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yulissa gomez

Kingdom of Jerusalem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 18 views

  • Kingdom of Jerusalem
    • alexi viera
       
      jeruslem was a very famouse city
    • devine martin
       
      thats a city i want to own they have everything spices and food and horses.
    • daniel arocho
       
      yea they had good spices and foods. they had great horses. they had one of the best horses. and they battled great with them.
    • omar pichardo
       
      all the crusades were over jerusalem
  • The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade. It lasted nearly two hundred years, from 1099 until 1291 when the last remaining possession, Acre, was destroyed by the Mamluks
    • anthony rodriguez
       
      they believed Jerusalem was the "holy land"
    • jaida pacheco
       
      The kingdom of Jerusalem was considered the "holy land", because that was where Jesus was crusifed. Many people say you were able to erase your sins. They also said you could earase other peoples sins. Was that true? If it was then why don't people believen it today? When did the Crusaieders take over Jerusalem?
    • lezlie gonzalez
       
      jeruslam was so popular there were a lot of wars for the city
    • devine martin
       
      everybody wanted jersulamen beacuse it was holy and had alot of culture
    • lezlie gonzalez
       
      there was like 3 religons for jerislum
    • yulissa gomez
       
      back then the kingdom of jerusalem was the christian kingdom was established in the levant from 1099 and after the first crusade why did it lasted from 200 years and from 1099 until 1291 when the last remaining possession acre was destroy by the mamluks
  • Flag Coat of arms
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • At first the Muslim
    • Mark Ramos
       
      the Muslims had conquered this place for a long time. The cause why it ended was because of the Crusades. the Crusades killed everybody in there including their own religion the christians. they did this for either, or both reasons, was that their sins would be taken off, or/and so they could be rich the Muslims had conquered this place for a long time. The cause why it ended was because of the Crusades. the Crusades killed everybody in there including their own religion the christians. they did this for either, or both reasons, was that their sins would be taken off, or/and so they could be rich
  • Crusader Jerusalem. The
    • Andy Rosario
       
      How big was jerusalem in the time of the crusey. even tho the mudslim had more milatery .they still cape on fithing to protect there land. this people were really prave at there time.
  • At first the kingdom was little more than a loose collection of towns and cities captured during the crusade. Later kings expanded its size so that at its height in the mid-twelfth century, the kingdom roughly
    • KENNY BATISTA
       
      The kingdom of Jerusalem was considered the "holy land", because that was where Jesus was crusifed. Many people say you were able to erase your sins. They also said you could earase other peoples sins.
    • daniel arocho
       
      yes that is true. they had a king that expanded them. it was the death place of jesus. and they said u can erase your and other peoples sins which were important to you.
  • At first the Muslim world held little concern for the fledgling kingdom, but as the twelfth century progressed, the kingdom's Muslim neighbours were united by Nur ad-Din and Saladin, who vigorously began to recapture lost territory. Jerusalem itself was lost to Saladin in 1187, and by the thirteenth century the Kingdom was reduced to a few cities along the Mediterranean coast. In this period, the kingdom, sometimes referred to as the "Kingdom of Acre", was ruled by the Lusignan dynasty of the crusader Kingdom of Cyprus, and ties were also strengthened with Tripoli, Antioch, and Armenia. The kingdom was also increasingly dominated by the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa, as well as the imperial ambitions of the Holy Roman Emperors. The kingdom became little more than a pawn in the politics and warfare of the Ayyubid and Mamluk dynasties in Egypt, as well as the Khwarezmian and Mongol invaders. The Mamluk sultans Baibars and al-Ashraf Khalil eventually reconquered all the remaining crusader strongholds, culminating in the destruction of Acre in 1291
  • Jerusalem
  • Jerusalem
  • Jerusalem
  • The First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom
    • laverne roache
       
      The crusaders looked scary. I think there were 11 crusades and only 2 lasted. The best one was the first one. the first crusade was preached at the council of clermont.
  •  Kingdom of 1 Jerusalem From Wikipedia, 2 the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Regnum HierosolimitanumRoiaume de JherusalemLatin 2 Kingdom of Jerusalem ← 1099–1291 → Flag Coat of arms The kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states (in shades of green) in the context of the Near East in 1135. Capital Jerusalem (1099-1187)Tyre (1187-1191)Acre (1191-1229)Jerusalem (1229-1244)Acre (1244-1291) Language(s) Latin, Old French, Italian (also Arabic and Greek) Religion Roman Catholicism (official), Greek Orthodoxy, Syrian Orthodoxy, Islam, Judaism Government Monarchy King  - 1100-1118 Baldwin I  - 1118-1131 Baldwin II  - 1131-1152 Melisende- with Fulk 1131-1143  - 1143-1152-1162 Baldwin III  - 1162-1174 Amalric I  - 1174-1185 Baldwin IV Legislature Haute Cour Historical era High Middle Ages  - First Crusade 1099  - Second Crusade 1145  - Siege of Jerusalem (1187)
    • genesis grullon
       
      jeruzzlem had many people. there were many people that wanted it.there were many people up for it . it was probably big.
    • Gabriela Morales
       
      The Kingdom of Jerusalem is known as the holy land. It is called that because jesus died there and it is said that if you go there you can erase your sins and the sins of others. In the First crusade Jerusalem was taken by Saladin. After that the second crusade began. Richard the first volunteered . He is also known as Richard the Lionhearted. He was the king of England. When he went out to fight he left England to Prince John. Prince John was Richard's brother. Prince John became a dictator. Richard fought for 3 years. He had to little men so he decided to surrender.
  •  
    the Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade. It lasted nearly two hundred years, from 1099 until 1291 when the last remaining possession, Acre, was destroyed by the Mamluks.
  •  
    Jerusalem Was a christian kingdom. Many people would Want it. There Was Probably Lots Of Battle For Jerusalem.
  •  
    the kingdom of jerusalem was mainly filled with christian. people would go there to forgive their sins. and people would die to be the king of jerusalem. but there could only be 1 king.
that Nikqa dannY Rodriguez

Kingdom of Heaven (film) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 9 views

  • Kingdom of Heaven (film)
    • devine martin
       
      these a good movie but were not done yet i cant wait
    • adonys conde
       
      kingdom of heaven is more than just a film full of blood and violance and muslims its about one person named Balian of Iblein who lived his life as a slave and then found his father who was a crusader,but sadly shortly after they meet his father died and then he became a knight and took a journy to jerusalem and thats all I known
    • Genesis Nunez
       
      Kingdom of Heaven is an amazing movie it shows you why the army add to go from water to water if not they will die but shows you lots more
    • lezlie gonzalez
       
      kingdome of heaven shows you a little bit how the crusades were. it was almost like the real one but they added a little hollywood to it
  • The story is set during the Crusades of the 12th century.
    • omar jimenez
       
      it is crazy how we no all of this stuuf. its is cool how can acted it out and do it exactly hoiw they did it. its alsome
  • King Baldwin IV.
    • omar jimenez
       
      this man was very brave and strong. he had this dessies that can kill you in a couple years or so. it is called leopsey . this dessiase eat ur skin and it is contation so u can get put ibut it is bad cause u need to ware gloves and stuff
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  • Kingdom of Heaven i
    • laverne roache
       
