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alicia waid

Teens who smoke pot at risk for later schizophrenia, psychosis - Harvard Health Publica... - 0 views

www.health.harvard.edu/...phrenia-psychosis-201103071676

schizophrenia marijuana teens smoke pot psychosis harvard health

shared by alicia waid on 06 Apr 13 - No Cached
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      Regular marijuana use increases a teenagers chance to develop psychosis*, and developing schizophrenia*.
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      *Psychosis: A temporary state filled with intense anxiety and hallucinations.
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      *Schizophrenia: Disabling brain disorder that not only causes psychosis, but also problems concentrating and loss of emotional expression.
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      In a study following 2,000 tenns as they start to develop into young adults, it was proven that young people who smoke marijuana at least 5 times were twice as likely to develop psychosis over the next 10 years of their lives compared to those who didn't smoke.
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      It was also proven that early marijuana use could increase the speed of the onset of psychosis by three years. (Those most at risk are youths who might have some family member that is dealing with schizophrenia, or any other psychotic disorder). 
  • ...34 more annotations...
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      These people who have family members affected by psychosis have approximately a 1 in 10 chance of developing the same condition themselves (even if they've never smoked pot).  However, if smoking marijuana, this doubles their risk (1 in 5 chance).
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      People who are not affected by psychosis have a 7 in 1,000 chance of developing a mental disorder.
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      People who are not affected by psychosis but smoke marijuana double their risk: 14 in 1,000.
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      A very popular study (nearly 50,000 young Swedish soldiers were followed for 15 years) showed that those who smoked marijuana at least once were more than twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as those who had never smoked marijuana.  
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      It was shown that the heaviest users (used more than 50 times) were 6 times more likely to become schizophrenic than the nonsmokers.  
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      Research on the association of marijuana and the brain is in a very early stage (much is still unknown).  THC* contributes to marijuana's psychological and physical effects.
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      *THC: One of the active compounds in marijuana.
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      One of the many things that are still unknown is how marijuana might lead to psychosis.  There is a theory that marijuana interferes with brain development during adolescence and young adulthood, but this theory is yet to be determined.
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      Although many things are still unknown about the relation between the adolescent brain and marijuana, one this is certain: As a teen, by smoking marijuana, you are increasing your vulnerability to psychotic thinking.
  • risk for later schizophrenia, psychosis
  • regular marijuana use increases the chance that a teenager will develop psychosis
  • increases the risk of developing schizophrenia
  • five times were twice as likely to have developed psychosis over the next 10 years
  • smoked marijuana at least
  • hasten the onset of psychosis by three years
  • already have a mother, father, or sibling with schizophrenia
  • most at risk are youths
  • some other psychotic disorde
  • one in five chance
  • even if they never smoke pot
  • one in 10 chance of developing the condition
  • doubles their risk
  • 7 in 1,000 chance
  • 14 in 1,000.
  • possible link between marijuana use and psychosis
  • smoked marijuana at least once were more than twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as those who had never smoked pot
  • marijuana use might lead to psychosis
  • cigarette smoking and lung cancer
  • marijuana and the brain
  • stimulates the brain and triggers other chemical reactions that contribute to the drug’s psychological and physical effects
  • six times as likely to develop schizophrenia as the nonsmokers
  • not clear
  • theory
  • marijuana may interfere with normal brain development during the teenage years
  • young adulthood.
  • increase a young person’s vulnerability to psychotic thinking
  • reward of a short-time high isn’t worth the long-term risk of psychosis or a disabling disorder like schizophrenia.
alicia waid

