Tumor regionalization after surgery: Roles of the tumor microenvironment and neutrophil... - 0 views
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tumor surgery must be carefully considered because the risk of metastasis could be increased by the surgical procedure.
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surgery results in a serious wound that disrupts the structural barrier preventing the outspreading of cancer cells, change the properties of the cancer cells and stromal cells remaining in the tumor microenvironment, or impairs the host defense systems against cancers
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After the primary tumor is surgically removed, the metastases can start to grow vigorously via neoangiogenesis because the circulating inhibitors disappear
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infection and inflammation during the postoperative period have been reported to increase the risk of cancer recurrence in patients
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Surgeons have long suspected that surgery, even if it is a necessary step in cancer treatment, facilitates cancer metastasis
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Even externally palpitating tumors for diagnosis could increase the numbers of CTCs in skin cancer and breast cancer
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In addition to glucocorticoids, during stimulation of the HPA axis, the catecholamine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla
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NK cell suppression may be attributed to increased levels of catecholamines as well as glucocorticoids
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In mice bearing a primary tumor, it was observed that the removal of the primary tumor facilitated the growth of highly vascularized metastases
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second phase of tumor recurrence and metastasis, which are newly acquired events, rather than just outcomes of incomplete treatment.
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formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are large extracellular complexes composed of chromatin and cytoplasmic/granular proteins1
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Once activated, neutrophils produce intracellular precursors by using DNA, histones, and granular and cytoplasmic proteins and then spread the mature form of NETs out around themselves
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neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, proteinase 3, lactoferrin, gelatinase, lysozyme C, calprotectin, neutrophil defensins, and cathelicidins
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NETs are present in a variety of cancers, such as lung cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, and leukemia
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the proliferative cytokines TGFβ and IL-10 and the angiogenic factor VEGF are representative of neutrophil-derived tissue repair proteins.
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when neutrophils are excessively stimulated, they produce excess NETs, thereby leading to pathological consequences
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local invasion, intravasation into the blood or lymphatic vessels, escape from the immune system, anchoring to capillaries in target organs, extravasation into the organs, transformation from dormant cells to proliferating cells, colonization to micrometastases, and growth to macrometastases
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NETs and platelets wrap CTCs, which protects them from attack by immune cells and shearing force by blood flow
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After metastasizing to distant tissues, tumor cells are often found to remain dormant for a period of time and unexpectedly regrow late
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NET-associated proteases NE and MMP-9 were found to be responsible for the reactivation of dormant cancer cells