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Testosterone has a known age-related decline, and total levels typically drop by approximately 1.6% per year beginning for most men in their 30s

As estrogen levels rise, they prompt the body to produce more SHBG, which in turn has a higher binding affinity for testosterone, and drives the unbound fraction of the testosterone pool down even further

When the increase in SHBG is taken into account, the age-related decline in the level of hormone that can be used by the body is closer to 2% to 3% per year.

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), an herb commonly used for allergies, can also be employed to bind to SHBG, which leaves more testosterone available to tissues

Leptin, an adipose-derived peptide hormone that regulates appetite and metabolism, has been shown to directly inhibit testosterone production in animal models

tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) further inhibit Leydig cell testosterone production

Natural aromatase inhibitors include the bioflavonoids chrysin and luteolin

Zinc deficiency causes an upregulation of the aromatase enzyme

Testosterone reduces lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity

there are several herbs that can work to boost testosterone levels, including longjack (Eurycoma longifolia), horny goat weed (Epimedium grandiflorum), and tribulus (Tribulus terrestris).

the majority of the hormone is bound to carrier proteins including sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin