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Irene Watts-Politza

ScienceDirect.com - Computers & Education - Learning presence: Towards a theory of self... - 1 views

www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy.albany.edu/...S0360131510002095

CoI Shea 'learning presence

shared by Irene Watts-Politza on 18 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • This line of research indicated that the multivariate measure of learning represented by the cognitive presence factor could be predicted by the quality of teaching presence and social presence reported by learners in online courses. The relationship between these constructs is illustrated in Fig. 1 below.
  • Given the electronic, social, and “self-directed” nature of online learning, it seems imperative that we examine learner self- and co-regulation in online environments especially as they relate to desired outcomes such as higher levels of cognitive presence as described in the CoI framework.
    • Irene Watts-Politza
      Irene Watts-Politza on 18 Jul 12
       
      Is this an aspect of assessment that is adequately addressed?
  • We suggest that this constellation of behaviors and traits may be seen as elements of a larger construct “learning presence” (Shea, 2010).
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • self-efficacy can be viewed as a subjective judgment of one’s level of competence in executing certain behaviors or achieving certain outcomes in the future. Self-efficacy has been identified as the best predictor of college GPA and among the best predictors of college persistence through meta-analytic research (Robbins et al., 2004). Further, commenting on the state of the art in self-regulated learning research Winne suggested that self-regulation is contingent on positive self-efficacy beliefs, arguing that “learners must subscribe to a system of epistemological and motivational beliefs that classifies failure as an occasion to be informed, a condition that is controllable, and a stimulus to spend effort to achieve better” (Winne, 2005). This contrast of failure attribution as trait (e.g., “I’m just not good at math”) versus failure as occasion to be informed (“I can control, adapt, and learn from this”) is a classic view of maladaptive and adaptive self-efficacy beliefs.
  • In the current study we therefore examine the relationship between CoI constructs and elements of self efficacy in order to begin to investigate the larger theme of collaborative online learner regulation and learning presence.
  • Thus, self-efficacy is “concerned not with what one has but with belief in what one can do with whatever resources one can muster” (Bandura, 2007, p. 6).
  • Bandura has noted that slightly elevated efficacy can have a bigger impact on subsequent performance. Overestimating one’s capabilities to produce a behavior and outcome may boost performance and give rise to motivation to persist in face of obstacles and seatback, while the opposite is true for underestimating one’s capabilities, which may suppress productive goals, persistence and effort (Bandura, 2007). Thus there is an important connection between self-efficacy, effort, and subsequent performance.
    • Irene Watts-Politza
      Irene Watts-Politza on 19 Jul 12
       
      This has implications for course attrition rates.
  • Positive psychological and emotional states in the aftermath of successful execution of certain academic behaviors naturally lead to sense of competence and subsequently results in enhanced sense of efficacy.
    • Irene Watts-Politza
      Irene Watts-Politza on 19 Jul 12
       
      This is the "feeling of satsfaction" Lisa Martin referred to in her Module 3 posts on social presence.
  • We suggest here that elements within the CoI framework may serve as mechanisms for supporting self-efficacy. Specifically we conjecture that effective teaching presence and positive social presence should serve as sources of social persuasion and positive affect supportive of self-efficacy.
  • (Bandura, 1997). These and other studies have suggested that self-efficacy has a substantial role in predicting student engagement, motivation and performance ( [Bong, 2004], [Caraway et al., 2003], [Chemers et al., 2001], [Choi, 2005], [Smith et al., 2001] and [Vrugt et al., 2002]).
  • The participants in the study were a random sample of 3165 students from 42 two- and four-year institutions in New York State.
    • Irene Watts-Politza
      Irene Watts-Politza on 19 Jul 12
       