Cannabis and mental health - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC1124674

schizophrenia cannabis mental health psychosis studies statistics depression

shared by alicia waid on 06 Apr 13 - No Cached
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      Cannabis is too easy to access (become more and more easy to access, as well).  People are under the influence that smoking cannabis is not bad for you, and that it is, in fact, better than smoking tobacco.  However, this is not the case, as researchers are starting to see that cannabis might actually be causing mental illnesses. 
  • most drug users take other drugs in addition to cannabis create methodological problems and explain the dearth of reliable evidence
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      It is believed that cannabis triggers the onset or relapse of schizophrenia in predisposed people, however this cannot be certain, because many of the people being researched on have taken other drugs, which makes it hard to determine wether the triggers are from the cannabis or from any of the other drugs.
  • ...34 more annotations...
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      During a test (that occurred over 15 years), it was discovered that by smoking marijuana during adolescence, you are increasing your risk of developing schizophrenia.  However, they are not certain that marijuana is the only cause: Other drugs might be a factor too, and a few other concepts. 
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      In addition, research is showing that cannabis also has a relation with depression.  It was studied over a period of 15 years, and results show that by smoking cannabis, you are increasing your risk of developing a major depression.  It was also showed that the use of cannabis also increases the idea of suicide and inability to feel pleasure.  
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      Although only few studies were talked about in the National institution of Health, they are enough to prove that cannabis increases ones rist of developing schizophrenia AND depression.  The studies also provide very little support to prove that there is also a link between marijuana and mental health problems that are largely due to self medication (harder to prove).  These studies are not trying to say that if you smoke cannabis you will develop schizophrenia or depression, however it is saying that those who are more vulnerable will.  
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      It is important to note that those who use cannabis must reduce their usage if they want their risk of developing schizophrenia or depression to decrease.  It was estimated that if you were to have reduced your exposure to cannabis, the incidence of psychosis would have reduced treatment by as much as 50% (Dutch study).
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      In a Swedish study, it was proved that the use of cannabis increases your chances of developing schizophrenia by 30%.  
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      Even more people are anticipating that cannabis will continue to contribute to even more cases of mental illnesses in the future.
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      With further analysis, it has been discovered that cannabis is the drug associated with the possibility of developing schizophrenia (and not the impact of other drugs).  
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      During another experiment, it was found that 59 people with a basic diagnosis of a psychotic disorder show a strong association with the use of cannabis and psychosis.  It is evident that the longer you've been smoking the drug, the more your symtoms will worsen(there is a higher chance), just like with any other drug.  
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      In New Zealand, it was discovered that people who smoke marijuana are three times more likely to develop schizophrenia, by the age of 15 or 18.  
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      An Australian study was also made that shows the more you smoke cannabis, the higher your rates of anxiety or depression might be.  It was proven that this link is more prone to young women than young men, however this was not proved in any other study (except the australian one).  
    • alicia waid
      alicia waid on 06 Apr 13
       
      It was proven, however, that any young human being that has used cannabis three times or more by the age of 18 is more likely to have some sort of depressive disorder by the age of 26! (And unfortunately, this was proved even to those that stopped smoking cannabis and got themselves under control.  After the first 3 times, it was too late).
  • The link between cannabis and psychosis is well established
  • 1990s
  • link between use of marijuana and depression
  • triggers the onset or relapse of schizophrenia in predisposed people and also exacerbates the symptoms generally
  • use of marijuana during adolescence increased the risk of schizophrenia in a dose-response relation
  • possible causal role of other drugs, and prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia
  • led to the use of cannabis, rather than cannabis triggering the psychosis.
  • is associated with later schizophrenia and that this is not explained by prodromal symptoms
  • cannabis
  • Length of exposure to use of cannabis predicted the severity of the psychosis
  • strong association between use of cannabis and psychosis
  • Participants who showed psychotic symptoms at baseline and used cannabis had a worse outcome
  • used cannabis three times or more by age 15 or 18
  • more likely to have schizophreniform disorder at age 26
  • cannabis increased the risk of major depression
  • increase in suicidal ideation and anhedonia
  • the use of cannabis and anxiety or depression in a large cohort of 14-15 year olds followed for seven years
  • relation between
  • higher rates of anxiety or depression
  • frequency
  • study in the New Zealand
  • did not find an association between cannabis use at age 15 and depressive disorder at age 26
  • that young people who had used cannabis three times or more by age 18 were more likely to have a depressive disorder at age 26
  • importance of reducing the use of cannabis in people who use it
  • findings strengthen the argument that use of cannabis increases the risk of schizophrenia and depression
  • exposure to cannabis would have reduced the incidence of psychosis requiring treatment by as much as 50%
  • showing that the use of cannabis increased the risk of schizophrenia by 30%
  • cannabis will contribute to more episodes or new cases of the illness
courtney galli

