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Darien Fuller

Different Types of Flu: Types A, B, C, and Bird Flu - 0 views

www.webmd.com/...d-reading-types-of-flu-viruses

types flu disease influenza History plague

shared by Darien Fuller on 21 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • What Are the Different Types of Flu?There are three types of flu viruses: A, B, and C. Type A and B cause the annual influenza epidemics that have up to 20% of the population sniffling, aching, coughing, and running high fevers. Type C also causes flu; however, type C flu symptoms are much less severe.The flu is linked to between 3,000 and 49,000 deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. The seasonal flu vaccine was created to try to avert these epidemics.
  • What Is Type A Flu Virus?Type A flu or influenza A viruses are capable of infecting animals, although it is more common for people to suffer the ailments associated with this type of flu. Wild birds commonly act as the hosts for this flu virus.Type A flu virus is constantly changing and is generally responsible for the large flu epidemics. The influenza A2 virus (and other variants of influenza) is spread by people who are already infected. The most common flu hot spots are those surfaces that an infected person has touched and rooms where he has been recently, especially areas where he has been sneezing.
  • What Is Type B Flu Virus?Unlike type A flu viruses, type B flu is found only in humans. Type B flu may cause a less severe reaction than type A flu virus, but occasionally, type B flu can still be extremely harmful. Influenza type B viruses are not classified by subtype and do not cause pandemics.
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  • How Is Type C Flu Virus Different From the Others?Influenza C viruses are also found in people. They are, however, milder than either type A or B. People generally do not become very ill from the influenza type C viruses. Type C flu viruses do not cause epidemics.
  • Darien Fuller on 21 Apr 14
     
