This is his journey eastwards down the Zambezi from Caprivi to the coast.
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David Livingstone: Missionary with a passion for advent... - 3 views
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He decided to travel on the north bank of the Zambezi under the impression that Tete, the farthest Portuguese inland station, was on that side (it wasn’t). Accompanied by Chief Sekeletu of the Makololo, Livingstone headed downriver by canoe. Soon after leaving, the chief asked Livingstone: “Have you smoke that thunders in your country?” He pointed at columns of vapour rising into the blue sky, their summits seeming to mingle with the clouds. Livingstone soon heard a dull roar, and the boatmen brought them to an island in the middle of the river “on the very edge of the lip over which the water rolls”. They stood and stared at the boiling torrent below them.
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Here the Author wrote about the first time David Lingstone saw the Great Fall which is now known as a Vicoria Falls.
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He decided to travel on the north bank of the Zambezi under the impression that Tete, the farthest Portuguese inland station, was on that side (it wasn’t). Accompanied by Chief Sekeletu of the Makololo, Livingstone headed downriver by canoe. Soon after leaving, the chief asked Livingstone: “Have you smoke that thunders in your country?” He pointed at columns of vapour rising into the blue sky, their summits seeming to mingle with the clouds. Livingstone soon heard a dull roar, and the boatmen brought them to an island in the middle of the river “on the very edge of the lip over which the water rolls”. They stood and stared at the boiling torrent below them.
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In his travels, the missionary almost always noted and respected local names of rivers, mountains and areas. But when he beheld the great falls on the Zambezi, he was so awestruck he departed from this policy and named them after Queen Victoria.
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Livingstone was a marvellously perceptive ethnographer and naturalist. Plodding down the river, he took time – sometimes days – to question people about their customs, or to note species, often drawing them with meticulous care
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All the slaves of Tete are our children,” he told Livingstone
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In Tete Livingstone heard talk of a river named Shire which, it was said, drained a great lake, the Nyanja
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Part 6.pdf - 0 views
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T H E S L A V E T R A D E A B O L I T I O N C O M P A C T b e t w e e n M a u r i t i u s a n d M a d a g a s c a r , h u m b u g t o s o l d i e r s i n M a u r i t i u s b u t a v e r y r e a l s t r o k e o f B r i t i s h p o l i c y t o t h e B o u r b o n F r e n c h , w a s m a d e f r o m L e R e d u i t , i n d e f i a n c e o f t h e e s t a b l i s h e d p r i n c i p a l M a l a g a s y s l a v e a g e n t J e a n R e n e a t t h e p o r t o f T a m a t a v e o n t h e e a s t c o a s t o f M a d a g a s c a r , b y h i s o v e r l o r d , m a j o r s l a v e s o u r c e , a n d u n d e r B r i t i s h u r g i n g h i s r e l u c t a n t b l o o d b r o t h e r , t h e M e r i n a k i n g R a d a m a I i n l a n d a t T a n a n a r i v e
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Even though there wasnt much movement of slave trade, the slave trade between mauritius and madagascar has been abolished with the british acting as mediator
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American Explorers of Africa on JSTOR - 2 views
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The East African slave trade | The East Indies | The Places Involved | Slavery Routes |... - 4 views
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In the transatlantic slave trade the demand was for labourers to work on plantations and in mines, and mostly men were captured to supply the demand
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Slaves taken to the Middle East and North Africa were not just from Africa. Until about 1500, slaves were also bought from northern Europe, but as this supply route dried up the numbers bought from Africa increased.
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In the eastern slave trade enslaved Africans were taken from the east coast of Africa (the modern countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and the island of Madagascar). They also came from the Savannah area (which includes countries such as Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan) and the Horn of Africa (which covers Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia). Slaves were sold to merchants from North Africa and the Middle East. The women slaves in this trade often married their masters, or had children by them and the children were often freed by their fathers. Over time, the enslaved Africans tended to become part of the local population.
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There are no records for the number of enslaved Africans sold before the 17th century from the Savannah area of Africa (which includes countries such as Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan) and the Horn of Africa (which covers Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia). It is estimated that in the 17th century, about 10,000 slaves per year were sold to North Africa and the Middle East. There was a large domestic slave population in this area and slavery was an accepted form of labour amongst the rulers of the different kingdoms.
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The numbers of enslaved Africans sold to these areas increased in the late 18th century. This was because French merchants bought slaves from East Africa for the growing sugar plantations on the French owned islands in the Indian Ocean.
