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jacklynn jackson

The 1918 Influenza Pandemic - 4 views

virus.stanford.edu/uda

disease Death influenza History

shared by jacklynn jackson on 08 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • In the fall of 1918 the Great War in Europe was winding down and peace was on the horizon.
  • The Americans had joined in the fight, bringing the Allies closer to victory against the Germans. Deep within the trenches these men lived through some of the most brutal conditions of life, which it seemed could not be any worse. Then, in pockets across the globe, something erupted that seemed as benign as the common cold. The influenza of that season, however, was far more than a cold. In the two years that this scourge ravaged the earth, a fifth of the world's population was infected. The flu was most deadly for people ages 20 to 40. This pattern of morbidity was unusual for influenza which is usually a killer of the elderly and young children. It infected 28% of all Americans (Tice). An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war. Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the influenza virus and not to the enemy (Deseret News). An estimated 43,000 servicemen mobilized for WWI died of influenza (Crosby). 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death and yet of peace. As noted in the Journal of the American Medical Association final edition of 1918:
  • The influenza pandemic circled the globe. Most of humanity felt the effects of this strain of the influenza virus. It spread following the path of its human car
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  • The effect of the influenza epidemic was so severe that the average life span in the US was depressed by 10 years. The influenza virus had a profound virulence, with a mortality rate at 2.5% compared to the previous influenza epidemics, which were less than 0.1%. The death rate for 15 to 34-year-olds of influenza and pneumonia were 20 times higher in 1918 than in previous years (Taubenberger). People were struck with illness on the street and died rapid deaths. One anectode shared of 1918 was of four women playing bridge together late into the night. Overnight, three of the women died from influenza (Hoagg). Others told stories of people on their way to work suddenly developing the flu and dying within hours (Henig). One physician writes that patients with seemingly ordinary influenza would rapidly "develop the most viscous type of pneumonia that has ever been seen" and later when cyanosis appeared in the patients, "it is simply a struggle for air until they suffocate," (Grist, 1979). Another physician recalls that the influenza patients "died struggling to clear their airways of a blood-tinged froth that sometimes gushed from their nose and mouth," (Starr, 1976). The physicians of the time were helpless against this powerful agent of influenza. In 1918 children would skip rope to the rhyme (Crawford):
  • The origins of this influenza variant is not precisely known. It is thought to have originated in China in a rare genetic shift of the influenza virus. The recombination of its surface proteins created a virus novel to almost everyone and a loss of herd immunity. Recently the virus has been reconstructed from the tissue of a dead soldier and is now being genetically characterized. The name of Spanish Flu came from the early affliction and large mortalities in Spain (BMJ,10/19/1918) where it allegedly killed 8 million in May (BMJ, 7/13/1918). However, a first wave of influenza appeared early in the spring of 1918 in Kansas and in military camps throughout the US. Few noticed the epidemic in the midst of the war. Wilson had just given his 14 point address. There was virtually no response or acknowledgment to the epidemics in March and April in the military camps. It was unfortunate that no steps were taken to prepare for the usual recrudescence of the virulent influenza strain in the winter. The lack of action was later criticized when the epidemic could not be ignored in the winter of 1918 (BMJ, 1918). These first epidemics at training camps were a sign of what was coming in greater magnitude in the fall and winter of 1918 to the entire world.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster.
  • The war brought the virus back into the US for the second wave of the epidemic. It first arrived in Boston in September of 1918 through the port busy with war shipments of machinery and supplies. The war also enabled the virus to spread and diffuse. Men across the nation were mobilizing to join the military and the cause. As they came together, they brought the virus with them and to those they contacted. The virus killed almost 200,00 in October of 1918 alone. In November 11 of 1918 the end of the war enabled a resurgence. As people celebrated Armistice Day with parades and large partiess, a complete disaster from the public health standpoint, a rebirth of the epidemic occurred in some cities. The flu that winter was beyond imagination as millions were infected and thousands died. Just as the war had effected the course of influenza, influenza affected the war. Entire fleets were ill with the disease and men on the front were too sick to fight. The flu was devastating to both sides, killing more men than their own weapons could
