meta-analysis found no high level of evidence to support Huperzine A in the treatment of vascular dementia. The conclusion sounds scientifically sound, but when you look at the studies included: this is a meta-analysis of 1 of Huperzine A and vascular dementia. This one study was of 14 participants only and they found improvement in daily functioning.
There are a lot of animal studies that point out benefits of huperzine A and even the mechanisms of action, but human studies are lacking. That is a better conclusion.
Prenatal exposure to BPA has been shown to alter a variety of reproductive endocrine parameters, such as testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels
arly onset of sexual maturation of female mice
imbalanced T-helper (TH)1/TH2 immune responses have been demonstrated on exposure to BPA
indicating that BPA exerted its effects by reducing the number of Treg cells.
Exposure to BPA by subcutaneous injection in adulthood significantly promoted antigen-stimulated production of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 in TH2-skewed
BPA can leak from the placenta and accumulate in the fetus
We showed that prenatal exposure to BPA increased the production of a TH1 cytokine, IFN-γ, and a TH2 cytokine, IL-4, after the offspring developed, suggesting that prenatal exposure to BPA can induce persistent immunologic effects lasting into adulthood.
These results are consistent with a previous report that fetal exposure to BPA augmented TH1 and TH2 immune responses
our results clearly demonstrate that the production of TH2 cytokines is promoted by BPA in adult mice and in offspring during developmental exposure.
The decrease of Treg cells would predispose to immune dysfunction in aged individuals, explaining their higher risk of immune-mediated diseases, cancer, and infections.
BPA might cause these diseases. Thus, avoiding exposure to or promoting the excretion of BPA and other EDCs would help in preventing diseases and adverse health effects.
High dose vitamin D (10,400 IU) found to reduce IL-17, CD161 and effector memory cells; in contrast low dose vitamin D (800 IU) did not. The study also called into question the traditional target range of vitamin D. The authors here proposed 40-60
M1 macrophages are characterized by the secretion of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and can be identified via the cell surface marker CD86
M2 macrophages secrete growth factors and antiinflammatory immune modulators and can be identified by the cell surface marker CD206
an overzealous M2 response can also lead to excess tissue deposition and fibrosis
Studies of similar meshes that are used in hernia repair have demonstrated that all polypropylene meshes induce a prolonged inflammatory response at the site of implantation
the long-term presence of activated inflammatory cells, such as macrophages at the mesh tissue interface, can impact negatively the ability of the mesh to function as intended.
All M1 proinflammatory and M2 proremodeling cytokines and chemokines were increased in mesh explants as compared with nonmesh tissue (Table 3Table 3), which indicated a robust, active, and ongoing host response to polypropylene long after implantation
Comparison of the ratio of the M2 proremodeling cytokines (IL-10+IL-4) with the M1 proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α+IL-12p70) revealed a decrease in mesh explants as compared with controls (P = .003), which indicated a shift towards a proinflammatory profile.
Mesh explants contained a higher number of total cells/×200 field when compared with controls (682.46 ± 142.61 cells vs 441.63 ± 126.13 cells; P < .001) and a lower ratio of M2:M1 macrophages (0.260 ± 0.161 cells vs 1.772 ± 1.919; P = .001), which supported an ongoing proinflammatory response.
the host response was proportional to the amount of material in contact with the host
A persistent foreign body response was observed in mesh-tissue complexes that were excised from women who required surgical excision of mesh months to years after mesh implantation
The host response was characterized by a predominance of macrophages with an increase in both proinflammatory and proremodeling cytokines/chemokines along with increased tissue degradation, as evidenced by increased MMP-2 and -9
Mesh-tissue complexes removed for mesh exposure had increased pro–MMP-9 that indicated a proinflammatory and tissue destruction–type response
The presence of macrophages, elevated cytokines, chemokines, and MMPs in tissue-mesh complexes that were excised from patients with exposure or pain suggests that polypropylene mesh elicits an ongoing host inflammatory response
In the presence of a permanent foreign body, the implant is surrounded with a fibrotic capsule because it cannot be degraded
For hernia meshes, if the fibers are too close (<1 mm), the fibrotic response to neighboring fibers overlaps, or “bridges,” and results in “bridging fibrosis” or encapsulation of the mesh
Gynemesh PS has a highly unstable geometry when loaded that resulted in pore collapse and increasing stiffness of the product
mesh shrinkage (50-70%) has been described to occur after transvaginal insertion of prolapse meshes
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), the first immune checkpoint receptor to be clinically targeted, is exclusively expressed on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in lymphatic tissue and is involved in T-cell regulation, proliferation, and tolerance
programmed death-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies, which restores T-cell effector function and augments the host anti-tumor response by blocking the binding of either programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and/or PD-L2 to PD-1 receptors
lung cancer is the first and second cause of cancer mortality in men and women
LPS implicated, through CD14, in eczema. This was linked to those with high genetic prediposition. This review article also discusses the heterogeneous disease eczema is.