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Close encounters of the worst kind: Malagasy resistance and colonial disasters in South... - 1 views
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The historical evidence indicates, however, that these slave-based societies did not provide substantial numbers of slaves to the European
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Slaves were not often traded between madagascar and europe. This probably as a result of the British Merina
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In any case, the southern Malagasy were not interested in trade goods other than guns whilst there were few suitable commodities for the Europeans. Even the people were considered too difficult to take as slaves.
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laves.
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It became too difficult for europeans to take these people as slaves. A failed venture one might argue
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Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves from Madagascar but failed to establish any permanent trading posts or to achieve any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century.
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nitially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century
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Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century
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Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century.
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Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves from Madagascar but failed to establish any permanent trading posts or to achieve any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century
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Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves from Madagascar but failed to establish any permanent trading posts or to achieve any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century
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Initially excluding other European nations from the area, the Portuguese acquired slaves from Madagascar but failed to establish any permanent trading posts or to achieve any religious conversions by the early seventeenth century
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January 7, 1885 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 3 views
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Arabs, attracted by the immense stores ot ivory existing închis region, have combined their caravans and proceeded at intervals, with from 1,000 to 2,000 armed followers, through the Masai country on trading exoeditions ·' and though in many instances these caravans have been attacked and sometimes almost totally destroyed, the large profits deriyecl from the more successful ventures have tempted the survivors to persevere in their efforts In 1878 Ica led the special attention ofthe Royal Geographical Society to the . \ „_. „r fbi c roo-ion as a field for exploration, but the undertaking ££Ж£ У aU Ж* till the spring of .883 that they were finally in ľ nositi to send out Mr. Joseph Thomson with the means of conducting an expedition to survey it ; and in the meantime they had been forestalled oy the Gm mans, who dispatched Dr. Fischer to make a sc.ent.fic exploration of the same ľoúntry, 'who, aft'er carrying out his 1»*™*««^™* ~^ а "иЛ_П_Л returned to Germany, where his reports have awakened very great interest, and where, there is reason to believe, the information he has acqu.red will not long remain unutilized. _ - . ,. n The details of Mr. Thomson's still more successful journey now
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This is a report from Mr Johnson to Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice. This report was sent on the 7th of January 1885. Mr Johnson was sent to discover parts of Africa and to report his finding. This is a report on the district of Kilimanjaro and the findings.
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Arabs, attracted by the immense stores ot ivory existing închis region, have combined their caravans and proceeded at intervals, with from 1,000 to 2,000 armed followers, through the Masai country on trading exoeditions ·' and though in many instances these caravans have been attacked and sometimes almost totally destroyed, the large profits deriyecl from the more successful ventures have tempted the survivors to persevere in their efforts In 1878 Ica led the special attention ofthe Royal Geographical Society to the . \ „_. „r fbi c roo-ion as a field for exploration, but the undertaking ££Ж£ У aU Ж* till the spring of .883 that they were finally in ľ nositi to send out Mr. Joseph Thomson with the means of conducting an expedition to survey it ; and in the meantime they had been forestalled oy the Gm mans, who dispatched Dr. Fischer to make a sc.ent.fic exploration of the same ľoúntry, 'who, aft'er carrying out his 1»*™*««^™* ~^ а "иЛ_П_Л returned to Germany, where his reports have awakened very great interest, and where, there is reason to believe, the information he has acqu.red will not long remain unutilized. _ - . ,. n The details of Mr. Thomson's still more successful journey now
East Africa, Between the Zambezi and the Rovuma Rivers: Its People, Riches, and Develop... - 2 views
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ivory-to-be-sent-to-london-victorian-period-the-location-is-fort-johnston-lake-nyasa-ny... - 6 views
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this image has perfections, it depicts the African Nyasa people handling the elephant tusks that are to be sent to London. during the 19th century ivory was a valuable commodity in the global market, Nyasaland as a British colony, was not exempted from the ivory trade which involved the killing of elephants for their tusks and the subsequent exportation of ivory to Europe and America. During that time Nyasaland was home of large elephant population which made it a prime target of ivory hunters. the ivory trade in Nyasaland was dominated by Europeans and Arab traders.
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Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808-... - 2 views
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: Robert Carneiro's circumscription theory
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Robert Carneiro was an American anthropologist and a curator of the American Museum of Natural history. his circumscription theory explains how early political states might have formed due to interactions between warfare, population pressures and environmental constraints.
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: Robert Carneiro's circumscription theory
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Elman Service's
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Elman Service was an American neo-evolutionary cultural anthropologist, he famously contributed to the development of the modern theory of social evolution. he developed a four-stage model of societal evolution, he argued that all cultures progressed from family and kinship based societies to chiefdoms and then states.