      This was a great movie. I enjoyed watching it very much. The actors are great. It was very intresting to know what happen.
    • lezlie gonzalez
       
      it was so realalistic!
  • Kingdom of Heaven (f i lm) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    • genesis grullon
       
      this was a very intersting movie. i didnt like it that much. it was alright. the actors were good.
    • Jihad Little
       
      this movie was about the crusades and times around that period. this movie was one of the greatest movies i had ever saw. it was so realistic and gave alot of great information about that time
  • Kingdom of Heaven
    • Jihad Little
       
      kingdom of heaven was a great movie. it showed how things were during those days.
  • Balian
    • Genesis Nunez
       
      Bailian was a great leader and a great worrior and he respected all the muslims
  • A French village blacksmith goes to aid the city of Jerusalem in its defense against the Muslim and Kurdish leader Saladin, who is battling to reclaim the city from the Christians. The film script is a heavily fictionalized portrayal of
    • Gabriela Morales
       
      This movie was really good it told the story about Balian. He was a french blacksmith. After he kills a preist he flees to Jerusalem. His father was king. He promised king Baldwin ( hes not the father) that he would protect Jerusalem and he kept his promise all through the movie. Even when he lost a battle he compromised with Saladin and the people in Jerusalem were safely escourted out.
  • In a remote village in France, Balian (Orlando Bloom), a blacksmith, is haunted by his wife's (Nathalie Cox) recent suicide,
  • Directed by Ridley Scott
    • Gabriela Morales
       
      Kingdom of heaven was a really good movie. It was directed by Ridley Scott. He directed Gladiator as well. I like how Ridley Scott not only makes movies of history but actually puts historic facts. He does not put lies in the movies he tells us the truth very vividly and accurately.
  •  
    Kingdom Of Heaven shows you some things about the crusaders. this movie was good.
  •  
    "Kingdom of Heaven"
Christian Mendez

Guy of Lusignan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 11 views

  • Guy of Lusignan
    • omar pichardo
       
      he hated godfrey they would say stuff over and over to each other
    • adonys conde
       
      they would act like brothers that never had gotten nor will get along
    • adonys conde
       
      also the way he became a king was by getting married
    • eric santiago
       
      yes it was true
  • French Knight who, through marriage, became King of Jerusalem,
    • Andy Rosario
       
      How lucky is this dude just by marriage he became a king. I wanter if he won his marrige in a contes or he got his respect. I woult also whant to know if the prinsec that he marrie whanted to marrie him. If I was I woult be a very lucky guy to becom a king.
  • Baldwin V became King, but he was a sickly child and died within a year.
    • Andy Rosario
       
      What how was that you become a king an then in a year died.that was realy mest up, but at list he got his last wish. And how tid he got sick any way. If I was him I would be sad to finally be a king and then die in a year.
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  • Guy was a son of Lord Hugh VIII of Lusignan, in Poitou, at that time a part of the French duchy of Aquitaine, held by Queen Eleanor of England, her third son Richard, and her husband the English King Henry II.
    • anthony rodriguez
       
      he was a famous arab and he was the son of lord hugh VIII
    • eric santiago
       
      yes he was
  • Guy went to Jerusalem at some date between 1174 and 1180. In 1174, his older brother Amalric married the daughter of Baldwin of Ibelin and entered court circles. Amalric had also obtained the patronage of King Baldwin IV and of his mother Agnes of Courtenay who held the county of Jaffa and Ascalon and was married to Reginald of Sidon. He was appointed Agnes's Constable in Jaffa, and later Constable of the Kingdom. Later, hostile rumours alleged he was Agnes's lover, but this is questionable. It is likely that his promotions were aimed at weaning him away from the political orbit of the Ibelin family, who were associated with Raymond III of Tripoli, Amalric I's cousin and the former bailli or regent. What is certain is that Amalric of Lusignan's success facilitated Guy's social and political advancement
  • whenever he arrived.
  • Lusignans
  • In 1168 Guy and his brothers ambushed and killed Patrick of Salisbury, 1st Earl of Salisbury, who was returning from a pilgrimage. They were banished from Poitou by their overlord, Richard I, then (acting) Duke of Aquitaine.
    • Alex Cruz
       
      In 1168 , Guy and his brothers ambushed and killed Patrick of Salisbury, 1st Salisbury, who was returing from a pilgrimage. They were banished
  • The mid-thirteenth century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre (formerly attributed to Ernoul) claims that Agnes advised her son to marry Sibylla to Guy, and that Amalric had brought Guy to Jerusalem specifically for him to marry Sibylla. However, this is improbable: given the speed with which the marriage was arranged, Guy must have already been in the kingdom when the decision was made. It seems that the King, who was less malleable than earlier historians have portrayed, was considering the international implications: it was vital for Sibylla to marry someone who could rally external help to the kingdom, not someone from the local nobility. With the new King of France, Philip II, a minor, the chief hope of external aid was Baldwin's first cousin Henry II, who owed the Pope a penitential pilgrimage on account of the Thomas Becket affair. Guy was a vassal of Richard of Poitou and Henry II, and as a formerly rebellious vassal, it was in their interests to keep him overseas.
  •  
    Guy of Lusignan, Guy of Jerusalem or Guy of Cyprus (c. 1150 or 1159/1160 - Nicosia, 18 July 1194) was a French Knight who, through marriage, became King of Jerusalem, and led the kingdom to disaster at the Battle of Hattin in 1187.
jaida pacheco

United Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 2 views

  • United Kingdom
    • kevin cruz
       
      united kingdom is made of great britian,northern ireland,and scottland
    • Alberto Torres
       
      made up of great britian and north ireland and the scottish
  •  United Kingdom
    • jaida pacheco
       
      It is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. The largest island, Great Britain, is linked to France by the Channel Tunnel.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and unitary state consisting of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. It is governed by a parliamentary system with its seat of government in London, the capital, but with three devolved national administrations in Belfast, Cardiff and Edinburgh, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland respectively. The Channel Island bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, and the Isle of Man are Crown Dependencies which means they are constitutionally tied to the British Monarch but are not part of the UK. The UK has fourteen overseas territories, all remnants of the British Empire, which at its height in 1922 encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface, the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies.
that Nikqa dannY Rodriguez

