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modifications of hepatic Cyp8b1 expression and the subsequent alteration of bile acid metabolites

Expression and activity of major drug-metabolizing enzymes (Cyp3a11 and Cyp2c29) were also significantly stimulated

The gut microbiota (GM) exhibits a relatively low level of diversity compared to those of most soil ecosystems and in humans it is comprised of usually no more than nine phyla of microorganisms, of which only two are dominant: the Firmicutes and the Bacteroidetes

colonization of a germfree gut was rapid and remarkably stable, establishing within only a week after first exposure

a study conducted on germfree rats by Nicholls et al. showed that 3 weeks were necessary to obtain a stabilization and “normalization”

the microbiota status affects the systemic metabolism of the host, modulating the metabolic fingerprint of topographically remote organs such as the liver and the kidney

Gut colonization induces a rapid weight gain associated with stimulation of hepatic glycogenesis and triglyceride synthesis

Gut colonization alters bile acid metabolite profiles via modulation of hepatic Cyp8b1 expression

Bile acids are well-known contributors to glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver

GM is known to alter bile metabolism

GM is also known to exert a strong influence on the metabolism of xenobiotics