      SLN? See how many things you can learn with one really great data set?
  • Gaining knowledge about the reasons for learning and achievement of online students has attracted a great deal of attention among both researchers and practitioners. Understanding the factors that have an influence on the success of online education has significant implications for designing productive online communities.
  • Reviewing studies that investigated elements of online learner self-regulation
  • This ongoing project to document all instances of teaching, social, and cognitive presence in complete online courses also resulted in identification of learner discourse that did not fit within the model, i.e. could not be reliably coded as indicators of teaching, social, or cognitive presence ( [Shea, 2010] and [Shea et al., 2010]).
  • Additional work on the CoI model (Shea, Vickers, & Hayes, 2010) suggested that past research methods may have resulted in a systematic under representation of the instructional effort involved in online education.
  • These exceptions represent interesting data for refining and enhancing the model as they suggest that learners are attempting to accomplish goals that are not accounted for within the CoI framework.
  • In this paper we examine the Community of Inquiry framework (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000) suggesting that the model may be enhanced through a fuller articulation of the roles of online learners. We present the results of a study of 3165 students in online and hybrid courses from 42 two- and four-year institutions in which we examine the relationship between learner self-efficacy measures and their ratings of the quality of their learning in virtual environments. We conclude that a positive relationship exists between elements of the CoI framework and between elements of a nascent theoretical construct that we label “learning presence”. We suggest that learning presence represents elements such as self-efficacy as well as other cognitive, behavioral, and motivational constructs supportive of online learner self-regulation.
  • the CoI framework attempts to articulate the social, technological, and pedagogical processes that engender collaborative knowledge construction. It therefore represents an effort to resolve the greatest challenge to the quality of online education
  • Learner discussions also included efforts to divide up tasks, manage time, and set goals in order to successfully complete group projects. As such they appeared to be indicators of online learner self and co-regulation, which can be viewed as the degree to which students in collaborative online educational environments are metacognitively, motivationally, and behaviorally active participants in the learning process (Winters & Azevedo, 2005).
  • the authors concluded that all the studies converged on advantageous outcomes for providing support for “metacognitive” learning strategies including self-reflection, self-explanation, and self-monitoring.
  • successfully orchestrating a dialogue demands fairly sophisticated skills. Conversational contributions need to be simultaneously parsed according to their disciplinary value, their location within the chain of collective argumentation, their relevance to the instructional goals, and their role as indicators of the student’s ongoing understanding. The outcome of this complex appraisal is a sense of the amount and quality of the guidance that specific contributions and the conversation as a whole require to support learning.” (Larreamendy-Joerns & Leinhardt, p. 591)
  • Zhao et al. also concluded that studies in which instructor interaction with students was medium to high resulted in better learning outcomes for online students relative to classroom learners.
  • Catherine Strattner on 18 Jul 12
     
    This article also addresses the relationships between each of the presences and proposes an additional presence- Learner Presence.
Diane Gusa

educational-origami - 21st Century Assessment - 0 views

edorigami.wikispaces.com/21st+Century+Assessment

21st_century century assessment module 5

shared by Diane Gusa on 27 Jul 11 - No Cached
  • 21st Century Assessments are focused on both the learning process and the assessment outcome.
  • 21st Century Assessments are focused on both the learning process and the assessment outcome.
  • 21st Century Assessments are focused on both the learning process and the assessment outcome.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • 21st Century Assessments are focused on both the learning process and the assessment outcome.
  • 21st Century Assessments are focused on both the learning process and the assessment outcome.
Anne Deutsch

Stuent Learning Outcomes 101 - 1 views

www.uri.edu/...rning_Outcomes_101__8_7_06.pdf

learningoutcomes outcomes design

shared by Anne Deutsch on 08 Jun 13 - No Cached
  • Anne Deutsch on 08 Jun 13
     
    University of Rhode Island
Maria Guadron

The Checklist Manifesto « Atul Gawande - 0 views

gawande.com/the-checklist-manifesto

course design checklist improved outcomes best practices

shared by Maria Guadron on 27 Jul 12 - Cached
  • The book’s main point is simple: no matter how expert you may be, well-designed check lists can improve outcomes (even for Gawande’s own surgical team). The best-known use of checklists is by airplane pilots. Among the many interesting stories in the book is how this dedication to checklists arose among pilots.
  • Maria Guadron on 27 Jul 12
     
    The book's main point is simple: no matter how expert you may be, well-designed check lists can improve outcomes (even for Gawande's own surgical team). The best-known use of checklists is by airplane pilots. Among the many interesting stories in the book is how this dedication to checklists arose among pilots. Online course checklists are great, too!
Alena Rodick