Saladin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 21 views

  • Saladin
    • jaida pacheco
       
      He is a guy who who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Hejaz, and Yemen. He led the Muslims against the Crusaders and eventually recaptured Palestine from the Kingdom of Jerusalem after his victory in the Battle of Hattin. As such, he is a notable figure in Kurdish, Arab, Persian, Turkish and Muslim culture.
    • Jihad Little
       
      saladin was one of the leaders of the turks. he captured the jerusalem back from the christians and held it for a very log time. he himself didnt really care for jerusalem but the only reason he regain it was for his people. in the kingdom of heaven saladin did say it meant nothing to him and then said it meant everything to him because he captured it for his people
    • janay harris
       
      saladi could care less about jerusalem but since he promised his people to get jerusalem back. but he was a good leader. and he was a wise fighter.
    • Veronica Rodriguez
       
      saladin was a very good general. Actually the best. That is what lead him to become a great ruller and king f the muslums. He also went against Damaskus.
    • daniel arocho
       
      he was a bad person. he was terrible person. he wanted jeruslum to take over but he had a treated. he had a treaty with the lepra king. after that he died and then some one took over ad broke the treaty then they went into war and jeruslum lost. then he took over jeruslum
    • Jaqueline Ruiz
       
      SaLaDiN WaS A veRy q00D gEnErAl.hE WaNtEd jErUsAlEm bUt dIdNt tHinK THat hAd Any VaLuE.He waNtEd cAuSehE pRomISeD ThAT He WoulD qEt iT & hE hAd a BaTtLe wiTh bAlIan. bAlIan baTtLeD CaUsed Cause nOnE ELse wANTED 2.
  • Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb
    • Jihad Little
       
      he was a great muslim leader and did many great things through out his life. he was the man who actually took jerusalem back from the christians
    • yulissa gomez
       
      yeah he was a great muslim leader
    • daniel arocho
       
      yea. the battle for jeruslum was very terrable. many lives were lost. jeruslum fought well but they lost. also saladin had the advantage because he had many swolders and jeruslum had little knights
  • Saladin was a strict practitioner
    • Veronica Rodriguez
       
      He practiced a learned proffesion. That means a practitionar. I he was a strict proffesioner then he practiced his proffesion very hard. A proffecian also means something or a hobbie you posses.
    • daniel arocho
       
      yea he was a very stricked proffesioner. he was a good one to. he knew how to do his job. and he knew how to handle his army.
    • Jaqueline Ruiz
       
      hE WaS ReAllY StRicT.HE nEw hOw 2 dO HiS JoB.HE NeW HoW 2 HaNlE ThE HiS ARmY THaT IS Y THeY r s0 qOoD aT FiqHtINq
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  • Saladin as depicted on a Dirham coin, Circa. 1190.
    • Veronica Rodriguez
       
      Saladin must have been a very famous person to get his own coin. Cause most people that are very famous and that are loved get there own coins. But if you are not loved or famous you wont get a coin. And that does not look like saladin in the coin. It looks like a baby.
  • Aleppo
  • Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria.
    • devine martin
       
      muslim had nice armys and knew had to attcak.
  • Saladin
    • kevin cruz
       
      saladin sent all the muslims out of the town then the next day when they came back in he sent all the cristions out of town then the next day when theyre were supposed to come back in saladin didnt let them back in
    • kevin cruz
       
      and it started to get crazy outside of the town people started to get hungry so they started to eat there own horses
  • Saladin
    • jaida pacheco
       
      Saladin's military career began when his uncle Asad al-Din Shirkuh, an important military commander under Nur ad-Din, started training him. In 1163, the vizier to the Fatimid caliph al-Adid, Shawar, had been driven out of Egypt by rival Dirgham, a member of the powerful Banu Ruzzaik tribe. He asked for military backing from Nur ad-Din, who complied and in 1164, sent Shirkuh to aid Shawar in his expedition against Dirgham. Saladin, at age 26, went along with them.After Shawar was successfully reinstated as vizier, he demanded that Shirkuh withdraw his army from Egypt for a sum of 30,000 dinars, but he refused insisting it was Nur ad-Din's will that he remain. Saladin's role in this expedition was minor, and it is known that he was ordered by Shirkuh to collect stores from Bilbais prior to its siege by a combined force of Crusaders and Shawar's troops.After the sacking of Bilbais, the Crusader-Egyptian force and Shirkuh's army were to engage in a battle on the desert border of the Nile River, just west of Giza. Saladin played a major role, commanding the right wing of the Zengid army, while a force of Kurds commanded the left, and Shirkuh stationed in the center. Muslim sources at the time, however, put Saladin in the "baggage of the center" with orders to lure the enemy into a trap by staging a false retreat. The Crusader force enjoyed early success against Shirkuh's troops, but the terrain was too steep and sandy for their horses, and commander Hugh of Caesarea was captured while attacking Saladin's unit. After scattered fighting in little valleys to the south of the main position, the Zengid central force returned to the offensive; Saladin joined in from the rear.The battle ended in a Zengid victory, and Saladin is credited to have helped Shirkuh in one of the "most remarkable victories in recorded history," according to Ibn al-Athir, although more of Shirkuh's men were killed and the battle is considered by most sources as not a total victory. Saladin and Shirkuh
  •  
    (c. 1138 - March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Hejaz, and Yemen. He led the Muslims against the Crusaders and eventually recaptured Palestine from the Kingdom of Jerusalem after his victory in the Battle of Hattin. As such, he is a notable figure in Kurdish, Arab, Persian, Turkish and Muslim culture. Saladin was a strict practitioner of Sunni Islam. His chivalrous behavior was noted by Christian chroniclers, especially in the accounts of the siege of Kerak in Moab, and despite being the nemesis of the Crusaders he won the respect of many of them, including Richard the Lionheart; rather than becoming a hated figure in Europe, he became a celebrated example of the principles of chivalry.
  • ...2 more comments...
  •  
    (c. 1138 - March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, and Yemen. He led the Muslims against the Crusaders and eventually recaptured Palestine from the Kingdom of Jerusalem after his victory in the Battle of Hattin. As such, he is a notable figure in Kurdish, Arab, Persian, Turkish and Muslim culture. Saladin was a strict practitioner of Sunni Islam. His chivalrous behavior was noted by Christian chroniclers, especially in the accounts of the siege of Kerak in Moab, and despite being the nemesis of the Crusaders he won the respect of many of them, including Richard the Lionheart; rather than becoming a hated figure in Europe, he became a celebrated example of the principles of chivalry.
  •  
    saladin was king or also known as the owner of the western empire. he was a muslim. he led Islamic and the franks. he ruled Egypt and Syria.
  •  
    saladin this ni**a was my favorite he was bomb like tic tic ..lol but he was the greatest muslim emperor i h ave ever herd of... he took jereculim back from the christians ....  
  •  
    "Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. "
emily caba

Balian of Ibelin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 12 views

  • For other figures with the same name, see Balian.
    • KENNY BATISTA
       
      Balian of abelin was the son of godfrey. Godfrey was the king of jeruselem or something like that. He was very famous. Because he was and old king. He told his son 2 go 2 the jeruselem so he had a new beginning an a new start.
  • Balian of Ibelin
    • Aahlya Mendez
       