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One of the crucial problems in the historical study of political systems, speciflcally in non-Western contexts, is the transformation from egalitarian to state societies
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the difference between how Europeans ran their political systems and how Africans ran heirs is that, Africans worked according to lineage, kinship, chiefdoms and tribes before they were introduced the egalitarian way of doing things
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the process of warfire and political subjugation to create even greater political unit
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Carneiro seems to believe that warfare is an essential element in the formation states.
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image.pdf - 1 views
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Firearms in Nineteenth-Century Botswana: The Case of Livingstone's 8-Bore Bullet.pdf - 3 views
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Although closely associated with the South African experience, the pre-colonial emergence of an indigenous gun culture among communities within modern Botswana was a determining factor in the territory’s separate colonial and thus postcolonial destiny. Possession of guns, accompanied by a rapid adoption of new military as well as hunting tactics for their use, played a key role in the reformation of local polities during the midnineteenth century. By 1870 most of modern Botswana had as a result come under the authority of four kingdoms; led by the Dikgosi of Bakwena (Kweneng), Bangwaketse (Gangwaketse), Bangwato (Gammangwato) and Batawana (Gatawana). 8 The political authority of each of these kingdoms, along with the border states of the Barolong booRatshidi (Borolong), Bakgatla bagaKgafela (Kgatleng) and Balete (Gammalete), was supported by the protective as well as coercive capacity of their arsenals. 9 This in turn enabled them to resist repeated threats to their independent well-being by the Amandebele and Boers. Defensive state formation in south-east Botswana further resulted in a considerable population influx from the Transvaal, permanently altering the region’s demography. An 1857 visitor to the Bakwena capital, Dithubaruba, thus observed that
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this is important because it is where pre-colonial began which emergence of an indigenous gun culture among communities within modern Botswana which was a determining factor in territory separate colonial
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Praise poetry from the period further serves to underscore the fact that the story of guns has been as much about their quality as quantity. The Bangwato Kgosi Khama III is remembered as the hero who does not sit by the fire, who when the tribes came together, came together and went to fetch wood, remained behind and examined the rifles; he picked out those for shooting far, he picked out carbines and breechloaders. 1
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this one is unexpected that the story of guns has been as much about their quality as quantity
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In July 1876, just a decade after their battlefield superiority over muzzleloaders was demonstrated at the Battle of Koniggratz, the acquisition of breechloaders by Khama’s mentor, Sechele, is credited with enabling the Bakwena to gain the upper hand in a firefight on the outskirts of Molepolole against Linchwe’s Bakgatla bagaKgafela. 13 Thereafter, possession of breechloaders was a common and critical factor in subsequent Batswana martial success. Among Linchwe’s praise poems one thus finds reference to his subsequent use of Martini rifles against the Boers. 14 Batswana were also quick to incorporate gun wielding cavalry into their military formations and tactics. 15 Horsemen armed with breechloaders played a decisive role in what is believed to have been the most sanguinary of Botswana’s many nineteenth-century fire-fights, the 1884 engagement at Khutiyabasadi, where Batawana and Wayeyi slaughtered over 1,500 Amandebele invaders. 1
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this is confusing because i don't understand why did the other places get in a battle and it was so much wars between places
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The military and consequent political significance of firearms to the evolution of nineteenth-century Botswana is paralleled by the social and environmental impact of their use in hunting. The acquisition of guns was both a cause and consequence of a surge in the region’s hunting trade from the 1840s; involving the export of ivory, karosses and ostrich feathers from hunting grounds largely falling under the effective control of the Dikgosi of Kweneng, Gammangwato, Gangewaketse and Gatawana. 17 Besides leading to a rapid decline in wildlife, and consequent expansion of arable and pastoral lands, hunting with guns reinforced social stratification in many areas. This is exemplified by patterns of subordination and servitude in the Kgalagadi between Batswana notables and Bakgalagari and Basarwa or Khoe/San communities. 18 By the late nineteenth century regimental expectations of gun ownership, coupled with a relative decline in commercial hunting, was a material factor that drove men to seek employment at the Kimberley and Gauteng mines. Like other groups in the region from an early date Batswana were able to produce their own gunpowder as well as shot. 19 Also as elsewhere on the continent, smoothbore muskets could often be serviced by local blacksmiths, an indigenous capacity that in some areas survived until relatively recent times. 20 Besides munitions evidence, there are other material manifestations of transformation connected to the spread of guns and associated technology. In 1845 the hunter-trader Roualeyn Gordan Cumming observed, while visiting Sechele’s then centre at Tshonwane (Chonuane), that:
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this is the main idea because it talks about the trade of guns which led to the different wars
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David Livingstone - The Zambezi expedition | Britannica - 1 views
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Disillusionment
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Disillusionment
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a feeling of disappointment resulting from the discovery that something is not as good as one believed it to be.