NIMH · Schizophrenia - 0 views

www.nimh.nih.gov/...complete-index.shtml

symptoms diagnostics chances of development elimination addictions

shared by courtney galli on 06 Apr 13 - No Cached
    • courtney galli
      courtney galli on 06 Apr 13
       
      Negative symptoms, more commonly found in women
    • courtney galli
      courtney galli on 06 Apr 13
       
      Cases in adolescence.  Lots go unrecognized because of symptoms 
    • courtney galli
      courtney galli on 06 Apr 13
       
      Biological predisposition can have an effect
  • courtney galli on 06 Apr 13
     
    This is credible because it is a government site.  Government websites usually give correct statistics and tend to not be bias when giving information like this.    This site gives lots of new information that could have been used and lots of information that was already used.
Chrissy Le

The Rules of Attraction in the Game of Love | LiveScience - 0 views

www.livescience.com/ules-attraction-game-love.html

rules attraction game love symmetry

shared by Chrissy Le on 15 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Symmetry equals sex
  • If every division were to go perfectly, the result would be a baby whose left and right sides are mirror images.
  • But nature doesn't work that way.
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • men with higher degrees of symmetry enjoy more sexual partners than men of lower symmetry.
  • Both men and women rated symmetrical members of the opposite sex as more attractive and in better health than their less symmetrical counterparts. The differences can be just a few percent—perceivable though not necessarily noticeable.
  • "It makes sense to use symmetry variation in mate choice," said evolutionary biologist Randy Thornhill of the University of New Mexico. "If you choose a perfectly symmetrical partner and reproduce with them, your offspring will have a better chance of being symmetric and able to deal with perturbations."
  • Women with a WHR of 0.7—indicating a waist significantly narrower than the hips—are most desirable to men.
  • Psychologist Devendra Singh of the University of Texas studied people's waist-to-hip ratio (WHR).
  • 0.8 to 1.0 WHR in men is attractive to women, although having broad shoulders is more of a turn-on.
  • Where fat is deposited on the body is determined by sex hormones; testosterone in men and estrogen in women. If a woman produces the proper amount and mixture of estrogen, then her WHR will naturally fall into the desired range. The same goes for a male's testosterone.
  • "The idea is that beauty is conveying information about health and fertility, and we admire that,
  • Men's faces are shaped by testosterone, which helps develop a larger lower face and jaw and a prominent brow.
  • Research reported last month found women both smell and look more attractive to men at certain times of the month.
  • The rules of attraction, it turns out, seem sometimes to play out in our subconscious.
  • A 2002 study found women prefer the scent of men with genes somewhat similar to their own over the scent of nearly genetically identical or totally dissimilar men.
Julian Posteraro

Drug Abuse and Addiction | National Institute on Drug Abuse - 0 views

www.drugabuse.gov/...drug-abuse-addiction

shared by Julian Posteraro on 12 Mar 12 - No Cached
    • Julian Posteraro
      Julian Posteraro on 12 Mar 12
       
      There are four main reasons why people take drugs. Understanding why someone used the drug helps understand why they may become addicted.
    • Julian Posteraro
      Julian Posteraro on 12 Mar 12
       
      Great illustration that can show the risks and effects that drugs may have on us and those around us. Many people consume drugs thinking it's their choice and it won't do any harm to people in their environment. This table shows otherwise. 
    • Julian Posteraro
      Julian Posteraro on 12 Mar 12
       
      Although we cannot determine if someone will definetly become addicted to a drug, there are clearly certain factors that increase the chance of addiction, as you can read in this paragraph and in the following few paragraphs.
Emilie L