      Balian of abelin was the son of godfrey. Godfrey was the king of jeruselem or something like that. He was very famous. Because he was and old king. He told his son 2 go 2 the jeruselem so he had a new beginning an a new start. Not just for him for his dead wife 2. To be the nesw king 2 and find a new love 2 i think.
    • adonys conde
       
      both his wife and baby diedhis wife comited suicide and his baby just died
    • adonys conde
       
      he was also the son of Barisan of Iblein plus he killed a prest caus ehe toke the neacklce be long ing to his wife while she was being baried
    • adonys conde
       
      he became a crusader the day he meet his father
    • adonys conde
       
      didied one year before guy did
    • adonys conde
       
      lived in the kingdom jerusalem as a crusader in the 12th centry
    • eric santiago
       
      YES HE DID LIVE IN THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM AS A CRUSADER IN THE 12TH CENTRY
    • devine martin
       
      he is a great guy he help only people of his casltle and pligrim road.he was a blacksmaith until his father made him a knight then his father died beacuse of a arrow in his hip. and his wife commite sucide and went to hell.
    • emily caba
       
      balian of ibelin was godfreys son. balian was an intelligent guy just like godfrey. balian had war with the muslims because the muslims wanted jerusalum. saladin wanted war because he promised his people tht he will rule jerusalum and he kept tht promise.
  • Balian was the youngest son of Barisan of Ibelin, and brother of Hugh and Baldwin. His father, a knight in the County of Jaffa, had been rewa
    • anthony rodriguez
       
      he was the son of godfrey
    • jaida pacheco
       
      of course Balian was the youngest son of The Barisan of Ibelin. Because he was the only son of his. He was also the greatest son of his. He was heroic. When was he born? When did he die? How old was he when he was married? How old was his wife when she comitted suicide? How old was his son when he died? How did his son die?
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Balian and Baldwin supported Raymond III of Tripoli over Miles of Plancy as regent for King Baldwin IV in 1174, and in 1177 the brothers were present at the Battle of Montgisard, leading the vanguard victoriously against the strongest point of the Muslim line. That year Balian also married Maria Comnena, widow of King Amalric I, and became stepfather to their daughter Princess Isabella. He received the lordship of Nablus, which had been a dower gift to Maria following her marriage to Amalric. In 1179, Baldwin was captured by Saladin after the Battle of Jacob's Ford, and Balian helped arrange for his ransom and release the next year; the ransom was eventually paid by Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, Maria's great-uncle.
  • Early life
    • Alex Cruz
       
      Balian was the youngest son of Barisan of Ibelin , and brother of Hugh and Baldwin.
    • KENNY BATISTA
       
      to be the balen of iblen means to be the ruler of iblen
  • In 1183 Balian and Baldwin supported Raymond against Guy of Lusignan, husband of Sibylla of Jerusalem and by now regent for Baldwin IV, who was dying of leprosy. The king had his 5-year-old nephew Baldwin of Montferrat crowned as co-king in his own lifetime, in an attempt to prevent Guy from succeeding as king. Shortly before his death in spring 1185, Baldwin IV ordered a formal crown-wearing by his nephew at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. It was Balian himself—a notably tall man—who carried the child Baldwin V on his shoulder at the ceremony, signifying the support of Isabella's family for her nephew. Soon after, the eight-year-old boy became sole king. When he, too, died in 1186, Balian and Maria, with Raymond's support, put forward Maria's daughter Isabella, then about 14, as a candidate for the throne. However, her husband, Humphrey IV of Toron, refused the crown and swore fealty to Guy. Balian reluctantly also paid homage to Guy, while his brother refused to do so and exiled himself to Antioch. Baldwin placed Balian in charge of raising his son Thomas, the future lord of Ramla, who did not go with his father to Antioch.
  •  
    alian of Ibelin (early 1140s-1193) was an important noble in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century..balian was the youngest son of Barisan of Ibelin, and brother of Hugh and Baldwin. His father, a knight in the County of Jaffa, had been rewarded with the lordship of Ibelin after the revolt of Hugh II of Le Puiset. Barisan married Helvis of Ramla, heiress of the wealthy lordship of Ramla. 
yordanka raymond

William of Tyre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 18 views

  • William of Tyre (c. 1130 – September 29, 1186), was a medieval prelate and chronicler. As archbishop of Tyre, he is sometimes known as William II to distinguish him from a predecessor, William of Malines. He grew up in Jerusalem at the height of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had been established in 1099 after the First Crusade, and he spent twenty years studying the liberal arts and canon law in the universities of Europe.
    • edward estremera
       
      william was a medivil guy he grew up in ingld
    • devine martin
       
      he was a good guy to the ppl that all i know
    • jonathan perez
       
      willian of tyre was a medival prelate and chronicler
    • Steven Ramos
       
      william was a medivle man.Everybody loved him.he was perlate and chronicler.William was a great man.
    • Alberto Torres
       
      he was roman catholic
  • expanded and secured the kingdom's borders, which encompassed roughly the same territory as modern-day Israel,
  • The highest religious and political offices in Jerusalem were usually held by Europeans who had arrived on pilgrimage or crusade. William was one of the few natives with a European education, and he quickly rose through the ranks.[12] After his return to the Holy Land in 1165, he became canon of the cathedral at Acre. In 1167 he was appointed archdeacon of the cathedral of Tyre by Frederick de la Roche, archbishop of Tyre, with the support of King Amalric I
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • William of Tyre
    • laverne roache
       
      Willam of tyre was an medevil chronicter. He was born in Jersueleum. He study liberal agrts and cannon law for 20 years.He died 1186.
    • Steven Ramos
       
      William died september 29 1186. he study libral agarts and cannon of law.He was born in jerusulam he was a very inportant person.
    • edward estremera
       
      yea he did die on september he is about like 824 years old really old aww if he was alive we could of have know every thimg bout the past
    • emily caba
       
      william of tyre was a historian i think...he told the pope or the ppl tht the muslims are doing bad things to the other religions which was not true.
    • Alberto Torres
       
      william of trye was an chronicter during the time of the crusades. he was born in the holy land (jerusalem) in 1130. he deid in sept. 29 1186
  • Baldwin
  • Baldwin
  • The Kingdom of Jerusalem was founded in 1099
  • William of Tyre
  •  
    William of Tyre was the first eye witness that we actually have accounts and records of. He was a christian historian. He was born in 1130 AD. He died in 1186 AD. He grew up in Jerusalem. He was there when Jerusalem was at it's height of it's power. He was probably there when the crusade was going on between Balian and Saladin.
  •  
    Willam of tyre was an medevil chronicter. He was born in Jersueleum. He study liberal agrts and cannon law for 20 years. he was born in the holy land (jerusalem) in 1130. He died 1186.
Devin Figueroa