Emotional presence, learning, and the online learning environment | Cleveland-Innes | T... - 0 views

www.irrodl.org/...2333

online_learning emotion emotional_presence pedagogy

shared by Alena Rodick on 23 Jun 14 - No Cached
  • Those engaged in online learning deal with the effects of emotion on a daily basis, whether in designing instruction, teaching, or learning online. The work of Damasio and LeDoux independently suggests that emotion is neither an objective nor outcome of learning yet is central to cognition. The study of O’Regan (2003) showed that students express their emotions in relation to the various aspects of an online course such as design and organizational issues (i.e., a lack of clear instructions), cognitive issues (i.e., learning materials, success), social issues (during communicating), time management, or technology. Similarly, Cleveland-Innes, Garrison, and Kinsel (2007) also found out that students disclosed emotions in relation to the social, teaching, and cognitive presence in an online course.
  • Research results from multiple studies indicate that emotions are an integral part of the learning environment and influence students’ learning experiences (Cleveland-Innes & Campbell, 2006). According to Baumeister, DeWall, and Zhang (2007), emotions influence outcomes. That is, positive emotions lead to positive outcomes and negative emotions to negative outcomes.
  • Emotion may constrain learning as a distracter but, if managed, may serve as an enabler in support of thinking, decision making, stimulation, and directing. Online learning is replete, not fraught, with emotion. We conclude, with others, that emotion is present in online learning communities
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Given this reality, emotion must be considered, if not a central factor, at least as a ubiquitous, influential part of learning—online and otherwise (Plutchick, 2003; Stets & Turner, 2006; Wosnitza & Volet, 2005). Therefore, emotions expressed in the online experience, as explained by the CoI model (Garrison, Anderson & Archer, 2000), indicate that emotional presence exists in social, cognitive, and teaching presence.
  • ey to online environments is to acknowledge and discuss emotional tenor as much communicative information is lost without tone of voice and facial expressions— emoticons excepted. The exploration of emotional states that are not present— hidden yet influential—needs attention.
  • Alena Rodick on 23 Jun 14
     
    In spite of evidence that more and more students are engaging in online learning experiences, details about the transition for teachers and students to a new learning environment are still unconfirmed. While new technologies are often expected to make work easier, they also involve the development of new competencies. This change may, in itself, elicit an emotional response, and, more importantly, emotion may impact the experience of online learning. Knowledge about the impact of emotion on learning broadly is available, but not about emotion and online learning. This study presents evidence of emotions present in online environments, and empirical data which suggests emotional presence may exist as a fundamental element in an online community of inquiry.
Amy M

Select or Design Assessments That Elicit Established Outcomes - 0 views

www.ncrel.org/...as7sele2.htm

shared by Amy M on 22 Jun 12 - Cached
  • Clearly state the purpose for the assessment, and do not expect the assessment to meet purposes for which it was not designed.
  • Clearly define what it is you want to assess (the achievement target).
  • Amy M on 22 Jun 12
     
    Select or Design Assessments That Elicit Established Outcomes
Amy M

How courage can help students learn and achieve - 0 views

phys.org/...2011-08-courage-students.html

shared by Amy M on 21 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • "On some important outcomes (including achievement in literacy and numeracy) courage was as effective an approach as confidence. On other outcomes, confidence was more effective, however, courage was a very close second. So, while we already knew that confidence is linked to positive educational outcomes, this study is significant because it shows that courage is also an educationally effective response - particularly in the face of fear and anxiety.
  • Amy M on 21 Jul 12
     
    Confidence vs. courage
Joan McCabe

Norm-Referenced Testing and Criterion-Referenced Testing: The Differences in Purpose, C... - 0 views

www.eric.ed.gov/ED402327.pdf

assessment learning outcomes objectives tests

shared by Joan McCabe on 20 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • Joan McCabe on 20 Jul 12
     
    Explains the differences between these two types of tests. Criterion-Referenced tests are based on learning outcomes and the application of knowledge rather than how one student compares with the norm group of students.
Joan McCabe

Assessment outcome is weakly correlated with lecture attendance: influence of learning ... - 1 views

advan.physiology.org.libproxy.albany.edu/...108

attendance lecture learning style

shared by Joan McCabe on 08 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Joan McCabe on 08 Aug 12
     