  • The pandemic affected everyone. With one-quarter of the US and one-fifth of the world infected with the influenza, it was impossible to escape from the illness. Even President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War (Tice). Those who were lucky enough to avoid infection had to deal with the public health ordinances to restrain the spread of the disease. The public health departments distributed gauze masks to be worn in public. Stores could not hold sales, funerals were limited to 15 minutes. Some towns required a signed certificate to enter and railroads would not accept passengers without them. Those who ignored the flu ordinances had to pay steep fines enforced by extra officers (Deseret News). Bodies pilled up as the massive deaths of the epidemic ensued. Besides the lack of health care workers and medical supplies, there was a shortage of coffins, morticians and gravediggers (Knox). The conditions in 1918 were not so far removed from the Black Death in the era of the bubonic plague of the Middle Ages.
  • In 1918-19 this deadly influenza pandemic erupted during the final stages of World War I. Nations were already attempting to deal with the effects and costs of the war. Propaganda campaigns and war restrictions and rations had been implemented by governments. Nationalism pervaded as people accepted government authority. This allowed the public health departments to easily step in and implement their restrictive measures. The war also gave science greater importance as governments relied on scientists, now armed with the new germ theory and the development of antiseptic surgery, to design vaccines and reduce mortalities of disease and battle wounds. Their new technologies could preserve the men on the front and ultimately save the world. These conditions created by World War I, together with the current social attitudes and ideas, led to the relatively calm response of the public and application of scientific ideas. People allowed for strict measures and loss of freedom during the war as they submitted to the needs of the nation ahead of their personal needs. They had accepted the limitations placed with rationing and drafting. The responses of the public health officials reflected the new allegiance to science and the wartime society. The medical and scientific communities had developed new theories and applied them to prevention, diagnostics and treatment of the influenza patients.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
  • The effect of the influenza epidemic was so severe that the average life span in the US was depressed by 10 years.
  • "The 1918 has gone: a year momentous as the termination of the most cruel war in the annals of the human race; a year which marked, the end at least for a time, of man's destruction of man; unfortunately a year in which developed a most fatal infectious disease causing the death of hundreds of thousands of human beings. Medical science for four and one-half years devoted itself to putting men on the firing line and keeping them there. Now it must turn with its whole might to combating the greatest enemy of all--infectious disease," (12/28/1918).
  • I had a little bird, Its name was Enza. I opened the window, And in-flu-enza.
  • riers, along trade routes and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific (Taubenberger). In India the mortality rate was extremely high at around 50 deaths from influenza per 1,000 people (Brown).
  • With the military patients coming home from the war with battle wounds and mustard gas burns, hospital facilities and staff were taxed to the limit. This created a shortage of physicians, especially in the civilian sector as many had been lost for service with the military. Since the medical practitioners were away with the troops, only the medical students were left to care for the sick. Third and forth year classes were closed and the students assigned jobs as interns or nurses (Starr,1976). One article noted that "depletion has been carried to such an extent that the practitioners are brought very near the breaking point," (BMJ, 11/2/1918). The shortage was further confounded by the added loss of physicians to the epidemic. In the U.S., the Red Cross had to recruit more volunteers to contribute to the new cause at home of fighting the influenza epidemic. To respond with the fullest utilization of nurses, volunteers and medical supplies, the Red Cross created a National Committee on Influenza. It was involved in both military and civilian sectors to mobilize all forces to fight Spanish influenza (Crosby, 1989). In some areas of the US, the nursing shortage was so acute that the Red Cross had to ask local businesses to allow workers to have the day off if they volunteer in the hospitals at night (Deseret News). Emergency hospitals were created to take in the patients from the US and those arriving sick from overseas.
  • cord smith on 16 Apr 14
     