    different types of flu
jacklynn jackson

The 1918 Influenza Pandemic - 4 views

virus.stanford.edu/uda

disease Death influenza History

shared by jacklynn jackson on 08 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • In the fall of 1918 the Great War in Europe was winding down and peace was on the horizon.
  • The Americans had joined in the fight, bringing the Allies closer to victory against the Germans. Deep within the trenches these men lived through some of the most brutal conditions of life, which it seemed could not be any worse. Then, in pockets across the globe, something erupted that seemed as benign as the common cold. The influenza of that season, however, was far more than a cold. In the two years that this scourge ravaged the earth, a fifth of the world's population was infected. The flu was most deadly for people ages 20 to 40. This pattern of morbidity was unusual for influenza which is usually a killer of the elderly and young children. It infected 28% of all Americans (Tice). An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war. Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the influenza virus and not to the enemy (Deseret News). An estimated 43,000 servicemen mobilized for WWI died of influenza (Crosby). 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death and yet of peace. As noted in the Journal of the American Medical Association final edition of 1918:
  • The influenza pandemic circled the globe. Most of humanity felt the effects of this strain of the influenza virus. It spread following the path of its human car
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  • The effect of the influenza epidemic was so severe that the average life span in the US was depressed by 10 years. The influenza virus had a profound virulence, with a mortality rate at 2.5% compared to the previous influenza epidemics, which were less than 0.1%. The death rate for 15 to 34-year-olds of influenza and pneumonia were 20 times higher in 1918 than in previous years (Taubenberger). People were struck with illness on the street and died rapid deaths. One anectode shared of 1918 was of four women playing bridge together late into the night. Overnight, three of the women died from influenza (Hoagg). Others told stories of people on their way to work suddenly developing the flu and dying within hours (Henig). One physician writes that patients with seemingly ordinary influenza would rapidly "develop the most viscous type of pneumonia that has ever been seen" and later when cyanosis appeared in the patients, "it is simply a struggle for air until they suffocate," (Grist, 1979). Another physician recalls that the influenza patients "died struggling to clear their airways of a blood-tinged froth that sometimes gushed from their nose and mouth," (Starr, 1976). The physicians of the time were helpless against this powerful agent of influenza. In 1918 children would skip rope to the rhyme (Crawford):
  • The origins of this influenza variant is not precisely known. It is thought to have originated in China in a rare genetic shift of the influenza virus. The recombination of its surface proteins created a virus novel to almost everyone and a loss of herd immunity. Recently the virus has been reconstructed from the tissue of a dead soldier and is now being genetically characterized. The name of Spanish Flu came from the early affliction and large mortalities in Spain (BMJ,10/19/1918) where it allegedly killed 8 million in May (BMJ, 7/13/1918). However, a first wave of influenza appeared early in the spring of 1918 in Kansas and in military camps throughout the US. Few noticed the epidemic in the midst of the war. Wilson had just given his 14 point address. There was virtually no response or acknowledgment to the epidemics in March and April in the military camps. It was unfortunate that no steps were taken to prepare for the usual recrudescence of the virulent influenza strain in the winter. The lack of action was later criticized when the epidemic could not be ignored in the winter of 1918 (BMJ, 1918). These first epidemics at training camps were a sign of what was coming in greater magnitude in the fall and winter of 1918 to the entire world.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster.
  • The war brought the virus back into the US for the second wave of the epidemic. It first arrived in Boston in September of 1918 through the port busy with war shipments of machinery and supplies. The war also enabled the virus to spread and diffuse. Men across the nation were mobilizing to join the military and the cause. As they came together, they brought the virus with them and to those they contacted. The virus killed almost 200,00 in October of 1918 alone. In November 11 of 1918 the end of the war enabled a resurgence. As people celebrated Armistice Day with parades and large partiess, a complete disaster from the public health standpoint, a rebirth of the epidemic occurred in some cities. The flu that winter was beyond imagination as millions were infected and thousands died. Just as the war had effected the course of influenza, influenza affected the war. Entire fleets were ill with the disease and men on the front were too sick to fight. The flu was devastating to both sides, killing more men than their own weapons could
  • The pandemic affected everyone. With one-quarter of the US and one-fifth of the world infected with the influenza, it was impossible to escape from the illness. Even President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War (Tice). Those who were lucky enough to avoid infection had to deal with the public health ordinances to restrain the spread of the disease. The public health departments distributed gauze masks to be worn in public. Stores could not hold sales, funerals were limited to 15 minutes. Some towns required a signed certificate to enter and railroads would not accept passengers without them. Those who ignored the flu ordinances had to pay steep fines enforced by extra officers (Deseret News). Bodies pilled up as the massive deaths of the epidemic ensued. Besides the lack of health care workers and medical supplies, there was a shortage of coffins, morticians and gravediggers (Knox). The conditions in 1918 were not so far removed from the Black Death in the era of the bubonic plague of the Middle Ages.
  • In 1918-19 this deadly influenza pandemic erupted during the final stages of World War I. Nations were already attempting to deal with the effects and costs of the war. Propaganda campaigns and war restrictions and rations had been implemented by governments. Nationalism pervaded as people accepted government authority. This allowed the public health departments to easily step in and implement their restrictive measures. The war also gave science greater importance as governments relied on scientists, now armed with the new germ theory and the development of antiseptic surgery, to design vaccines and reduce mortalities of disease and battle wounds. Their new technologies could preserve the men on the front and ultimately save the world. These conditions created by World War I, together with the current social attitudes and ideas, led to the relatively calm response of the public and application of scientific ideas. People allowed for strict measures and loss of freedom during the war as they submitted to the needs of the nation ahead of their personal needs. They had accepted the limitations placed with rationing and drafting. The responses of the public health officials reflected the new allegiance to science and the wartime society. The medical and scientific communities had developed new theories and applied them to prevention, diagnostics and treatment of the influenza patients.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
  • The effect of the influenza epidemic was so severe that the average life span in the US was depressed by 10 years.
  • "The 1918 has gone: a year momentous as the termination of the most cruel war in the annals of the human race; a year which marked, the end at least for a time, of man's destruction of man; unfortunately a year in which developed a most fatal infectious disease causing the death of hundreds of thousands of human beings. Medical science for four and one-half years devoted itself to putting men on the firing line and keeping them there. Now it must turn with its whole might to combating the greatest enemy of all--infectious disease," (12/28/1918).
  • I had a little bird, Its name was Enza. I opened the window, And in-flu-enza.
  • riers, along trade routes and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific (Taubenberger). In India the mortality rate was extremely high at around 50 deaths from influenza per 1,000 people (Brown).
  • With the military patients coming home from the war with battle wounds and mustard gas burns, hospital facilities and staff were taxed to the limit. This created a shortage of physicians, especially in the civilian sector as many had been lost for service with the military. Since the medical practitioners were away with the troops, only the medical students were left to care for the sick. Third and forth year classes were closed and the students assigned jobs as interns or nurses (Starr,1976). One article noted that "depletion has been carried to such an extent that the practitioners are brought very near the breaking point," (BMJ, 11/2/1918). The shortage was further confounded by the added loss of physicians to the epidemic. In the U.S., the Red Cross had to recruit more volunteers to contribute to the new cause at home of fighting the influenza epidemic. To respond with the fullest utilization of nurses, volunteers and medical supplies, the Red Cross created a National Committee on Influenza. It was involved in both military and civilian sectors to mobilize all forces to fight Spanish influenza (Crosby, 1989). In some areas of the US, the nursing shortage was so acute that the Red Cross had to ask local businesses to allow workers to have the day off if they volunteer in the hospitals at night (Deseret News). Emergency hospitals were created to take in the patients from the US and those arriving sick from overseas.
  • cord smith on 16 Apr 14
     