    Describes a study done to assess if learning style was associated with lecture attendance and if lecture attendance was associated with higher learning outcomes.
Hedy Lowenheim

National Institute for Learning Outcomes Assessment-2011 - 0 views

www.learningoutcomeassessment.org/...onlineed.pdf

online assessment education learning teaching

shared by Hedy Lowenheim on 08 Aug 13 - No Cached
  • Hedy Lowenheim on 08 Aug 13
     
    "National Institute for Learning Outcomes Assessmen"
Alicia Fernandez

Online Instructional Effort Measured through the Lens of Teaching Presence in the Commu... - 1 views

www.irrodl.org/...1648

Community of Inquiry higher education teaching presence content analysis

shared by Alicia Fernandez on 17 Jun 13 - No Cached
  • The focus of this paper is teaching presence, which has been defined as “the design, facilitation and direction of cognitive and social processes for the purpose of realizing personally meaningful and educationally worthwhile outcomes” (Garrison et al., 2000).
  • Instructor teaching presence is hypothesized to be an indicator of online instructional quality.  Empirical research has supported this view with evidence indicating strong correlations between the quality of teaching presence and student satisfaction and learning (Bangert, 2008; Picciano, 2002; Shea, Pickett, & Pelz, 2003)
  • First, there is a need to revisit two of the original three teaching presence elements.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • The second limitation relates to design and organization (DE).
  • The third limitation relates to the locus of research investigating teaching presence which has been limited largely to threaded discussions.
  • Lastly, a careful review of the original teaching presence indicators developed by Anderson et al. (2001) reveals that they are largely reliant upon the threaded discussion activities of the instructor and thus fall short in identifying and articulating the full range of online collaborative tasks and effort demonstrated by both instructors and students.
  • If students’ perceptions indicate that they place a premium on instructor interaction (Anderson, 2003; Shea et al., 2006) instructors must actively manage students’ expectations about the nature of online learning and the role of the instructor in this process. Online instructors can accomplish this by taking the time to communicate that online courses are not teacher-centered models of learning and by explaining the rationale behind student-to-student interaction in negotiating shared meaning through discourse.
  • These results suggest that students’ teaching presence may have a “floor” threshold level and when the instructor's participation within the threaded discussion drops to zero students attempt to recreate “instructional equilibrium.”
  • When accounting for instructor teaching presence in all areas of a course, we see that there is a certain ebb and flow to teaching presence.
  • restricting analysis of teaching presence to discussion areas may present too narrow a view of individual instructor’s effort. Some instructors may take a strategic approach by participating in early discussions to model how to formulate probing questions and by providing direct feedback with the goal of withdrawing once this scaffolding is completed
  • These results also document a significant correlation between instructional effort reflected in frequency of teaching presence behaviors and learning outcomes evidence through instructor-assigned grades on closely related assignments. 
  • Where does teaching presence occur in online courses? 2. How do instructors employ communicative functionality within the course to   demonstrate teaching presence? 3. In what ways do students demonstrate teaching presence? 4. Does teaching presence shift over time? 5. Does teaching presence correlate with learning outcomes reflected in instructor-assigned grades?
  • In this study we found that the effectiveness of the instructor did not depend on participation within the threaded discussion per se, but that responsiveness and effective interaction with students was carried out through a variety of forums, including the ask-a-question area, email, and other modes of communication.  We suggest that benchmarks for effective interaction be communicated to instructors and that institutions provide training and support for online faculty around teaching presence. 
  • Alicia Fernandez on 15 Jun 14
     
    With more than 4 million students enrolled in online courses in the US alone (Allen & Seaman, 2010), it is now time to inquire into the nature of instructional effort in online environments. Reflecting the community of inquiry (CoI) framework (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000) this paper addresses the following questions: How has instructor teaching presence (Anderson, Rourke, Garrison, & Archer, 2001) traditionally been viewed by researchers? What does productive instructor effort look like in an entire course, not just the main threaded discussion? Results suggest that conventional research approaches, based on quantitative content analysis, fail to account for the majority of teaching presence behaviors and thus may significantly under represent productive online instructional effort.
Joan Erickson

JOLT - Journal of Online Learning and Teaching - 0 views

jolt.merlot.org/...oneal_0309.htm

shared by Joan Erickson on 27 Jun 10 - Cached
  • performance
    • Joan Erickson
      Joan Erickson on 27 Jun 10
       