    the influenza
  • Cassie Russell on 21 Apr 14
     
    influenza facts  
Madison Groves

yellow fever -- Britannica School - 3 views

school.eb.com/...340948

Yellow fever

shared by Madison Groves on 16 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Paul I. Howell, MPH; Prof. Frank Hadley Collins/Centers for Disease Control and...Paul I. Howell, MPH; Prof. Frank Hadley Collins/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Image Number: 9534)An infectious disease, yellow fever infects humans, all species of monkeys, and certain other small mammals. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans and among humans by several species of mosquitoes. Yellow fever is one of the great epidemic diseases of the tropical world, and in earlier centuries it was one of the great plagues of the New World. At one time the tropical and subtropical regions of
  • After the bite of the infecting mosquito, there is an incubation period of several days while the virus multiplies within the body. The onset of symptoms is then abrupt, with headache, backache, rapidly rising fever, nausea, and vomiting. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) is a common sign in persons and gives rise to the name yellow fever. This acute stage lasts two or three days, after which the patient either begins to recover or gets worse. Death may occur six or seven days after the onset of symptoms.
  • The yellow fever patient’s recovery is long, but, when it does occur, it is complete and is accompanied by a lifelong immunity.
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  • Many persons may experience only a mild infection that lasts a few days.
  • no specific treatment for those with yellow fever beyond good nursing and supportive care.
  • The disease, however, is completely preventable. People can be rendered immune to the virus through vaccination, and outbreaks can be contained by eliminating or controlling mosquito populations.
  • Nevertheless, the disease is still present in tropical Africa and South America, where access to vaccine is sometimes lacking.
  • There is no specific treatment for those with yellow fever beyond good nursing and supportive care. The disease, however, is completely preventable. People can be rendered immune to the virus through vaccination, and outbreaks can be contained by eliminating or controlling mosquito populations. Thanks to such measures, the great yellow fever epidemics of the late 19th and early 20th centuries are no more. Nevertheless, the disease is still present in tropical Africa and South America, where access to vaccine is sometimes lacking
  • An infectious disease, yellow fever infects humans, all species of monkeys, and certain other small mammals. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans and among humans by several species of
  • An infectious disease, yellow fever infects humans, all species of monkeys, and certain other small mammals. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans and among humans by several species of mosquitoes. Yellow fever is one of the great epidemic diseases of the tropical world, and in earlier centuries it was one of the great plagues of the New World. At one time the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas were subjected to devastating epidemics, and serious outbreaks occurred not only as far north as Philadelphia, New York, and Boston but also as far away as Spain, France, England, and Italy.
  • tious disease, yellow fever infects humans, all species of monkeys, and certain other small mammals. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans and among humans by several species of
    • Madison Groves
      Madison Groves on 17 Apr 14
       
      i had no idea it was spread by a mosquito
Summer Rae

Mouse Study Reveals New Clues about Virulence of 1918 Influenza Virus - 1 views

www.niaid.nih.gov/...1918mouse.aspx

mouse study influenza reveals virus Disease

shared by Summer Rae on 18 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • The first comprehensive analysis of an animal’s immune response to the 1918 influenza virus provides new insights into the killer flu, report federally supported scientists in an article appearing online today in the journal Nature. Key among these insights, they found that the 1918 virus triggers a hyperactive immune response that may contribute to the lethality of the virus.  Furthermore, their results suggest that it is the combination of all eight of the 1918 flu virus genes interacting synergistically that accounts for the exceptional virulence of this virus.
  • Summer Rae on 18 Apr 14
     
    About how Influenza could have been spread by rats.
Darien Fuller

influenza pandemic of 1918-19 -- Encyclopedia Britannica - 0 views

www.britannica.com/...influenza-pandemic-of-1918-19

influenza pandemic encyclopedia history Disease death

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  • influenza pandemic of 1918–19, also called Spanish influenza pandemic or Spanish flu,  the most severe influenza outbreak of the 20th century and, in terms of total numbers of deaths, among the most devastating pandemics in human history.
  • Influenza is caused by a virus that is transmitted from person to person through airborne respiratory secretions. An outbreak can occur if a new strain of influenza virus emerges against which the population has no immunity. The influenza pandemic of 1918–19 resulted from such an occurrence and affected populations throughout the world. An influenza virus called influenza type A subtype H1N1 is now known to have been the cause of the extreme mortality of this pandemic, which resulted in an estimated 25 million deaths, though some researchers have projected that it caused as many as 40–50 million deaths.
  • The pandemic occurred in three waves. The first apparently originated during World War I in Camp Funsto
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  • n, Kansas, U.S., in early March 1918. American troops that arrived in western Europe in April are thought to have brought the virus with them, and by July it had spread to Poland. The first wave of influenza was comparatively mild; however, during the summer a more lethal type of disease was recognized, and this form fully emerged in August 1918. Pneumonia often developed quickly, with death usually coming two days after the first indications of the flu. For example, at Camp Devens, Massachusetts, U.S., six days after the first case of influenza was reported, there were 6,674 cases. The third wave of the pandemic occurred in the following winter, and by the spring the virus had run its course. In the two later waves about half the deaths were among 20- to 40-year-olds, an unusual mortality age pattern for influenza.
  • Outbreaks of the flu occurred in nearly every inhabited part of the world, first in ports, then spreading from city to city along the main transportation routes. India is believed to have suffered at least 12,500,000 deaths during the pandemic, and the disease reached distant islands in the South Pacific, including New Zealand and Samoa. In the United States about 550,000 people died. Altogether an estimated 25,000,000 persons throughout the world perished, most during the brutal second and third waves. Other outbreaks of Spanish influenza occurred in the 1920s, but with declining virulence
Darien Fuller