Franks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 20 views

  • West Germanic tribal confederation first attested in the 3rd century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul.
    • julio hernandez
       
      these tribes came from germany to look for new land.The only reason they attacked Rome is because they knew they were battle damaged after fighting so much with each other.Romans gave them land.
  • The Franks or Frankish people (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a West Germanic tribal confederation first attested in the 3rd century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River.
    • joseph reyes
       
      the franks were barbarians in the 3rd century.the franks wanted more land so they want to the romans for land. the romans thought that the franks were going to attak so the attested them.the romans put the franks in as entertanment for the roman people against loins .
  • From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul
    • joseph reyes
       
      some franks joined the romans for land.other romans fought against the romans cause the wanted their empire.the romans gave land to those who joined,the romans would take the frank leaders an put the in the colusium with lions.
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • The Franks enter recorded history around the year 50 due to an invasion across the Rhine into the Roman Empire.
    • joseph reyes
       
      the franks wanted to invade the romans cause they just wanted land.the romans said no. so the franks invaded their land an kept killing romans to get attention.they got the romans attention an got the land but they had to guard th borader.
    • Timothy Rosario
       
      The Roman Western Roman Empire was at a disadvantage. They had taught the Frankish warriors everything they had known. And the Roman Millitary was weakining. Which ultimately led to the downfall of the Western Roman Empire.
  • Franks
    • eric santiago
       
      the Franks were nice enough to help the romans in war
    • brandon casiano
       
      they were very wise
    • michael escobar
       
      that as tipical. usualy the romens would always take land. they were so powerful. now they need help
    • Gabriela Morales
       
      What I do not get is that the Franks agreed to help the Romans out from Ghengis Khan but the Romans never re-payed them. They are so selfish. They are even a barbarian tribe and they still helped them. Merovech died after that. He never saw anything for that.
    • lezlie gonzalez
       
      the franks were so genourouse.
    • edward estremera
       
      the franks were crazy as hell yo dum people got problems hut any ways they were not gorges they were ugly they need make up lol
    • omar pichardo
       
      when the franks joined with rome the romens wanted them to give up there religion the franks practiced there religon in secret so the romens won't know
    • stella almonte
       
      the franks wanted to steal some things from the romans in the begginig
    • stella almonte
       
      merovich was the king of the franks in451ad
    • janay harris
       
      the fraks were very nice , kind and ery wise people. they wouldnt make dumb choices. cause if they were to there tribe would of been very different
    • ceferinne polanco
       
      (merovech died) when i think of barbarians it makes me think of viking 2 me i dont see much of a differents
    • janay harris
       
      the franks were nice enough to help the romans fight in war. but obvious the romans would win like always because how they worked as a team
    • YaniCristal !!
       
      franksis the tribe that started france
    • Jihad Little
       
      yeah they were from france and frnace was named after the franks
    • Michelle Barrueto
       
      The franks werent just complete terror, they were people who came from france and tried to tribute. Wanted to win, to get power. The helped the romans but kind of like they didnt want to. Just wanted something...
  • The Merovingian dynasty, descended from the Salians, founded one of the Germanic monarchies which replaced the Western Roman Empire from the 5th century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.
    • yulissa gomez
       
      the germanic monarchies they were replace from the western roman empire form the 5th centery. they also the frankish state consolidated in its hold over the largest parts of western europe.
  • The language spoken by the early Franks is known as Old Frankish and is only attested in a few words in the Lex Salica and in personal names, and is mostly reconstructed from Old Low Franconian and loanwords in Old French and Latin. In the Low Countries it evolved into Old Dutch. Though it lent its name to a number of widely spoken dialects in modern Germany (Ripuarian, Moselle-Franconian, Rhine-Franconian, East-Franconian, South-Franconian), France (Lorrainian) and Luxemburg (Luxembourgish) these languages are not directly related to the ancient language of the Franks.[10] Early in their history the Salians adopted Latin as a second language, as in the case of the Ubii. South of the language border, in what became northern France (langues d'oïl), Frankish was replaced by Old French from the 8th century on. Thereafter the language border between the French and Dutch languages slowly moved north to its current location. There is no surviving work of literature in the Frankish language and perhaps no such works ever existed. Latin was the written language of Gaul before and during the Frankish period. Of the Gallic works which survive, there are a few chronicles, many hagiographies and saints' lives, and a small corpus of poems. The word Frank has the meaning of "free" (e.g. English frank, frankly, franklin, or the Dutch expression "Frank en Vrij": Frank and Free). This arose because, after the conquest of Gaul, only Franks were free of taxation.[11]
    • yulissa gomez
       
      the languege the franke spoken was the old frankish and it was the only few words in the lex salica and also in personal names. it was also mostly reconstucted from the old low frsnconian and the loanwords in lod french and also latin.
    • yulissa gomez
       
      also in their early history thesalians adopted latin as a secend languege , as the case of the ubii. as the south of the languege border ii what had became the northen france .also the franks was repalce by the old french from the 8th century .
    • yulissa gomez
       
      the franks were free of the taxation
  • Some Franks converted early to Christianity, like the usurper Silvanus in the 4th century. In 496, Clovis I, who had married a Burgundian Catholic named Clotilda three years earlier, was baptised into the (Trinitarian) Catholic faith by Saint Remi after a decisive victory over the Alemanni at the Battle of Tolbiac. According to Gregory of Tours, over 3000 of his soldiers were baptised alongside him.[14] Clovis' conversion to Catholicism would prove to have an enormous effect on the course of European history, for at the time the Franks were the only major Christianized Germanic tribe without a predominantly Arian aristocracy (their contemporary rivals, the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Burgundians and Lombards, had converted to Arian Christianity), and this led to a naturally amicable relationship between the Church of Rome and the increasingly powerful Franks.
    • yulissa gomez
       
      some the franks converted early to the christianity like the usurper silvanus in the 4th century in 496. their were tours over 3000 of the soildiers they wre baptised .
  • Like other Germanic peoples, the legal models of the Franks were originally housed only in the memory of designated specialists, rachimburgs, parallel to Scandinavian lawspeakers.[22] By the time codes began to be written down in the sixth century, there persisted two basic legal subdivisions within the Frankish nation: Salian Franks were subject to Salic law, Ripuarian Franks to Ripuarian law. Gallo-Romans south of the Loire River and the clergy remained subject to traditional Roman law.[23] Germanic law was overwhelmingly concerned with private law, which protects individuals, over public law, which protects the interest of the state. According to Michel Rouche, "Frankish judges devoted as much care to a case involving the theft of a dog as Roman judges did to cases involving the fiscal responsibility of curiales, or municipal councilors."[24]
    • yulissa gomez
       