The Mind of the Narcissist - 0 views

malignantselflove.tripod.com/msla.html

shared by Emilie L on 02 Apr 12 - No Cached
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      himself vs. reflection: major point
  • Some people explicitly state that they do not love themselves at all (they are ego-dystonic). Others confine their lack of self-love to certain of their traits, to their personal history, or to some of their behaviour patterns. Yet others feel content with who they are and with what they are doing (ego-syntonic). But one group of people seems distinct in its mental constitution – narcissists.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      * keyword: distinct mental constitution (that differs from all the different kinds of confidence kinda brain traits)
  • Loving your True Self is healthy, adaptive, and functional. Loving a reflection has two major drawbacks: One depends on the existence and availability of the reflection to produce the emotion of self-love. The absence of a "compass", an "objective and realistic yardstick", by which to judge the authenticity of the reflection. In other words, it is impossible to tell whether the reflection is true to reality – and, if so, to what extent.
  • ...40 more annotations...
  • Narcissus is not in love with himself. He is in love with his reflection
  • Some people explicitly state that they do not love themselves at all (they are ego-dystonic).
  • the narcissist is preoccupied with projecting a loveable image, albeit compatible with his self-image (the way he "sees" himself).
  • If he cannot love himself – he must love his reflection
  • ut to love his reflection – it must be loveable
  • they direct their love to other people's impressions of them. He who loves only impressions is incapable of loving people, himself included.
  • The more successful this projected image (or series of successive images) is in generating Narcissistic Supply (NS) – the more the narcissist becomes divorced from his True Self and married to the image.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      Meaning, the better he is capable of mentally creating better image for himself in the eyes of others (therefore his 'reflection') the more he becomes 'in love' with the idea of himself then who he truly is
  • he prefers his image
  • The narcissist, therefore, is not selfish – because his True Self is paralysed and subordinate
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      * very good point
  • narcissist is not attuned exclusively to his needs. On the contrary: he ignores them because many of them conflict with his ostensible omnipotence and omniscience. He does not put himself first – he puts his self last. He caters to the needs and wishes of everyone around him – because he craves their love and admiration. It is through their reactions that he acquires a sense of distinct self. In many ways he annuls himself – only to re-invent himself through the look of others. He is the person most insensitive to his true needs.
  • rains himself of mental energy in this process. This is why he has none left to dedicate to others
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      he is so focused in pleasing everyone else to this image that he has no time to dedicate himself to others = lack of empathy
  • Why should people indulge the narcissist, divert time and energy, give him attention, love and adulation? The narcissist's answer is simple: because he is entitled to it
  • Clinical data show that there is rarely any realistic basis for these grandiose notions of greatness and uniqueness.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      meaning there is nothing really extravagant or particular about them that they should (or could even be really driven!!) to be narcissistic 
  • Actually, he feels betrayed, discriminated against and underprivileged because he believes that he is not being treated fairly, that he should get more than he does
  • With time, he comes to regard those around him as mere instruments of gratification, as two-dimensional cartoon figures with negligible lines in the script of his magnificent life.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      bases his own happiness on what others are doing around him + their reflection of him
  • He is a habitual "people-junkie"
  • The narcissist is forced to use other people in order to feel that he exists
  • A personality whose very existence is a derivative of its reflection in other people's minds is perilously dependent on these people's perceptions. They are the Source of Narcissistic Supply (NSS). Criticism and disapproval are interpreted as a sadistic withholding of said supply and as a direct threat to the narcissist's mental house of cards.
  • he reacts to what he perceives to be a danger to the very cohesion of his self. Thus, every minor disagreement with a Source of Narcissistic Supply – another person – is interpreted as a threat to the narcissist's very self-worth.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      * big point
  • The narcissist does not suffer from a faulty sense of causation. He is not oblivious to the likely outcomes of his actions and to the price he may have to pay. But he doesn't care.
  • He would rather discern disapproval and unjustified criticism where there are none then face the consequences of being caught off-guard.
  • that the narcissist cannot take chances. He would rather be mistaken then remain without Narcissistic Supply
  • blames others for his behaviour
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      again, lack of humility
  • The narcissist – wittingly or not – utilises people to buttress his self-image and to regulate his sense of self-worth. As long and in as much as they are instrumental in achieving these goals, he holds them in high regard, they are valuable to him
  • This is a result of his inability to love others: he lacks empathy, he thinks utility, and, thus, he reduces others to mere instruments
  • He sees them only through this lens.