Different Types of Flu: Types A, B, C, and Bird Flu - 0 views

www.webmd.com/...d-reading-types-of-flu-viruses

types flu disease influenza History plague

shared by Darien Fuller on 21 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • What Are the Different Types of Flu?There are three types of flu viruses: A, B, and C. Type A and B cause the annual influenza epidemics that have up to 20% of the population sniffling, aching, coughing, and running high fevers. Type C also causes flu; however, type C flu symptoms are much less severe.The flu is linked to between 3,000 and 49,000 deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. The seasonal flu vaccine was created to try to avert these epidemics.
  • What Is Type A Flu Virus?Type A flu or influenza A viruses are capable of infecting animals, although it is more common for people to suffer the ailments associated with this type of flu. Wild birds commonly act as the hosts for this flu virus.Type A flu virus is constantly changing and is generally responsible for the large flu epidemics. The influenza A2 virus (and other variants of influenza) is spread by people who are already infected. The most common flu hot spots are those surfaces that an infected person has touched and rooms where he has been recently, especially areas where he has been sneezing.
  • What Is Type B Flu Virus?Unlike type A flu viruses, type B flu is found only in humans. Type B flu may cause a less severe reaction than type A flu virus, but occasionally, type B flu can still be extremely harmful. Influenza type B viruses are not classified by subtype and do not cause pandemics.
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  • How Is Type C Flu Virus Different From the Others?Influenza C viruses are also found in people. They are, however, milder than either type A or B. People generally do not become very ill from the influenza type C viruses. Type C flu viruses do not cause epidemics.
  • Darien Fuller on 21 Apr 14
     
    different types of flu
jaxson dillard

CDC - Transmission - Yellow Fever - 0 views

www.cdc.gov/...index.html

fever yellow

shared by jaxson dillard on 16 Apr 14 - No Cached
    • jaxson dillard
      jaxson dillard on 16 Apr 14
       
      this is the transmission of the disease 
  • Yellow fever virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus. It is related to West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Yellow fever virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected Aedes or Haemagogus species mosquitoes. Mosquitoes acquire the virus by feeding on infected primates (human or non-human) and then can transmit the virus to other primates (human or non-human). Humans infected with yellow fever virus are infectious to mosquitoes shortly before the onset of fever and for 3–5 days after onset.
ryan wade

Smallpox - 1 views

www.webmd.com/...smallpox-causes-treatment

smallpox disease

shared by ryan wade on 21 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Smallpox is a potentially deadly infectious disease, now eradicated worldwide after successful global immunization programs. Over the centuries before being eliminated, smallpox devastated populations worldwide.
  • What Causes Smallpox: The Variola Virus Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. There are two forms of this virus. The more dangerous form, variola major, caused smallpox disease that was fatal for about 30% of people infected. A virus called variola minor caused a less deadly form of smallpox, with a fatality rate of about 1%. 
  • How Smallpox Is Spread Smallpox disease is highly contagious. It spreads from person to person primarily by breathing in the virus, which is transmitted in saliva, during close, face-to-face contact with an infected person.
  • katelyn dunn on 21 Apr 14
     
    this website is how smallpoxs spread, what causes it, and the symptoms of smallpoxs
presley spoonemore

influenza -- Britannica School - 0 views

school.eb.com/...311807

influenza treatment history

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    • Summer Rae
      Summer Rae on 16 Apr 14
       