      This is what I am looking for: performance outcomes
  • A few students indicated it was hard to have discussions when they did not know with whom they were discussing. One student said, “It was weird because I was having this online in-depth discussion with someone I had never seen before, and it felt a little creepy.”
    • Joan Erickson
      Joan Erickson on 27 Jun 10
       
      that's why an ice breaker in the beginning is really important. You get to know each other, so you won't feel creepy
  • In general, the more contact between students and faculty both inside and outside the classroom, the greater the student development and satisfaction
    • Joan Erickson
      Joan Erickson on 27 Jun 10
       
      same as what Alex said
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • problem-solving
  • participation
  • A characteristic of an online course design model includes the reliance of the group discussion
  • one of the most beneficial tools of online learning is the discussion board
  • participation
  • social presence and collaboration
  • interaction and knowledge construction
  • students' satisfaction, participation
  • Is there a difference in the quality of online asynchronous discussions and traditional classroom discussions
  • The online and traditional groups were given the same set of guiding discussion questions
  • the quality of discussion that occurs in online and traditional instruction is similar when specific content-related questions are provided to structure the discussions
Diane Gusa

elearningpost » Articles » Experience-Enabling Design: An approach to elearni... - 0 views

www.elearningpost.com/...n_approach_to_elearning_design

e-learning design experience instructionaldesign Learning education

shared by Diane Gusa on 05 Jul 11 - Cached
    • Diane Gusa
      Diane Gusa on 05 Jul 11
       
      Course evaluations would help here.
    • Diane Gusa
      Diane Gusa on 05 Jul 11
       
      I know it took me some time to find myself around. Some of my activity problems was reflection of problems of "getting aroung" What was intuitive to some was not for me. I wonder if the difference of linear thinking (most adults) and global thinking (me).
    • Diane Gusa
      Diane Gusa on 05 Jul 11
       
      This describes my experience thus far in this course structure.
  • ...16 more annotations...
    • Diane Gusa
      Diane Gusa on 05 Jul 11
       
      Key point and it follows how does the designer then rethink the product base on the learner's mind?
    • Diane Gusa
      Diane Gusa on 05 Jul 11
       
      This course is an experience.
    • Diane Gusa
      Diane Gusa on 05 Jul 11
       
      I wonder if this statement can be translated to social (emotional), teacher (behavioral), and cognitive presence?
  • Experience is a way in which the self relates or connects emotionally to the world. Experiencing something involves a complex set of psychophysical processes: sensation, perception, apperception, cognition, affection, and sometimes conation. Added to this, is the interplay of psychosocial factors like expectations, attitudes, needs, desires, etc.
  • sheer absences of structural orientation cues
  • For elearning to be successful, it needs to be crafted for experience at all the above three levels
  • Creating experience is the art of emotional, behavioral and cognitive engagement with the consumer.
  • She discovered that people who felt good were more curious, better at learning, and were able to come up with creative solutions (Isen, A. M. 1993). The scope of design therefore, should extend beyond functionality to fulfill the need for experience.
  • a designer cannot control the development of expectations in the learners' minds
  • The designer can only control the product
  • Psychologist Alice Isen and her colleagues have shown that positive experiences are critical to learning, curiosity, and creative thought.
  • dded to this, is the confusing maze of open and closed spaces and a gloomy and rugged floor to traverse while finding your way out of the confusion.
  • ease and intuitive way of getting in, moving around and exiting are the experience factors. How do we bridge this gap between layout and experience? Four possible guidelines, which can help a designer ensure outcomes are experienced in an elearning product, are: Embrace experience as an outcome Create a shared language Narrow the gap from idea to outcome Drive constituent parts towards total experience
  • contribution as creating spaces that evoke desired experiences.
  • One needs to cultivate a method of detachment by distancing oneself from the idea in order to evaluate its validity.
  • Establishing geography lets the viewer get the bearings on the topography of the event.
Joan McCabe

NYS Student Learning Objectives - 0 views

engageny.org/...slo-guidance.pdf

assessment strategies SLO

shared by Joan McCabe on 24 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Joan McCabe on 24 Jun 12
     