      germanic people the legal models of the franks were originally housed in the memory of the designated.
  • Contemporary definitions of the ethnicity of the Franks vary by period and point of view. Many in the East used the term "Franks" to describe or refer to Western Europeans and Roman Catholic Christians in general. It is unclear, though, to what extent different Western European groups described or referred to themselves as the Franks. Within Francia, the Franks appear to have initially been a distinct group with their own culture but the Frankish identity gradually changed from an ethnic identity to a national identity, much as happened with the Roman identity during the course of their empire.
  • Austrasia in 752 Neustria in 752 Contents [hide]
  • Like many Germanic peoples, the Franks developed an origin story to connect themselves with peoples of antiquity. In the case of the Franks, these peoples were the Sicambri and the Trojans. An anonymous work of 727 called Liber Historiae Francorum states that following the fall of Troy, 12,000 Trojans led by chiefs Priam and Antenor moved to the Tanais (Don) river, settled in Pannonia near the Sea of Azov and founded a city called "Sicambria". In just two generations (Priam and his son Marcomer) from the fall of Troy (by modern scholars dated in the late Bronze Age) they arrive in the late fourth century at the Rhine. An earlier variation of this story can be read in Fredegar. In Fredegar's version an early king named Francio serves as namegiver for the Franks, just as Romulus has lent his name to Rome. [edit] History
  • The ethnonym Frank has sometimes been traced to the Latin francisca (from the Germanic *frankon, akin to the Old English franca), meaning "javelin." While the throwing axe of the Franks is known as the francisca, the weapon conversely may have been named after the tribe. A. C. Murray says, "The etymology of Franci is uncertain ('the fierce ones' is the favourite explanation), but the name is undoubtedly of Germanic origin."[1]
  • The Salian political elite would be one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe.
  • This article is about the Frankish people and society.
    • Gabriela Morales
       
      The Franks were a very popular barbarian group. Beginning with Merovech. As they got to clovis they got more powerful then ever. By the time Clovis died they have conquered all of Gaul and became very famous in eastern Europe.
    • Timothy Rosario
       
      Yes indeed the Franks were not as well known as the Rpmans or other Barbarian tribes... Until Clovis led them into battle. Clovis was one of the most expierienced Barbarian Chieftans ever to live. He led the Franks into the Glory and lushiousness of Gaul and many other Regions. By Clovis death the size of the Frankish tribe had more than tripled in size !!
    • Devin Figueroa
       
      So he was the franks best general.
    • eric santiago
       
      YES HE WAS THE FRANKS BEST GENERAL
  • Franks
    • laverne roache
       
      The franks were very smart. They took over the roman empire. they wanted all there gold. Every little thing they had they wanted it.
    • Jihad Little
       
      they trained with the romans and learned there technique and then used that to defeate them. that was one of the smartest things they could have done. they had the ball on there court and the advantage on the side
    • Timothy Rosario
       
      The Franks were one of many Barbarian tribes. They fought beside Roman troops in exchange for land. But the Romans didn't grasp the fact that they were giving away their techniques and many other moves that led to the downfall of the Eastern Roman Empire.
    • kimberly ramos
       
      the franks were barbarians. but they acted like romans.the franks were also gross. i say that because they didnt bath.
    • Timothy Rosario
       
      sorry the Western Roman Empire
    • jaida pacheco
       
      tribal confederation first attested in the third century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River.
  • Clovis I became the first king of all Franks in 509, when he conquered the kingdom of Cologne.
  • Clovis divided his realm between his four sons in a manner which would become familiar, as his sons and grandsons in turn divided their kingdoms between their sons. Clovis' sons united to defeat Burgundy in 534, but internecine feuding came to the fore during the reigns of the brothers Sigebert I and Chilperic
  • Modern scholars of the Migration Period are in agreement that the Frankish identity emerged at the first half of the 3rd century out of various earlier, smaller Germanic groups, including the Salii, Sicambri, Chamavi, Bructeri, Chatti, Chattuarii, Ampsivarii, Tencteri, Ubii and Batavi, who inhabited the lower Rhine valley between the Zuyder Zee and the river Lahn and extended eastwards as far as the Weser, but were the most densely settled around the IJssel and between the Lippe and the Sieg. The Frankish confederation probably began to coalesce in the 230s.
  • Frankish (disambiguation
    • KENNY BATISTA
       
      the franks were lead by cloves he had a cristian wife and after he turned into a cristian and the franks did to so franks were mostly cristian.
    • Devin Figueroa
       
      So what ever religon he belivedin they fallowed
  • The Franks or Frankish people (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a West Germanic tribal confederation first attested in the third century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River
  • . Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul save Septimania in the 6th century
  • The Merovingian dynasty, descended from the Salians, founded one of the Germanic monarchies which replaced the Western Roman Empire from the fifth century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.
  • For the political development of the Franks, see Francia.
    • brandon casiano
       
      crazy people
    • Devin Figueroa
       
      They proply stunk.
  • They are first mentioned on the Tabula Peutingeriana as the Chamavi qui est Pranci (meaning "Chamavi, who are Pranci", probably an error for Franci). Over the next century other Frankish tribes besides the Chamavi surface in the records. The major primary sources include Panegyrici Latini, Ammianus Marcellinus, Claudian, Zosimus, Sidonius Apollinaris and Gregory of Tours. As early as 357 a Frankish king from the Salians enters Roman-held soil to stay.
  • Origins
  •  
    the franks was a tribe that started in the 3d century .. some franks were taught how to fight like romans because  some of them joined the roman army ..and some raided roman territory ..
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  •  
    the franks helped roman in war
  •  
    they lived around the lower Rhine river
  •  
    the franks were very popular barbarian group. clovius was the kings of the franks and so was sigeberts right besides him. but when clovius wanted complete power he could not just kill him becuase that would make him a murder. so clovius talked with sigeberts son about killing his father and he agreed.
  •  
    the franks were a barbarian group that helped the romans in the war.
devine martin

Edward Norton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • His other films include period dramas such as Kingdom of Heaven (2005)
    • julio hernandez
       
      This guy was the leper king.You cant tell its him cause of the leprosy.He looks young but in movie he look rotten.
  • Edward Harrison Norto
    • devine martin
       
      he has alot of movies i like that santamaria plays
saul PAULINO

Raynald of Châtillon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 9 views

  • Raynald of Châtillon
    • ashley hernandez
       
      Raynald was a templar you knew that because he had a red cross on his chest of his clothes. He got beheaded by Saladin for the following reason. Saladin was so generous he gave water to Guy de Lusignan he took it and gave it to Raynald. That was a bad idea because Saladin said " I didn't give that to you" and Raynald said " no, my lord" and right there he turned around and there he took out his sword as fast as he can and beheaded him.
    • Jaqueline Ruiz
       
      Raynald was a tempeler.You could tell that he was a templer cause on his clothing he had a reed cross on it.He was hit by Sybillas brother.And then he was arrested.Then he was beheaded by Saladin.Because he Saladin had offered Guy de Lusignan water he rejected and gave it to Raynald.Then Saladin told him that he hadnt gave him that water.Raynald said no my lord.Then a guy behind Saladin gave him his soed and Saladin cut of his head
    • devine martin
       
      he was a special templer he was a hostpialler so he thought he can help by using jesus on his side
    • emily caba
       
      raynald was a templar. a templar was ppl tht killed ppl tht believe in different religion i guess
    • yordanka raymond
       