      Influenza of 1918
  • A viral infection of the respiratory passages known as influenza, or flu, may be accompanied by symptoms of fever, chills, headache, muscle ache, sore throat, and weakness. It is spread by breathing airborne droplets infected with one of three influenza viruses—A, B, or C. The incubation period is two to three days. In general, type A is more debilitating than type B, and type B more than type C. Since type C causes only minor illness, it is sometimes mistaken for a common cold. A person who has type C virus becomes immunized against type C for life. A person infected with a strain of type A or type B becomes immune to that strain but is still susceptible to infection with new strains of the virus. New forms of the type A virus arise throughout the world.
  • Since influenza is caused by a virus, the infection must run its course, usually lasting seven to ten days. Treatment includes bed rest, drinking fluids, and the use of pain relievers. Antibiotics may be used against secondary bacterial infection. The most effective preventive measure against influenza is vaccination. At the start of each year’s influenza season, vaccines of the various strains of type A and B viruses expected to be in circulation that season are available. The vaccine’s success rate is about 60 to 70 percent, and immunity is short-lived
jace givens

WHO | Yellow fever - 0 views

www.who.int/...en

signs and symptoms of Yellow fever

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  • Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" in the name refers to the jaundice that affects some patients. Up to 50% of severely affected persons without treatment will die from yellow fever. There are an estimated 200 000 cases of yellow fever, causing 30 000 deaths, worldwide each year, with 90% occurring in Africa. The virus is endemic in tropical areas of Africa and Latin America, with a combined population of over 900 million people. The number of yellow fever cases has increased over the past two decades due to declining population immunity to infection, deforestation, urbanization, population movements and climate change. There is no specific treatment for yellow fever. Treatment is symptomatic, aimed at reducing the symptoms for the comfort of the patient. Vaccination is the most important preventive measure against yellow fever. The vaccine is safe, affordable and highly effective, and a single dose of yellow fever vaccine is sufficient to confer sustained immunity and life-long protection against yellow fever disease and a booster dose of yellow fever vaccine is not needed. The vaccine provides effective immunity within 30 days for 99% of persons vaccinated.
    • jaxson dillard
      jaxson dillard on 18 Apr 14
       
      key facts of the yellow fever
  • WHO response WHO is the Secretariat for the International Coordinating Group for Yellow Fever Vaccine Provision (ICG). The ICG maintains an emergency stockpile of yellow fever vaccines to ensure rapid response to outbreaks in high risk countries. The Yellow Fever Initiative is a preventive control strategy of vaccination led by WHO and supported by UNICEF and National Governments, with a particular focus on most high endemic countries in Africa where the disease is most prominent. The Initiative recommends including yellow fever vaccines in routine infant immunizations (starting at age 9 months), implementing mass vaccination campaigns in high-risk areas for people in all age groups aged 9 months and older, and maintaining surveillance and outbreak response capacity. Between 2007 and 2012, 12 countries have completed preventive yellow fever vaccination campaigns: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The Yellow Fever Initiative is financially supported by the GAVI Alliance, the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO), the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), the Ministries of Health, and the country-level partners.
    • jaxson dillard
      jaxson dillard on 21 Apr 14
       
      the response of yellow fever
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  • However, 15% of patients enter a second, more toxic phase within 24 hours of the initial remission. High fever returns and several body systems are affected. The patient rapidly develops jaundice and complains of abdominal pain with vomiting. Bleeding can occur from the mouth, nose, eyes or stomach. Once this happens, blood appears in the vomit and faeces. Kidney function deteriorates. Half of the patients who enter the toxic phase die within 10 to 14 days, the rest recover without significant organ damage.
  • Once contracted, the virus incubates in the body for 3 to 6 days, followed by infection that can occur in one or two phases. The first, "acute", phase usually causes fever, muscle pain with prominent backache, headache, shivers, loss of appetite, and nausea or vomiting. Most patients improve and their symptoms disappear after 3 to 4 days.
  • Yellow fever is difficult to diagnose, especially during the early stages. It can be confused with severe malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis, viral hepatitis (especially the fulminating forms of hepatitis B and D), other hemorrhagic fevers (Bolivian, Argentine, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fevers and others flavivirus as West Nile, Zika virus etc) and other diseases, as well as poisoning. Blood tests can detect yellow fever antibodies produced in response to the infection. Several other techniques are used to identify the virus in blood specimens or liver tissue collected after death. These tests require highly trained laboratory staff and specialized equipment and materials.
  • jace givens on 21 Apr 14
     