    New NYS standards for effective teaching, learning, and assessment. Will be required for every subject and grade level in elementary through highschool, except physical education. Back to teachers proving themselves based on the outcomes of students on standardized tests.
b malczyk

PEW Report- - Social networking sites and our lives - 0 views

www.pewinternet.org/...0sites%20and%20our%20lives.pdf

facebook

shared by b malczyk on 01 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • b malczyk on 01 Jun 12
     
    Interesting report on the impact of social networking on peoples lives and "real life" social networks. This survey tends to focus on more positive outcomes of social networking
Joan McCabe

Fostering Communities of Learning in Two Portuguese Pre-School Classrooms Applying the ... - 0 views

www.springerlink.com.libproxy.albany.edu/...fulltext.html

teacher presence student satisfaction community pedagogy classrooms communities

shared by Joan McCabe on 13 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • Joan McCabe on 13 Jul 12
     
    "This study provides evidence on how young children can start to direct their learning plans and take responsibility in responding to their problems through active participation in planning and assessment, and it therefore contributes to our understanding of how ECE classrooms can operate as Communities of Learning. In any Communities of Learning, there is always a dual focus: To empower children as learners, using the concept of learning as change in participation, but also to keep a close and critical eye on what the nature of the change is and its relationship with valuable learning. Edwards (2005) calls it "learning as a resourceful action" and argues that it "allows us to examine the processes of learning as well as the outcomes and to consider how they are pedagogically supported" (p. 58). Her argument for research that highlights the cognitive potential of sociocultural approaches to learning can contribute to the research about Learning Cultures in kindergarten (Hodkinson et al. 2008).
Maria Guadron

Creating Meaningful Assignments | Laurel Felt - 0 views

www.laurelfelt.org/reating-meaningful-assignments

student-centered learning assignments

shared by Maria Guadron on 08 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Maria Guadron on 08 Aug 12
     
    "A meaningful assignment is grounded in a meaningful learning experience overall. We can't just drop a gem of an assignment from on high, when the rest of the course has been stultifying, and expect stellar outcomes. No matter how well-designed the assignment, it has to be embedded in a framework of trust and energized inquiry. "
Lauren D

They're Not Just Big Kids: Motivating Adult Learners - 0 views

frank.mtsu.edu/...22.pdf

adult~learners motivation learning teaching education

shared by Lauren D on 05 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Lauren D on 05 Jun 12
     
    " Children and adults learn for different reasons. Adults are not impressed or motivated by gold stars and good report cards. Instead, they want a learning outcome which can be put to use immediately, in concrete, practical, and self-benefiting terms." "Adults learn best when they use what they already know and integrate new knowledge and skills into this bank of knowledge." "Adult learners in a college classroom can frequently be given more flexibility in determining their assignments, with the understanding that the basic criteria for the assignment must be met" "Few of us consider our college students to be merely an extension of the K-12 group. In addition, those institutional staff and faculty working with training and faculty development need to keep in mind that their patrons or clients are adults and need to be treated as such when they take part in training activities (Thomas)."
Fiona Grady

Formative Assessment Techniques - 0 views

www.youtube.com/watch

formative assessment deep questioning peer evaluation

shared by Fiona Grady on 05 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Fiona Grady on 05 Jun 12
     
    Features Paul Black. I think this is a great video that vividly depicts ways instructors can change the way they interact with pupils to enhance student outcomes.
alexandra m. pickett

School Engagement: Potential of the Concept, State of the Evidence - 0 views

rer.sagepub.com/...59.abstract

engagement

shared by alexandra m. pickett on 14 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • alexandra m. pickett on 14 Jun 12
     
    "The concept of school engagement has attracted increasing attention as representing a possible antidote to declining academic motivation and achievement. Engagement is presumed to be malleable, responsive to contextual features, and amenable to environmental change. Researchers describe behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement and recommend studying engagement as a multifaceted construct. This article reviews definitions, measures, precursors, and outcomes of engagement; discusses limitations in the existing research; and suggests improvements. The authors conclude that, although much has been learned, the potential contribution of the concept of school engagement to research on student experience has yet to be realized. They call for richer characterizations of how students behave, feel, and think-research that could aid in the development of finely tuned interventions "
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