    the influenza
  • Cassie Russell on 21 Apr 14
     
    influenza facts  
Adam Bell

Spanish flu mystery: Why don't scientists understand the 1918 flu even after digging up... - 1 views

www.slate.com/...d_the_1918_flu_even_after.html

history fever influenza disease death plague

shared by Adam Bell on 21 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Ninety-five years ago in the little town of Brevig Mission, Alaska, a deadly new virus called Spanish influenza struck quickly and brutally. It killed 90 percent of the town’s Inuit population, leaving scores of corpses that few survivors were willing to touch.
  • The miners arrived in Brevig Mission shortly after the medical calamity, tossed the victims into a pit two meters deep, and covered them with permafrost.
  • The flu victims remained untouched until 1951, when a team of scientists dug up the bodies, cracked open four cadavers’ rib cages, scooped out chunks of their lungs, and studied the tissue in a lab.
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  • Spanish influenza killed about 50 million people (estimates vary), including 675,000 in the United States, and up to 40 percent of the world’s population was stricken with the flu.
  • Nearly 50 years later, scientists dug up another victim from the same site, this time a better preserved, mostly frozen, obese woman, and successfully extracted viral RNA. In 2005, a team of scientists finally completed the project, sequencing the full genome of the viral RNA. But they still don’t know exactly why it caused the Spanish flu pandemic.   
  • Horrifying as the flu was, its reign of terror was mercifully brief: By late 1919, the flu had largely disappeared. Although its survivors and their children faced lifelong health problems, those dark years were largely struck from cultural memory.
  • Scientists, however, never forgot the mysterious pandemic, and research into the 1918 flu experienced something of a renaissance in recent years. In addition to the exhumed Inuit, scientists have studied the organs of flu-suffering soldiers, including a long-forgotten piece of lung tissue stored at a military pathology institute in Washington.
Darien Fuller

Flu Facts - INFLUENZA 1918-1919 - 2 views

influenza1918.weebly.com/flu-facts.html

facts flu disease plague influenza History

shared by Darien Fuller on 21 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Characteristics 1) Start Suddenly 2) Spread Rapidly 3) People of all ages are affected4) Many people become ill5) The attack rate and death rate is high
    • Darien Fuller
      Darien Fuller on 21 Apr 14
       
      what to look for the influenza
  • The 1918 Influenza causes twenty to forty million deaths worldwide. More than one half of the casualties from World War I were from the flu.The Flu infected 25% of United States troops during the war killing more than one million men, according to War Department records. The Flu caused 500,000 deaths in the United States. In the States alone, 25 million people became ill. Twenty Four out of Thirty Six military camps in the United States experienced an influenza outbreak. Thirty of the Fifty largest cities suffered from an "excess mortality" from the influenza
  • This flu virus had a high attack and mortality rate among young adults ages twenty to fifty and created a "W" shaped mortality curve as the youngest and eldest portions of the populations were at the extremes and young adults were the bulk of those infected. One of the major concerns with this strain of the influenza virus was that it caused pneumonia. The body's defenses are severely weakened which makes bacteria easier to invade and cause secondary complications.   
presley spoonemore