    signs and symptoms of the yellow fever
katelyn dunn

How does smallpox spread? - 1 views

www.iaff.org/...How_does_smallpox_spread.htm

shared by katelyn dunn on 21 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • How does smallpox spread?
  • A person with the smallpox disease is only contagious through spread of the fluids from the rashes or pustules A small circumscribed elevation of the skin containing pus and having an inflamed base. that develop as a result of the disease. Direct contact with infected skin can transmit the virus. However, the first locations lesions An abnormal change in structure of an organ or part due to injury or disease; especially one that is circumscribed and well defined. appear are typically inside the mouth. Therefore, coughing, sneezing, speaking and even breathing can spread the virus through saliva droplets expelled from the mouth. As a result, the greatest risk comes from prolonged face-to-face contact (6 feet or less, most often after 1 or more hours), with an infected person. This is particularly troubling for emergency workers because the patient may present with nothing more than a fever and sores inside their mouth that the emergency worker may or may not detect.
  • Animals and insects do not carry or transmit smallpox disease and smallpox is not spread by food or water.
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  • Indirect contact is less efficient at spreading the virus, but can still occur via fine-particle aerosols or inanimate objects carrying the virus. Spread by contact with inanimate objects (e.g., clothing, towels, linens) would be less common, but possible. Special precautions need to be taken to thoroughly clean all bedding and clothing of smallpox patients with bleach and hot water. Disinfectants such as household bleach or hospital-approved quaternary ammonia disinfectants can be used for cleaning contaminated surfaces.
    • katelyn dunn
      katelyn dunn on 28 Apr 14
       
      the smallpox spreading
Darien Fuller

About Pandemics | Flu.gov - 1 views

www.flu.gov/about

influenza Disease Characteristics

shared by Darien Fuller on 16 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Rapid Worldwide SpreadWhen a pandemic flu virus emerges, expect it to spread around the world.You should prepare for a pandemic flu as if the entire world population is susceptible.Countries may try to delay the pandemic flu’s arrival through border closings and travel restrictions, but they cannot stop it.Overloaded Health Care Systems
  • Most people have little or no immunity to a pandemic virus. Infection and illness rates soar. A substantial percentage of the world’s population will require some form of medical care.Nations are unlikely to have the staff, facilities, equipment, and hospital beds needed to cope with the number of people who get the pandemic flu.Death rates may be high. Four factors largely determine the death toll:The number of people who become infectedThe strength of the virusThe underlying characteristics and vulnerability of affected populationsThe effectiveness of preventive measures 
jace givens

CDC - Yellow Fever - 1 views

www.cdc.gov/yellowfever

fever cdc

shared by jace givens on 16 Apr 14 - No Cached
    • jaxson dillard
      jaxson dillard on 16 Apr 14
       
      good info
  • Yellow fever virus is found in tropical and subtropical areas in South America and Africa. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.
    • jace givens
      jace givens on 30 Apr 14
       
      VERY HELPFUL!!!!!!
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  • Yellow fever is a very rare cause of illness in U.S. travelers. Illness ranges in severity from a self-limited febrile illness to severe liver disease with bleeding. Yellow fever disease is diagnosed based on symptoms, physical findings, laboratory testing, and travel history, including the possibility of exposure to infected mosquitoes. There is no specific treatment for yellow fever; care is based on symptoms. Steps to prevent yellow fever virus infection include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and getting vaccinated.
  • jace givens on 30 Apr 14
     
