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teachers are increasingly removed from dealing with children as part of a broader historical, social and cultural context.

Removed from the normative and pedagogical framing of classroom life, teachers no longer have the option to think outside of the box, to experiment, be poetic or inspire joy in their students. School has become a form of dead time, designed to kill the imagination of both teachers and students

Under this bill, the quality of teaching and the worth of a teacher are solely determined by student test scores on standardized tests.

Moreover, advanced degrees and professional credentials would now become meaningless in determining a teacher's salary.

In other words, teaching was always directive in its attempt to shape students as particular agents and offer them a particular understanding of the present and the future.

Rather than viewed as disinterested technicians, teachers should be viewed as engaged intellectuals, willing to construct the classroom conditions that provide the knowledge, skills and culture of questioning necessary for students to participate in critical dialogue with the past, question authority, struggle with ongoing relations of power and prepare themselves for what it means to be active and engaged citizens in the interrelated local, national and global public spheres.

fosters rather than mandates

respects the time and conditions teachers need to prepare lessons, research, cooperate with each other and engage valuable community resources.

In part, this requires pedagogical practices that connect the space of language, culture and identity to their deployment in larger physical and social spaces. Such pedagogical practices are based on the presupposition that it is not enough to teach students how to read the word and knowledge critically. They most also learn how to act on their beliefs, reflect on their role as engaged citizens and intervene in the world as part of the obligation of what it means to be a socially responsible agent.

As the late Pierre Bourdieu argued, the "power of the dominant order is not just economic, but intellectual - lying in the realm of beliefs," and it is precisely within the domain of ideas that a sense of utopian possibility can be restored to the public realm

This is probably the hardest part of the process

that we are not starting from scratch.

What this isn't is a short cut.

It's hard, and it's sometimes embarrassing.

by neglecting the ingredients of genuine motivation -- autonomy, mastery, and purpose -- they limit what each of us can achieve

Knowledge is not something we can package neatly in a sentence and pass along as though it were a finished product. It is complicated, distributed, mixed with other concepts, looks differently to different people, is inexpressible, tacit, mutually understood but never articulated.

It's usually impossible to get "better" data, and you have no alternative but to work with the data at hand

The most meaningful definition I've heard: "big data" is when the size of the data itself becomes part of the problem

Precision has an allure, but in most data-driven applications outside of finance, that allure is deceptive. Most data analysis is comparative:

Storing data is only part of building a data platform, though. Data is only useful if you can do something with it, and enormous datasets present computational problems

Hadoop has been instrumental in enabling "agile" data analysis. In software development, "agile practices" are associated with faster product cycles, closer interaction between developers and consumers, and testing

Faster computations make it easier to test different assumptions, different datasets, and different algorithms

It's easer to consult with clients to figure out whether you're asking the right questions, and it's possible to pursue intriguing possibilities that you'd otherwise have to drop for lack of time.

Machine learning is another essential tool for the data scientist.

According to Mike Driscoll (@dataspora), statistics is the "grammar of data science." It is crucial to "making data speak coherently."

Data science isn't just about the existence of data, or making guesses about what that data might mean; it's about testing hypotheses and making sure that the conclusions you're drawing from the data are valid.

The problem with most data analysis algorithms is that they generate a set of numbers. To understand what the numbers mean, the stories they are really telling, you need to generate a graph

Visualization is crucial to each stage of the data scientist

Visualization is also frequently the first step in analysis

Casey Reas' and Ben Fry's Processing is the state of the art, particularly if you need to create animations that show how things change over time

Making data tell its story isn't just a matter of presenting results; it involves making connections, then going back to other data sources to verify them.

Physicists have a strong mathematical background, computing skills, and come from a discipline in which survival depends on getting the most from the data. They have to think about the big picture, the big problem. When you've just spent a lot of grant money generating data, you can't just throw the data out if it isn't as clean as you'd like. You have to make it tell its story. You need some creativity for when the story the data is telling isn't what you think it's telling.

It was an agile, flexible process that built toward its goal incrementally, rather than tackling a huge mountain of data all at once.

we're entering the era of products that are built on data.

We don't yet know what those products are, but we do know that the winners will be the people, and the companies, that find those products.

They can think outside the box to come up with new ways to view the problem, or to work with very broadly defined problems: "here's a lot of data, what can you make from it?"