Group items tagged

Distinction between soluble and insoluble dietary fibers is based on the solubility characteristics of dietary fiber in hot aqueous buffer solutions

Insoluble fibers primarily consist of cellulose and some hemicelluloses, resistant starch, and chitin while soluble fibers include pectins, β-glucans, galactomannan gums, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses

insoluble fibers increase fecal bulk and the excretion of bile acids and decrease intestinal transit time

Soluble fibers increase total transit time by delaying gastric emptying and also slow glucose absorption

only soluble viscous fibers delay gastric emptying time and slow glucose absorption while nonviscous soluble fibers primarily act as a substrate for microbial fermentation in the colon

Cherrier et al [17] evaluated a sample of 32 subjects, which included 17 men with mild cognitive impairment and 15 with Alzheimer's disease. At the 6-week follow-up, patients who received TRT showed significantly better scores regarding spatial memory, constructional abilities, and verbal memory compared to those noted in the placebo group. Taken together, these results suggest that TRT has a beneficial effect on cognitive function

TRT improved mood and well-being, and reduced fatigue and irritability in hypogonadal men

The study by Pope et al [20] involved men with depression refractory to standard anti-depressants, and found that TRT lowered the Hamilton Depression score,

depression tends to increase as testosterone levels decrease [21], it is highly likely that TRT improved symptoms of depression by increasing testosterone levels.

Other targets of HIF-1α include glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), the main transporter involved in glucose uptake [9,10]; lactate dehydrogenase V (LDHV), which is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate into lactate; pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 1 (PDK1), which is responsible for the phosphorylation and consequent inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH); and carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a hypoxia-related protein involved in pH regulation [11]. Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), pristanoyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX-3) and D-bifunctional protein (DBP), are also important fatty acid oxidation-related proteins in prostate cancer

the essential role played by the cross-talk between stroma and epithelium in carcinogenesis and prostate cancer progression has been increasingly recognised

strong membranous expression of MCT1 was consistently observed in cancer cells, suggesting a role for MCT1 in the transport of lactate into tumour cells from the acidic extracellular matrix, suggesting that lactate might be used as a fuel by oxidative cancer cells.

Our hypothesis is in agreement with those of Fiaschi et al.[17], who describe the metabolic reprogramming of CAFs towards the Warburg phenotype as a result of contact with prostate cancer cells

Using in vitro studies, they showed lactate production and efflux by de novo expressed MCT4 in CAFs and also demonstrated that, upon contact with CAFs, prostate cancer cells were reprogrammed towards aerobic metabolism, with an increase in lactate uptake via the lactate transporter MCT1.

pharmacological inhibition of MCT1-mediated lactate uptake dramatically affected PCa cell survival and tumour outgrowth

In this model, “energy transfer” or “metabolic coupling” between the tumour stroma and epithelial cancer cells fuels tumour growth and metastasis via oxidative mitochondrial metabolism in anabolic cancer cells

the concomitant expression of MCT1 in tumour cells and MCT4 in fibroblasts in the same tissue is clinically significant, and associated with poor prognosis.

chemosensitizing

pharmacological concentrations of AA can sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy, enhancing its antineoplastic effect

synergistic effect with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs is a fact already reported, in various types of cancer, by numerous authors, namely in pancreatic (Espey et al., 2011), prostate (Gilloteaux et al., 2014), lung (Lee et al., 2017), breast (Kurbacher et al., 1996; Wu et al., 2017) and ovarian (Ma et al., 2014) cancers.

chemosensitizing effect of vitamin C has already been proven by several authors in various types of cancer

intravenous pharmacological concentrations, may not only potentiate the effects of conventional chemotherapy, but also improve the quality of life of cancer patients

AA reinforced the anti-proliferative activity of 5-FU

Combined treatment induced a reduction of 11.5% and 43% in cell viability compared with AA or Iri therapies, respectively, emphasizing the synergistic effect

cytotoxic effect occurred with treatment with Iri alone, but also this effect was further potentiated by the presence of AA.

association of AA with Oxa showed very promising results, considering that a synergistic effect was demonstrated, in almost all conditions

AA and Oxa seem to act synergistically by the activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, translated on the statistically significant increase of the ratio between BAX and BCL-2 proteins, which in turn is associated with a decrease of Δψm

Previous results obtained by our group showed that AA mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation capable of irreparably damaging DNA

oxidative role of AA may be a key factor on the synergistic anti-cancer mechanism