1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic -- The Spanish Flu That Killed Millions in 1918 - 0 views

history1900s.about.com/...spanishflu.htm

spanish flu pandemic killed millions disease death plague

shared by presley spoonemore on 16 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • three waves, the Spanish flu spread quickly, killing an estimated 50 million to 100 million people around the world. Dates: March 1918 to spring 1919
  • This new, deadlier flu acted very strangely; it seemed to target the young and healthy, being particularly deadly to 20 to 35 year olds. This deadly flu spread quickly around the world, infecting hundreds of millions of people and killing upwards of 5 percent of the world's population.
  • Adam Bell on 16 Apr 14
     
    lost of people.
Summer Rae

1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say - 0 views

news.nationalgeographic.com/...rigins-pandemic-science-health

flu influenza

shared by Summer Rae on 16 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • The global flu outbreak of 1918 killed 50 million people worldwide, ranking as one of the deadliest epidemics in history.
  • The deadly "Spanish flu" claimed more lives than World War I, which ended the same year the pandemic struck. Now, new research is placing the flu's emergence in a forgotten episode of World War I: the shipment of Chinese laborers across Canada in sealed train cars.
  • The 1918 flu pandemic struck in three waves across the globe, starting in the spring of that year, and is tied to a strain of H1N1 influenza ancestral to ones still virulent today.
Darien Fuller

About Pandemics | Flu.gov - 1 views

www.flu.gov/about

influenza Disease Characteristics

shared by Darien Fuller on 16 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Rapid Worldwide SpreadWhen a pandemic flu virus emerges, expect it to spread around the world.You should prepare for a pandemic flu as if the entire world population is susceptible.Countries may try to delay the pandemic flu’s arrival through border closings and travel restrictions, but they cannot stop it.Overloaded Health Care Systems
  • Most people have little or no immunity to a pandemic virus. Infection and illness rates soar. A substantial percentage of the world’s population will require some form of medical care.Nations are unlikely to have the staff, facilities, equipment, and hospital beds needed to cope with the number of people who get the pandemic flu.Death rates may be high. Four factors largely determine the death toll:The number of people who become infectedThe strength of the virusThe underlying characteristics and vulnerability of affected populationsThe effectiveness of preventive measures 
jacklynn jackson

Influenza (flu) Definition - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic - 1 views

www.mayoclinic.org/...con-20035101

influenza Death disease History

shared by jacklynn jackson on 28 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Influenza is a viral infection that attacks your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs. Influenza, commonly called the flu, is not the same as the stomach "flu" viruses that cause diarrhea and vomiting.
  • Influenza and its complications can be deadly. People at higher risk of developing flu complications include:
  • Young children Older adults Pregnant women People with weakened immune systems People who have chronic illnesses
Adam Bell

1918 Flu Pandemic - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com - 1 views

www.history.com/...1918-flu-pandemic

flu pandemic facts History fever disease Death plague influenza

shared by Adam Bell on 16 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • The influenza or flu pandemic of 1918 to 1919, the deadliest in modern history, infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide–about one-third of the planet’s population at the time–and killed an estimated 20 million to 50 million victims. More than 25 percent of the U.S. population became sick, and some 675,000 Americans died during the pandemic.
  • Cassie Russell on 21 Apr 14
     
    facts about the influenza pandemic
Summer Rae

Influenza Pandemic 1918 - 1 views

influpandemic.blogspot.com

influenza pandemic History

shared by Summer Rae on 21 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Influenza Pandemic swept the world from 1918 to 1920 taking between 50-100 million lives.
  • The influenza was named Spanish Flu for two reasons. Firstly because Spain was highly affected by the flu in the early stages of the pandemic and secondly because despite being a neutral country in the World War 1, they took little care about stopping the flu so the most accurate reports about the flu came from Spain
  • Summer Rae on 21 Apr 14
     
    origin of the name "influenza"
presley spoonemore

U.S. government`s billion dollar stockpile of flu medicine may have little ...: Student... - 0 views

web.b.ebscohost.com/...detail

history influenza Disease plague

shared by presley spoonemore on 17 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Today a new study suggests that the U.S. government`s billion dollar stockpile of flu medicine may have little effect in a pandemic. The government amassed enough flu medicine for sixty-five million people and the risk can be high. The outbreak of 1918, for example, killed more than six hundred thousand Americans. Doctor Jon LaPook has been looking into this new study.
Darien Fuller