    prevention fro yellow fever
Madison Groves

WHO | Yellow fever - 2 views

www.who.int/...en

Yellow fever

shared by Madison Groves on 18 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Yellow fever
  • Yellow fever (YF) is a viral haemorrhagic fever transmitted by infected mosquitoes. Yellow fever can be recognized from historic texts stretching back 400 years. Infection causes a wide spectrum of disease, from mild symptoms to severe illness and death. The "yellow" in the name is explained by the jaundice that affects some patients, causing yellow eyes and yellow skin. There are three types of transmission cycle: sylvatic, intermediate and urban. All three cycles exist in Africa, but in South America, only sylvatic and urban yellow fever occur.
  • Sylvatic (or jungle) yellow fever occurs in tropical rainforests where monkeys, infected by sylvatic mosquitoes, pass the virus onto other mosquitoes that feed on them; these mosquitoes, in turn bite and infect humans entering the forest. This produces sporadic cases, the majority of which are often young men working in the forest e.g. logging. The intermediate cycle of yellow fever transmission occurs in humid or semi-humid savannahs of Africa, and can produce small-scale epidemics in rural villages. Semi-domestic mosquitoes infect both monkey and human hosts and increased contact between man and infected mosquito leads to disease. This is the most common type of outbreak seen in recent decades in Africa. Urban yellow fever results in large explosive epidemics when travellers from rural areas introduce the virus into areas with high human population density. Domestic mosquitoes, most notably Aedes aegypti, carry the virus from person to person. These outbreaks tend to spread outwards from one source to cover a wide area. Yellow fever can be prevented by vaccination. In order to protect people living in areas at high risk of yellow fever transmission, WHO's dual strategy for prevention of yellow fever epidemics relies on preventive mass immunization campaigns followed by infant routine immunization. Yellow fever causes epidemics that can affect 20% of the population. When epidemics occur in unvaccinated populations, case-fatality rates may exceed 50%. No treatment beyond supportive care exists. For more information
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  • WHO fact sheet Disease Outbreak News: yellow fever International travel and health: yellow fever International Health Regulations (IHR)
  • Caden Lewis on 18 Apr 14
     
    Some Good facts on how Yellow Fever is spread.
  • Madison Groves on 21 Apr 14
     
    yellow fever
Chance Brown

Epidemics of the Past: Smallpox: 12,000 Years of Terror | Infoplease.com - 0 views

www.infoplease.com/...allpox-12000-years-terror.html

smallpox History

shared by Chance Brown on 21 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Athens was the only Greek city hit by the epidemic, but Rome and several Egyptian cities were affected. Smallpox then traveled along the trade routes from Carthage.
  • The idea of intentionally inoculating healthy people to protect them against smallpox dates back to China in the sixth century. Chinese physicians ground dried scabs from smallpox victims along with musk and applied the mixture to the noses of healthy people.
  • The global campaign against smallpox ended in 1979 just two years after Maalin's case. Two additional cases of smallpox occurred in Birmingham, England, in 1978, after the virus escaped from a laboratory. There has not been a case reported in more than 25 years.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • The incubation period for smallpox is 8 to 17 days, with people usually getting sick 10 to 12 days after infection. Symptoms start with malaise, fever, rigors, vomiting, headache, and backache. The trademark smallpox rash appears after two to four days, first on the face and arms and later on the legs, quickly progressing to red spots, called papules and eventually to large blisters, called pustular vesicles, which are more abundant on the arms and face. Although full-blown smallpox is unique and easy to identify, earlier stages of the rash could be mistaken for chickenpox. When fatal, death occurs within the first or second week of the illness.
  • Several years ago, Ken Alibek, a former deputy director of the Soviet Union's civilian bioweapons program, indicated that the former Soviet government had developed a program to produce smallpox virus in large quantities and adapt it for use in bombs and intercontinental ballistic missiles.
  • By international agreement, the main stores of smallpox virus from the Cold War superpowers are kept securely at the CDC's headquarters in Atlanta and at a similar institute in Moscow.
  • Chance Brown on 21 Apr 14
     
    good information about smallpox
Gage DuVall

Yellow fever and Max Theiler: the only Nobel Prize for a virus vaccine - 0 views

jem.rupress.org/...2779.full

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  • In 1951, Max Theiler of the Rockefeller Foundation received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of an effective vaccine against yellow fever—a discovery first reported in the JEM 70 years ago. This was the first, and so far the only, Nobel Prize given for the development of a virus vaccine. Recently released Nobel archives now reveal how the advances in the yellow fever vaccine field were evaluated more than 50 years ago, and how this led to a prize for Max Theiler.
  • In 1951, Max Theiler of the Rockefeller Foundation received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of an effective vaccine against yellow fever—a discovery first reported in the JEM 70 years ago. This was the first, and so far the only, Nobel Prize given for the development of a virus vaccine. Recently released Nobel archives now reveal how the advances in the yellow fever vaccine field were evaluated more than 50 years ago, and how this led to a prize for Max Theiler.
  • Gage DuVall on 28 Apr 14
     