  • In 1977 the DSM-III criteria included: An inflated valuation of oneself (exaggeration of talents and achievements, demonstration of presumptuous self-confidence); Interpersonal exploitation (uses others to satisfy his needs and desires, expects preferential treatment without undertaking mutual commitments); Possesses expansive imagination (externalises immature and non-regimented fantasies, "prevaricates to redeem self-illusions"); Displays supercilious imperturbability (except when the narcissistic confidence is shaken), nonchalant, unimpressed and cold-blooded; Defective social conscience (rebels against the conventions of common social existence, does not value personal integrity and the rights of other people).
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      1977 Criteria to Narcissistics * very interesting, gives personality traits + actions 
  • The narcissist is portrayed as a monster, a ruthless and exploitative person. Yet, inside, the narcissist suffers from a chronic lack of confidence and is fundamentally dissatisfied. This applies to all narcissists. The distinction between "compensatory" and "classic" narcissists is spurious. All narcissists are walking scar tissue, the outcomes of various forms of abuse.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      strong on the outside, weak on the inside * contradicts with the other article I read earlier..
  • Freud (1915) offered a trilateral model of the human psyche, composed of the Id, the Ego, and the Superego.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      * find further research
  • According to Freud, narcissists are dominated by their Ego to such an extent that the Id and Superego are neutralised. Early in his career, Freud believed narcissism to be a normal developmental phase between autoeroticism and object-love. Later on, he concluded that linear development can be thwarted by the very efforts we all make in our infancy to evolve the capacity to love an object (another person).
  • This choice – to concentrate on the self – is the result of an unconscious decision to give up a consistently frustrating and unrewarding effort to love others and to trust them.
  • The frustrated and abused child learns that the only "object" he can trust and that is always and reliably available, the only person he can love without being abandoned or hurt – is himself.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      ouuuu
  • So, is pathological narcissism the outcome of verbal, sexual, physical, or psychological abuse (the overwhelming view) – or, on the contrary, the sad result of spoiling the child and idolising it (Millon, the late Freud)?
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      What makes a narcissistic (i.e., triggers it?)
  • Overweening, smothering, spoiling, overvaluing, and idolising the child – are also forms of parental abuse.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      Too much love can apparently ruin a child
  • This is because, as Horney pointed out, the smothered and spoiled child is dehumanised and instrumentalised. His parents love him not for what he really is – but for what they wish and imagine him to be: the fulfilment of their dreams and frustrated wishes. The child becomes the vessel of his parents' discontented lives, a tool, the magic airbrush with which they seek to transform their failures into successes, their humiliation into victory, their frustrations into happiness. The child is taught to give up on reality and adopt the parental fantasies. Such an unfortunate child feels omnipotent and omniscient, perfect and brilliant, worthy of adoration and entitled to special treatment. The faculties that are honed by constantly brushing against bruising reality – empathy, compassion, a realistic assessment of one's abilities and limitations, realistic expectations of oneself and of others, personal boundaries, team work, social skills, perseverance and goal-orientation, not to mention the ability to postpone gratification and to work hard to achieve it – are all lacking or missing altogether. This kind of child turned adult sees no reason to invest resources in his skills and education, convinced that his inherent genius should suffice. He feels entitled for merely being, rather than for actually doing (rather as the nobility in days gone by felt entitled not by virtue of its merits but as the inevitable, foreordained outcome of its birth right). The narcissist is not meritocratic – but aristocratic.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      too much love explained: the child is smothered by love and thus thinks theres a reason for it nana the world revolves around me because mummy and Daddy think so I am there pride and joy, because I am in fact an angel... now look at me I am a narcissitic and it's like a legit mental disorder.
  • This is Millon's mistake. He makes a distinction between several types of narcissists. He wrongly assumes that the "classic" narcissist is the outcome of parental overvaluation, idolisation, and spoiling and, thus, is possessed of supreme, unchallenged, self-confidence, and is devoid of all self-doubt.
  • Yet, this distinction is both wrong and unnecessary. Psychodynamically, there is only one type of pathological narcissism – though there are two developmental paths to it. And all narcissists are besieged by deeply ingrained (though at times not conscious) feelings of inadequacy, fears of failure, masochistic desires to be penalised, a fluctuating sense of self-worth (regulated by NS), and an overwhelming sensation of fakeness.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      * much importanto: there is only reaaally one type of narcissism despite having two different paths to it i. too much love ii. not enough 
  • hey tend to ignore him – or actively abuse him – when these needs are no longer pressing or existent.
  • The narcissist's past of abuse teaches him to avoid deeper relationships in order to escape this painful approach-avoidance pendulum. Protecting himself from hurt and from abandonment, he insulates himself from people around him. He digs in – rather than spring out.
  • This shocking revelation deforms the budding Ego. The child forms a strong dependence (as opposed to attachment) on his parents. This dependence is really the outcome of fear, the mirror image of aggression. In Freud-speak (psychoanalysis) we say that the child is likely to develop accentuated oral fixations and regressions. In plain terms, we are likely to see a lost, phobic, helpless, raging child.
    • Emilie L
      Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
       