      Raynald was going to kill the muslems too with Guy. Raynald's job was to keep the people protected but he didnt do that. He worked with Guy secretly. Raynald killed Saladin's sister.
  • In 1187 Saladin invaded the kingdom, defeating the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin. The battle left Saladin with many prisoners. Most prominent among these prisoners were Raynald and King Guy, both of whom Saladin ordered brought to his tent. The chronicler Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, who was present at the scene, relates: “ Saladin invited the king [Guy] to sit beside him, and when Arnat [Raynald] entered in his turn, he seated him next to his king and reminded him of his misdeeds. "How many times have you sworn an oath and violated it? How many times have you signed agreements you have never respected?" Raynald answered through a translator: "Kings have always acted thus. I did nothing more." During this time King Guy was gasping with thirst, his head dangling as though drunk, his face betraying great fright. Saladin spoke reassuring words to him, had cold water brought, and offered it to him. The king drank, then handed what remained to Raynald, who slaked his thirst in turn. The sultan then said to Guy: "You did not ask permission before giving him water. I am therefore not obliged to grant him mercy." After pronouncing these words, the sultan smiled, mounted his horse, and rode off, leaving the captives in terror. He supervised the return of the troops, and then came back to his tent. He ordered Raynald brought there, then advanced before him, sword in hand, and struck him between the neck and the shoulder-blade. When Raynald fell, he cut off his head and dragged the body by its feet to the king, who began to tremble. Seeing him thus upset, Saladin said to him in a reassuring tone: "This man was killed only because of his maleficence and perfidy".
    • Jaqueline Ruiz
       
      When Saladin had invaded the kingdom something happedned.The following happened.Saladin had tooken Guy yo his property and then gave him a glass of water.Then Guy took it but then gave it to Raynald.Then Saldin told him that he hadnt gav that to him.Raynald sayed no my lord.Then the huy behind Saladin gave him a swaord and then Saldin got the sword and cut Raynalds head.
  • Baldwin IV's
    • Jaqueline Ruiz
       
      He was the knig of Jeruslem.He was very ill.He had a sickness called leprosy.That sickness pealoff your skin and it makes you look ill.When he died Guy became knig.
    • michael escobar
       
      that is sad what happened to him
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Raynald of Châtillon
    • Gabriela Morales
       
      Raynald of Chatillon was a templar. A templar was a person who killed people of other religion. He was sent to jail. He got killed by Saladin. Saladin was given a sword and then Reynald was beheaded.
    • kimberly ramos
       
      he was a Templer. He ruled as a prince of antioch from 1153-1187. He was a controversial character in his own lifetime and so on.
    • daniel arocho
       
      raynald is a templar. he was bad. he wanted everything his way. he was killed. he was killed for beaking the treaty.
  • Raynald's origins are obscure
    • daniel arocho
       
      what do they mean by obscure? and is his origin good? i think its a bad origion. but i think they were smart. but he was a horible templar
  • Hervé II of Donzy
    • daniel arocho
       
      who is herve II of donzy? was he another templar or king. he must of been bad also. or if not he must of been a great one. so he must of had many people. he must of been very powerful to be known
  •  
    Raynald of Chatillon was a templar. A templar was a person who killed people of other religion. He was sent to jail. He got killed by Saladin...saladin chopped off his head for desprecting him 
jonathan perez

Saladin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 4 views

  • In July 1187 Saladin captured most of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. On July 4, 1187, at the Battle of Hattin, he faced the combined forces of Guy of Lusignan, King Consort of Jerusalem and Raymond III of Tripoli. In this battle alone the Crusader army was largely annihilated by the motivated army of Saladin. It was a major disaster for the Crusaders and a turning point in the history of the Crusades.
    • julio hernandez
       
      He won because the crusaders ran out of water.Guy and Reynald came prisinors .Saladin kills Reynald.Saladin moved from wter to water always hydrated.
  • Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (Arabic: صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب‎, Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی, Selah'edînê Eyubî) (c. 1138 — March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish[2][3] Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Hejaz, and Yemen. He led the Muslims against the Crusaders and eventually recaptured Palestine from the
    • anthony rodriguez
       
      saladin was a famous muslin king
  • Saladin
    • devine martin
       
      he is great guy beacuase he has a massive army that could wipe anything.he a real nice person. but he hates the new king guey.and likes to test people to
    • emily caba
       
      saladin is the guy tht wants peace to him ppl. the only reason he had war with balian is because saladin promised his ppl tht he will get jerusalem back from the christians and he kept tht promise.
    • yordanka raymond
       
      Saladin's sister was killed by raynald. After that Saladin killed raynald and planned to take Jeruslam. He could take it anytime he wants but he'll lose a lot of man. He didnt think Jeruslam was a holly place.
    • jonathan perez
       
      saladin was a muslim king and also faught with his army in war
  •  
    when the muslems actakked jeruuslem they killed some people but not all. the cursaders killed every jerusulem they said god loves you but we dont. it took place in 109 a,d the frankls had 100,000 people.
  •  
    saladin was born in 1137-1138 in tikrit iraq ...he died at damascus syria ..he died in march 4th 1193 ce..at aged 55 or 56 ..h ewas one of the best kings alive at tht time ...he had everything well organized..
  •  
    "1138 - March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish[2][3] Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Hejaz, and Yemen. He led the Muslims against the Crusaders and eventually recaptured Palestine from the Kingdom of Jerusalem after his victory in the Battle of Hattin. "
Devin Figueroa

Second Crusade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 10 views

  • Second Crusade
    • emily caba
       
      the second crucade was prevented by richard. richard heard about balian having the first crucade against the muslims. now richard wants jerusilum back from the muslims and he wanted a second crucade. richard asked balian to join him and he said "i am a black smith".
    • Aahlya Mendez
       
      The second crusade was prevented by King Richard I. Richard the I heard aboust balian having the first crusade against the muslims. Know Richard wants jerusalem back from th muslims and he wanted a second crusade. Richard the I asked balian to join him and he said "i am a black smith." But king richard the I new it was Bailian not a simple black smith.
    • ceferinne polanco
       
      i hate wars like just get along if u dont stay out of each others lives there is o reason to fight
    • Michelle Barrueto
       
      War is what brought us together: ceferinne. If there was no war (especially that one) then the world would have changed. The Second Crusade was really big and caused alot.
    • Gabriela Morales
       
      Both of you have a good point. Wars are very important but we are not saying that is good. Sure, if we did not have wars there will be less the struggle but it helps us acheive so much more. The Second Crusade was interesting because Balian was helping to protect Jerusalem which he did. Sure, Saladin got it, but he kept his promise, to keep everyone safe.
    • janay harris
       
      the second cursade was prevented by the man named richmond. but the good thing was balian was helping jerusalem and was protecting it because everyone wanted to own jerusalem.
    • Bryan Cardenas
       
