborative knowledge
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Dewey states: “I assume that amid all uncertainties there is one permanent frame of reference: namely the organic connection between education and personal experience. (Dewey 1939:25).
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Dewey was a great believer in the connection between the educational system and the social community. "It was forgotten that to become integral parts of the child's conduct and chracter they must be assimilated; not as mere items of information, but as organic parts of his present needs and aims -- which in turn are social" (Dewey). In his book, The School and Society, he talks about the deep connection between home and school, between home and work, and the importance of the school as the connector.
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pay attention
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I had a doctor describe ADD very aptly to me. He said think about your child's surroundings as radio waves. Your child is picking up every radio wave that is out there and he does not have the ability to ignore any of it. When my son was 11 he described his inability to understand things in school like this: it's like I'm looking through a window that is foggy. I can see, but it's not clear enough to make sense.
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This was a good explanation of ADD. Do you know that there is a college that is set up for ADD students? It is called Landmark College and it is a remarkable place!
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then I go on an adventure and troll through the internet and my books to satisfy my desire to learn. I continue, immerse in my hyper-focus state of mind, until I feel that I have a deep understanding of whatever I am exploring.
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This is a good thing; it's what online learning is all about. I realize it's probably frustrating to you because you focus so intensely on what you're doing, but I definitely see your presence in this course, so I wouldn't worry that you're not interacting enough. Just for the record, 12 posts is difficult for me as well when you consider how much research goes into each one.
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I will investigate and use group Wikis
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detailed rubric
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I need to create a rubric for my "Book Club" forum. Any suggestions for where to start? Do I reinvent the wheel, or are there sites that have pre-fabricated rubrics that can be tweaked to fit my needs?
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Hi Donna, Whenever youi can do not reinvent the wheel. I am going to post either today or tomorrow a post on building a rubric. First I need to see what Alex wants us to do
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plan on using Alex’s rubric for my instructional design,
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Hey diane, sometimes I never know when I am ready to write. I thought I had the pattern down. Read the material, take notes, reflect and research on what interests or inspres me, but this module I was not ready to blog and i started writing something, and some crazy stuff just came out. It might have been the two best blog posts of the semester.
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While i agree with you I think I would not push myself sometimes if I wasnt forced. I might have chosen to slack instead of worked when I was tired or busy with life. Do you think you can use different models of teaching with different students in the same class?
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I agree with Ian...it reminds me of doing sports in high school. If my coach didn't push us harder and harder we wouldn't ever have been successful! Alex is our coach and we can either choose to step up to the plate and work our butts off or we can sit on the bench and let the game, or in this case the learning, pass us by!
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I am saddened and concern for the positivist, behaviorist methods she employs and models. I
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poor grade.
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This is the second time you've brought up this issue. The way I see, Alex is the instructor, and she has designed a course with rubrics. I really don't see that the rubrics are that difficult to understand. I understand you wanting to get an "A" but if you want the "A" you have to work hard for it. If your life circumstances prevent you from doing what she considers the fair amount of work, that's not her problem. I don't feel an instructor should change the syllabus or rubrics for every student that complains about the work load, unless the instructor has received numerous complaints. I think that perhaps you have a lot on your plate right now, atleast that's the feeling I get from reading some of your posts. I can understand that, I've been through a lot myself this semester. However, it's unfair to expect Alex to change the point system just for you. May I suggest something: Clearly you are a hard working student, but circumstances are obviously preventing you from putting in the amount of work needed to earn an "A." Just accept that and work toward a "B" which is a perfectly acceptable grade. Take the pressure off of yourself. It's just a grade. A year or two from now it won't matter. All that will matter is that you learned about online teaching and came away with a robust course that you can teach. I think that's a good deal.
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Donna My comment is a pedagogical one and not an attack on Alex. The point I may not be making clearly, why the number 12? I am not the only student who has stated that a post takes several hours. Does Alex require this? No. Why I take this time is because of the quality I expect to bring to the discussion forum. I was not posting prior knowlege, but new understandings. Learning takes time and the #12 does not seem to recognize this time. I again do not see "choice" in this rubric. I agree the knowlege is the goal, and I have no problem with what I have learned and will continue to learn. However, with the exception of the last grading I have not gotten a "B" but failed every discussion forum except the last. Yes I was teaching a summer online course. I also have home responisblilites. These were stresses, but not obstacles. According to the expectations we were expected to do ~ 45 hours in class work and 100+ hours building our course. I don't know about you but the class work I have done over 150 hours just in class work. Finally, why do I bring this argument up for a second time. It is not for Alex to change; but for you all in this class to not simply copy and use Alex's rubric in your own courses. That is why I speak out.
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Again if I had scrolled down I would have seen that 12 posts were not required.
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In the future I will build my course off line,
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when a student finally understands that their discussions need to encompass teaching, cognitive engagement, and social presence, then the discussion forum truly becomes a awesome learning tool!!!!!!
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Alex, my Shifu, has diligently pushed me down the road of online pedagogy. There were many times when I landed hard and bounced a few times. However, just like the panda, I too will become capable in my bumbling ways. I too realize there is no secret ingredients in 21st century teaching….it still is best practices in education with technology embedded in it.
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I have changed in many ways as a result of this class. I am now and will continue to be a blogger, and use blogs as one way to facilitate learning for my students. I understand the Community of inquiry approach, and have now created a rubric for my discussion forums that reflect the elements of teacher, cognitive, and social presence. I was fortunate to be teaching online as I took this class, and I observed my discussion forums going from conversations to dialogue that exhibit depth of learning. I have observed the pedagogy of my professor and will incorporate similar ways of interacting with my students, using the tools that web 2.0 affords me. I have moved from having little enthusiasm for online learning to embracing it as an essential medium for learning.
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I knew I needed this course to become the better online teacher, what I didn’t know was the transformative change that I would experience this summer.
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ulnerability, especially with the knowledge that their efforts will be evaluated by their instructor.
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Minds on Fire: Open Education, the Long Tail, and Learning 2.0 (EDUCAUSE Review) | EDUC... - 3 views
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global “platform” that has vastly expanded access to all sorts of resources, including formal and informal educational materials. The Internet has also fostered a new culture of sharing, one in which content is freely contributed and distributed with few restrictions or costs.
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the Web 2.0 is creating a new kind of participatory medium that is ideal for supporting multiple modes of learning
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social learning is based on the premise that our understanding of content is socially constructed through conversations about that content and through grounded interactions, especially with others, around problems or actions.
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, “We participate, therefore we are.”
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We are entering a world in which we all will have to acquire new knowledge and skills on an almost continuous basis.
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culture of sharing,
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Students in these groups can ask questions to clarify areas of uncertainty or confusion, can improve their grasp of the material by hearing the answers to questions from fellow students, and perhaps most powerfully, can take on the role of teacher to help other group members benefit from their understanding (one of the best ways to learn something is, after all, to teach it to others).
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seeking the knowledge when it is needed in order to carry out a particular situated task
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thereby enabling a new kind of critical reading—almost a new form of literacy—that invites the reader to join in the consideration of what information is reliable and/or important