      child-like ego problems: strong dependence on parents creates a super vulnerable child
  • Emilie L on 02 Apr 12
     
    "The World of the Narcissist (Essay)" - tons of information +lots to read through, primary resource! like a fountain of info on narcissists. Reliability: not many ads, written by a doctor (has his CV published online, http://samvak.tripod.com/cv.html), wrote two books- one of which is an "ebook"
Lauren Ganze

The Unexpected Link Between Schizophrenia and Creativity | Suite101.com - 0 views

samantha-thorpe.suite101.com/phrenia-and-creativity-a336538

schizophrenia creativity psychology

shared by Lauren Ganze on 04 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Schizophrenia in itself is a maladaptive phenomenon
  • genes for paranoia encourage a healthy defensiveness in threatening environments
  • just the right degree of social strife to facilitate the splitting of overlarge groups in primitive societies
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • the only substantial research exploring a positive social benefit for psychosis has focused on creativity.
    • Lauren Ganze
      Lauren Ganze on 04 Apr 12
       
      Creativity is definitely an advantage
  • A schizophrenic's abnormal behaviour and communication styles may in fact lead to incredible and unique creativity,
  • general agreement that creativity involves the production of novel, useful products"
  • multi-trait, multi-method analyses
  • produce novel and quality ideas and products.
  • Perhaps some of their executive problems, for example their problems with verbal fluency tests, can actually give rise to creativity?
  • The importance of creativity for mankind is undeniable
  • Nancy Andreasen (2006) and Kay Redfield Jamison (1994) have done, finding high levels of mood disturbance and disorder in their samples of creative writers and artists, supporting this link between psychosis and creativity
  • claims to link genius with madness.
  • DARPP-32
  • Three quarters of all people inherit a version of this gene; it then enhances the brain’s ability to think by improving the information processing in the prefrontal cortex.
  • his gene also shapes and controls the nerve circuit closely involved with schizophrenia, hence the connection between genius and madness.
  • This also suggests that schizophrenia may be the downside to an evolutionary change that improved our chances of survival and our fitness, by improving our intelligence and creativity.
  • He found that first-degree relatives of psychotic patients are found to be more successful in attaining recognition in several fields of intellectual endeavour than the general population of the area in which he studied: Iceland. He also found that the fields in which they attained recognition were areas of creative and scholarly excellence.
  • It could be perhaps that although psychosis can cause enhanced creativity, the patient is too inhibited by their condition to use it to their advantage.
  • over-inclusive thinking, would facilitate originality which, in optimum circumstances, would lead to creativity.
  • Meyer-Lindenberg and colleagues in the NIMH Genes, Cognition and Psychosis program
  • Lauren Ganze on 04 Apr 12
     
    link between schizophrenia and creativity - may be evolutionary
Daryl Bambic

1.1 Psychology as a Science | Introduction to Psychology - 1st Canadian Edition - 1 views

opentextbc.ca/...1-1-psychology-as-a-science

shared by Daryl Bambic on 03 Dec 16 - No Cached
  • Because values cannot be considered to be either true or false, science cannot prove or disprove them.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 03 Dec 16
       