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Ruvuma River
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Two Slave Brothers Birthed Africa's Oldest State Church | Christian History | Christian... - 2 views
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While the region had been familiar with Christianity for decades, the religion was soon to spread across Axum.
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While the region had been familiar with Christianity for decades, the religion was soon to spread across Axum.
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Christianity had been practised in the area for many years, but it was shortly to become widespread across Axum.
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Centuries later, when the first Muslims faced persecution, the prophet Muhammad instructed his followers to, “go to Abyssinia, for the king will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly country, until such time as Allah shall relieve you from your distress.”
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When the early Muslims began to experience persecution centuries later, the prophet Muhammad advised his followers to "go to Abyssinia, for the king will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly country, until such time as Allah shall relieve you from your distress."
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Abyssinia was also an early home to the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Judaism entered Abyssinia with the Queen of Sheba and later with Jewish exiles and merchants from Yemen and Egypt. (The Jewish community still exists today, although many emigrated to Israel in the 1980s.) One of the earliest Christian baptisms recorded in Scripture was the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8 who took his new faith with him to his homeland. Islam came to Axum before it went to its second holiest city, Medina. This migration is known as the First Hijra, when Muhammad’s first followers fled persecution in Mecca.
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The three Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, all have early origins in Abyssinia. With the Queen of Sheba and subsequent Jewish refugees and traders from Yemen and Egypt, Judaism first arrived in Abyssinia. (The Jewish community is still present today, despite the fact that many moved to Israel in the 1980s.) The Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8 was baptised as a Christian and returned to his native country after receiving one of the first accounts of Christian baptism in the Bible. Before spreading to Medina, Islam first arrived in Axum, its second holiest city. The initial Hijra, when Muhammad's initial adherents escaped persecution in Mecca, is referred to as this exodus.
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Christianity heralded a new age in Abyssinia—the birth of advanced learning. A new class of people emerged fully devoted to learning and the cause of Christianity. As the first vocalized Semitic language, Geez simplified and improved reading and writing.
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The advent of modern education in Abyssinia was ushered in by Christianity. A new group of individuals appeared wholly committed to education and the cause of Christianity. Geez, the earliest Semitic language to be spoken, facilitated and enhanced reading and writing.
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oday, the Tewahdo Church has the most adherents of all the Oriental Orthodox churches and is second only to the Russian Orthodox in size among all Eastern Orthodoxy. (Most of the Oriental churches were eclipsed by the Muslim Crescent and their adherents relegated into minority status.) The Tewahdo Church, however, stayed autonomous despite its centuries-long isolation from the rest of Christendom.
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The Tewahdo Church currently has the most members of all Oriental Orthodox churches and is the second-largest among all Eastern Orthodoxy. (Most of the Oriental churches were overshadowed by the Muslim Crescent, and those who followed them were reduced to a small minority.) The Tewahdo Church, however, continued to exist independently despite being cut off from the rest of Christendom for many years.
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This isolation may also have contributed to a theological rift between the Tewahdo Church and the rest of Christianity. The Tewahdo Church (whose name means “being made one” in Geez) follows the Coptic Orthodox belief in the complete union of divine and human natures into one perfectly unified nature in Christ.
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The Tewahdo Church and the rest of Christianity may have developed a theological divide as a result of this seclusion. The Tewahdo Church adheres to the Coptic Orthodox doctrine that the divine and human natures are totally united into one in Christ (whose name means "being made one" in Geez).
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The Tewahdo church is the oldest and most venerated institution in Eritrea and Ethiopia. Its presence hasn’t only preserved and built up Christianity—it has created a repository of art, music, culture, poetry, and literature. While Christianity is no longer the official religion of these countries, the Tewahdo church continues to guide the moral, spiritual, and intellectual lives of its more than 45 million adherents.
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The oldest and most revered organisation in Ethiopia and Eritrea is the Tewahdo church. Not only has its presence helped to strengthen and protect Christianity, but it has also helped to build a rich cultural, artistic, and literary heritage. The Tewahdo church continues to direct the moral, spiritual, and intellectual lives of its more than 45 million followers despite the fact that Christianity is no longer the recognised religion in these nations.
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Newspaper Article, Slavery in East Africa.pdf - 1 views
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The sixth column of the newspaper is talking about the slavery in the East Africa. It talks about the slave trade from German to the East Africa.
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