    Who invented a vaccine for yellow fever
Bethany Carter

yellow fever -- Britannica School - 0 views

school.eb.co.uk/...340948

yellow fever

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  • An infectious disease, yellow fever infects humans, all species of monkeys, and certain other small mammals. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans and among humans by several species of mosquitoes. Yellow fever is one of the great epidemic diseases of the tropical world, and in earlier centuries it was one of the great plagues of the New World. At one time the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas were subjected to devastating epidemics, and serious outbreaks occurred not only as far north as Philadelphia, New York, and Boston but also as far away as Spain, France, England, and Italy.
  • An infectious disease, yellow fever infects humans, all species of monkeys, and certain other small mammals. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans and among humans by several species of mosquitoes.
  • Bethany Carter on 17 Apr 14
     
    Yellow Fever Article
Dylan Zachary

WHO | Smallpox - 0 views

www.who.int/...en

smallpox disease

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  • Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by Variola virus, a memb
  • Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by Variola virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family.
  • Smallpox was officially declared eradicated in 1979.
  • Chance Brown on 16 Apr 14
     
    Great source for smallpox
katelyn dunn

Smallpox Definition - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic - 0 views

www.mayoclinic.org/...con-20022769

smallpox definition conditions mayo clinic

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  • Smallpox is a contagious, disfiguring and often deadly disease that has affected humans for thousands of years. Naturally occurring smallpox was eradicated worldwide by 1980 — the result of an unprecedented global immunization campaign. Stockpiles of smallpox virus have been kept for research purposes. This has led to concerns that smallpox could someday be used as a biological warfare agent. There's no treatment or cure for smallpox. A vaccine can prevent smallpox, but the risk of the vaccine's side effects is too high to currently justify routine vaccination for people at low risk of exposure to the smallpox virus.
  • katelyn dunn on 21 Apr 14
     
    this has the definition, and the symptoms..this is a great web source !!!
katelyn dunn

smallpox -- Britannica School - 0 views

school.eb.com/...313580

Spreading Smallpox

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  • Smallpox is spread by inhaling saliva or mucus droplets from an infected individual. After about 7 to 17 days, flulike symptoms begin; these include high fever, body aches, and fatigue. Within a few days a body rash develops that quickly evolves into pus-filled blisters, or pustules. By the second week the pustules form crusts, which dry out and turn into scabs. After a week or so the scabs fall off, leaving deep and often disfiguring scars. The mortality rate of smallpox is very high—up to 30 percent of its victims die from the disease. Those who do not die may suffer from complications of the disease, which include blindness, pneumonia, and kidney damage. No adequate treatment is available to fight the virus, though antibiotics may be prescribed to hinder secondary bacterial infections. The virus is remarkably stable and can exist in the environment and on bedding and clothing for extended periods of time.
    • Maddie Luna
      Maddie Luna on 16 Apr 14
       
      This is how you get infected with small pox
    • Maddie Luna
      Maddie Luna on 16 Apr 14
       
      This is also how it spreads
    • katelyn dunn
      katelyn dunn on 17 Apr 14
       
      this how it happens, and what it does
    • Chance Brown
      Chance Brown on 17 Apr 14
       
      some important people who died of smallpox
  • Large outbreaks of smallpox have occurred throughout history, affecting individuals from all walks of life. Smallpox was responsible for the deaths of Queen Mary II of England, Emperor Joseph I of Austria, King Luis I of Spain, Tsar Peter II of Russia, Queen Ulrika Elenora of Sweden, and King Louis XV of France. Although the vaccine discovered by Jenner in 1796 was effective, it was not used consistently; by the 1950s, roughly 50 million cases of smallpox still occurred worldwide each year.
  • katelyn dunn on 17 Apr 14
     
    This is a good source to know how smallpox spreads.
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