      Falsifiability + Popper
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 20 Aug 21
       
      See Popper and why it is important to be able to prove something false.
  • This factual information can and should be made available to help people formulate their values about abortion and incarceration, as well as to enable governments to articulate appropriate policies
  • Although scientists use research to help establish facts, the distinction between values and facts is not always clear-cut. Sometimes statements that scientists consider to be factual turn out later, on the basis of further research, to be partially or even entirely incorrect
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • A major goal of psychology is to predict behaviour by understanding its causes. Making predictions is difficult, in part because people vary and respond differently in different situations.
  • differences in extraversion, intelligence, self-esteem, anxiety, aggression, and conformity.
  • we cannot always predict who will become aggressive or who will perform best in graduate school or on the job.
  • predictions made by psychologists (and most other scientists) are only probabilistic.
  • behaviour is that almost all behaviour is multiply determined, or produced by many factors.
  • depression is caused by lower-level genetic factors, by medium-level personal factors, and by higher-level social and cultural factors.
  • single cause.
  • are not independent of one another
  • much human behaviour is caused by factors that are outside our conscious awareness,
  • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), who argued that many psychological disorders were caused by memories that we have repressed and thus remain outside our consciousness.
  • Research demonstrates that individuals who are exposed to highly stressful situations over long periods of time develop more health problems than those who are not
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 20 Aug 21
       
      "Research demonstrates"...what is wrong with this? Can we know how this study was conducted? What were the variables? Was it correlation or causation?
  • Although science is not perfect, the requirements of empiricism and objectivity result in a much greater chance of producing an accurate understanding of human behaviour than is available through other approaches.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 20 Aug 21
       
      Great psychologists have not used the scientific method and contributed important insights into human behaviour. What role does the unconscious mind play in behaviour?
  • biological influences
  • abilities and characteristics of individual people
  • social groups,
  • cognitive and motivational biases
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 20 Aug 21
       
      Leave a sticky note for yourself or others with whom you share this page.
  • Research psychologists use scientific methods to create new knowledge about the causes of behaviour, whereas psychologist-practitioners, such as clinical, counselling, industrial-organizational, and school psychologists, use existing research to enhance the everyday life of others.
  • collect and interpret data in their everyday lives
  • accepting explanations for events without testing them thoroughly may lead us to think that we know the causes of things when we really do not.
  • Empirical methods include the processes of collecting and organizing data and drawing conclusions about those data
  • scientific method as the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical research.
  • Statements that cannot be objectively measured or objectively determined to be true or false are not within the domain of scientific inquiry
  • Values are personal statements such as “Abortion should not be permitted in this country,” “I will go to heaven when I die,”
Daryl Bambic

Kids Do Better on the Marshmallow Test When They… - 8 views

greatergood.berkeley.edu/...allow_test_when_they_cooperate

marshmallow mod2 teenbrain self_regulation

shared by Daryl Bambic on 08 Sep 21 - No Cached
  • better academically, handled frustration better, and managed their stress more effectively as adolescents. They also had healthier relationships and better health 30 years later.
  • reliability of the adults
  • suggesting that children can delay gratification longer when they are working together toward a common goal.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • 207 five- to six-year-old children from two very different cultures—Western, industrialized Germany and a small-scale farming community in Kenya (the Kikuyu)
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 08 Sep 21
       
      Why do you think the different cultures are important in the population sample?
  • (who was in another room)
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 08 Sep 21
       
      Why do you think the other child was put in a different room? Do you think that the results would have been the same if the children were in the same room?
  • and, in the cooperative version, their partner also didn’t receive an extra cookie—even if the partner had resisted themselves.
  • even though they had a lower chance of receiving an extra cookie.
  • knowing others rely on them boosts their motivation
  • fun and engaging
  • opportunity to help someone else motivated kids to hold out
  • feeling responsible
  • mattered most.
  • Cooperation is not just about material benefits; it has social value,
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