Testosterone correlated inversely with participant age (r = −0.39, p = 0.012) and positively with number of CAG repeats
transactivation potential of the AR appears to decline in graded relation to an increasing number of CAG repeats, which are distributed over a normative range of 11–37 and, in Caucasian populations, commonly average 21–22 repeats
When activated by androgens, ARs translocate to the cell nucleus, where they exert transcriptional control of androgen-dependent genes by binding to androgen response elements within gene regulatory sequences
some evidence suggests a high number of CAG repeats may be associated with cognitive aging
androgens (like other steroid hormones) promote or repress the expression of genes specifying an array of cellular proteins
diurnal variation in testosterone levels
salivary testosterone correlated negatively with participant age and positively with CAG length variation in the AR gene
CAG repeat number varied inversely with reactivity of the ventral amygdala to facial expressions of negative affect
higher salivary testosterone was likewise associated with a greater number of AR CAG repeats
relative androgen insensitivity in ARs with a larger number of CAG repeats
Because circulating testosterone is regulated via negative feedback through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, diminished androgen sensitivity at higher CAG repeat lengths may reduce feedback suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH). LH would then be maintained at higher levels, in turn promoting higher testosterone production
Testosterone up-regulates AVP expression in the amygdala
Oxytocin exerts an inhibitory influence on AVP expression in the central amygdala, and the synthesis of oxytocin is mediated by estrogen and estrogen receptors
Study used saliva to measure Testosterone levels in men. Testosterone levels were inversely associated with age, but positively associated with CAG repeat sequences in the AR.
vaccinations as given between 1994 and 1999 were administered to rhesus macaque monkeys. The challenge group showed altered brain development versus the control group of saline. This was a small pilot study, but well designed.