influenza pandemic of 1918-19 -- Encyclopedia Britannica - 0 views

www.britannica.com/...influenza-pandemic-of-1918-19

influenza pandemic encyclopedia history Disease death

shared by Darien Fuller on 18 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • influenza pandemic of 1918–19, also called Spanish influenza pandemic or Spanish flu,  the most severe influenza outbreak of the 20th century and, in terms of total numbers of deaths, among the most devastating pandemics in human history.
  • Influenza is caused by a virus that is transmitted from person to person through airborne respiratory secretions. An outbreak can occur if a new strain of influenza virus emerges against which the population has no immunity. The influenza pandemic of 1918–19 resulted from such an occurrence and affected populations throughout the world. An influenza virus called influenza type A subtype H1N1 is now known to have been the cause of the extreme mortality of this pandemic, which resulted in an estimated 25 million deaths, though some researchers have projected that it caused as many as 40–50 million deaths.
  • The pandemic occurred in three waves. The first apparently originated during World War I in Camp Funsto
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  • n, Kansas, U.S., in early March 1918. American troops that arrived in western Europe in April are thought to have brought the virus with them, and by July it had spread to Poland. The first wave of influenza was comparatively mild; however, during the summer a more lethal type of disease was recognized, and this form fully emerged in August 1918. Pneumonia often developed quickly, with death usually coming two days after the first indications of the flu. For example, at Camp Devens, Massachusetts, U.S., six days after the first case of influenza was reported, there were 6,674 cases. The third wave of the pandemic occurred in the following winter, and by the spring the virus had run its course. In the two later waves about half the deaths were among 20- to 40-year-olds, an unusual mortality age pattern for influenza.
  • Outbreaks of the flu occurred in nearly every inhabited part of the world, first in ports, then spreading from city to city along the main transportation routes. India is believed to have suffered at least 12,500,000 deaths during the pandemic, and the disease reached distant islands in the South Pacific, including New Zealand and Samoa. In the United States about 550,000 people died. Altogether an estimated 25,000,000 persons throughout the world perished, most during the brutal second and third waves. Other outbreaks of Spanish influenza occurred in the 1920s, but with declining virulence
presley spoonemore

Pandemic Flu History | Flu.gov - 0 views

www.flu.gov/history

pandemic history gov Disease influenza

shared by presley spoonemore on 21 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Cassie Russell on 21 Apr 14
     
    the history of the influenza 1918
Summer Rae

The Pennsylvania Gazette: The Flu of 1918 - 0 views

www.upenn.edu/...lynch.html

flu influenza Disease epidemic

shared by Summer Rae on 18 Apr 14 - Cached
  •  In Pennsylvania, the influenza epidemic began almost unnoticed in the middle of September. First a few cases, and then the numbers began to rise rapidly. Worried state health authorities decided to add influenza to the list of reportable diseases. Their concern increased when 75,000 cases were reported statewide. The worst was still ahead.
  • Summer Rae on 18 Apr 14
     
    When the epidemic started
Summer Rae

Mouse Study Reveals New Clues about Virulence of 1918 Influenza Virus - 1 views

www.niaid.nih.gov/...1918mouse.aspx

mouse study influenza reveals virus Disease

shared by Summer Rae on 18 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • The first comprehensive analysis of an animal’s immune response to the 1918 influenza virus provides new insights into the killer flu, report federally supported scientists in an article appearing online today in the journal Nature. Key among these insights, they found that the 1918 virus triggers a hyperactive immune response that may contribute to the lethality of the virus.  Furthermore, their results suggest that it is the combination of all eight of the 1918 flu virus genes interacting synergistically that accounts for the exceptional virulence of this virus.
  • Summer Rae on 18 Apr 14
     
    About how Influenza could have been spread by rats.
Cassie Russell

We Heard the Bells - 1918 Flu Pandemic Trailer - YouTube - 1 views

www.youtube.com/watch

history disease death plague influenza flu pandemic trailer youtube

shared by Cassie Russell on 21 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Cassie Russell on 21 Apr 14
     
    Good video on the influenza of 1918
cord smith

Influenza (Flu) - Public Health - 1 views

www.publichealth.va.gov/flu

influenza

shared by cord smith on 21 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • cord smith on 21 Apr 14
     
    good site
cord smith

Home | Flu.gov - 0 views

www.flu.gov

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  • cord smith on 21 Apr 14
     
    good web sites
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