      Why couldent they do that in the beggining. It wold of endet the war a long time ago. Man people so greedy back then.
  • After the First Crusade and the minor Crusade of 1101 there were three crusader states established in the east: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa. A fourth, the County of Tripoli, was established in 1109. Edessa was the most northerly of these, and also the weakest and least populated; as such, it was subject to frequent attacks from the surrounding Muslim states ruled by the Ortoqids, Danishmends, and Seljuk Turks.[2] Count Baldwin II and future count Joscelin of Courtenay were taken captive after their defeat at the Battle of Harran in 1104
    • Devin Figueroa
       
      I don't get what was the point of taking over jerusalem.Isn't your life more valuable.If God really wanted jrusalem he could have sent his army.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Baldwin and Joscelin were both captured a second time in 1122, and although Edessa recovered somewhat after the Battle of Azaz in 1125, Joscelin was killed in battle in 1131
    • Devin Figueroa
       
      didn't the king of jerusalem have some type of illness?that must have sucked. I think it must have been painful
  • The Pope commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded to the First Crusade.
    • Devin Figueroa
       
      Wasn't ballyen a great general in the crusades.He fought againtst some fearful muslim.Also dont you need to be back smacked to be a knight.
that Nikqa dannY Rodriguez

Barisan of Ibelin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 3 views

  • Barisan of Ibelin
    • jaida pacheco
       
      The Ibelins later claimed to be descended from the viscounts of Chartres, but according to Peter W. Edbury, Barisan was probably from northern Italy. According to Jonathan Riley-Smith, however, he may have indeed been connected to Chartres, as the brother of Hugh of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa; he would then have also been a cousin to the Montlhéry family of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. However, nothing certain is known of his life before 1115, when he appears as constable of Jaffa under Hugh. In 1120 he was present at the Council of Nablus, where the first laws of the kingdom were promulgated, perhaps representing the new, underaged Count of Jaffa, Hugh II. Around the same year, his services were rewarded with a marriage to Helvis of Ramla, daughter of Baldwin I of Ramla. In 1134, when Hugh II rebelled against King Fulk, Barisan supported the king, and soon became prominent at Fulk's court. In 1141, perhaps as a reward for his loyalty in 1134, he was granted the newly constructed castle of Ibelin, located in the County of Jaffa between Jaffa itself and the Fatimid Egyptian fortress of Ascalon. It was from this castle that the family took their name.
    • jessica dejesus
       
      Hugh of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa; he would then have also been a cousin to the Montlhéry family of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. However, nothing certain is known of his life before 1115, when he appears as constable of Jaffa under Hugh. In 1120 he was present at the Council of Nablus, where the first laws of the kingdom were promulgated, perhaps representing the new, underaged Count of Jaffa, Hugh II. Around the same year, his services were rewarded with a marriage to Helvis of Ramla, daughter of Baldwin I of Ramla. In 1134, when Hugh II rebelled against King Fulk, Barisan supported the king, and soon became prominent at Fulk's court. In 1141, perhaps as a reward for his loyalty in 1134
Gabriela Morales

Baldwin IV of Jerusalem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 10 views

  • Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
    • kevin cruz
       
      they killed him the leper king
  • Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
    • kevin cruz
       
      died by the diease called leper
    • edward estremera
       
      he did not die yet in da movie he die cause of leper it is a disses that makes your skin fall of
    • adonys conde
       
      the disses eats your skin litterally
    • Jaqueline Ruiz
       
      He was the knig of jeruslem.He suffered from leprosy.He was also brother of Sybila.That deaseas makes your skin fall off.When he dies Sybilla takes of his mask and that looked DISGUSTING.
    • devine martin
       
      i feel real bad beacuse that not something to joke about beacuse something is eating your skin alive that somethings is bad and they did not have real medince.
    • yordanka raymond
       
      He was the king of Jerusalem and brother of Sibylla. He had a decease called Leper and he had to wear a mask and gloves. He had to wear that because it was contagious. His skin will fall of or something like that but it was really ugly.
  • Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
    • Gabriela Morales
       
      Baldwin IV of Jerusalem was called the Leper king. He was called that because he had Leprosy, a contagious disease. Leprosy was a skin disease that makes your skin fall off. He actually died from that disease, he was a good king. :(
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Baldwin spent his youth in his father's court in Jerusalem, having little contact with his mother, Agnes of Courtenay, Countess of Jaffa and Ascalon, and later Lady of Sidon, whom his father had been forced to divorce.[citation needed] Baldwin IV was educated by the historian William of Tyre (later Archbishop of Tyre and Chancellor of the kingdom), who made a disturbing discovery about the pr
  • He did not ratify Raymond's treaty with Saladin
    • ashley hernandez
       
      When Balian and Saladin were going into war because the templars attacked the travelers in the Pilgrim Road. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem told Balian which is the king of Ibelin to protect the people coming to trade with them from the Pilgrim Road. Saladin was going to behead Balian Baldwin IV came to have terms.
    • Jaqueline Ruiz
       
      When Saladin and Balian got into war it was because of the templers.Baldwin had told Balian tyhat his job was to protect the people.So that was exactly what he did.It was a very long war.Saladin had noticed that Balian was good.
    • devine martin
       
      him and saldien really got along beacuse when they was about to go to war he came up to him and salldien said i will let you have my doctor and he left then he beat up that fat guy that killed his father.
  • he was Fulk's grandson and thus Baldwin's first cousin; Raymond was Melisende's nephew and thus first cousin of Baldwin's father), claimed authority superseding Raymond's regency. The Haute Cour refuse
  • attempting to injure each other by driving their fingernails into each other's arms, but Baldwin felt no pain.
    • julio hernandez
       
      In the movie it said that his arm was cut.That Godfrey saw he had no pain.I cant imagine how bad his diseas was to not make him feel pain.He must have felt terrible.
    • Jaqueline Ruiz
       
      In the movie his arm was cut off.Godfrey saw and had no pain.That was terrible.
  • conclusively identified as leprosy until a few years later: the onset of puberty accelerated his disease, in its most serious lepromatous form.[citation needed]
    • ashley hernandez
       
      Baldwin IV of Jerusalem was a king that suffer from a disease called "leprosy." He in the movie "The Kingdom of Heaven" he wears a mask made out of silver I think that cover his face because his skin is all gooey and everything and its also contagious.
  • Baldwin IV married Sibylla to Guy of Lusignan
    • ashley hernandez
       
      Sibylla got married to Guy de Lusignan because her mother chose him. After, Guy de Lusignan met Balian he hated him so much he couldn't stand him. He hated Balian because he got respect from Baldwin IV.
    • Jaqueline Ruiz
       
      Sibylla got married to guy named Guy de Lusignan.When Baldwin died he became the knig.And that was how the war between Balian Saldin began.
  • Baldwin marshalled what strength
    • ashley hernandez
       
      Baldwin IV was the man with the most strength of coming out of his palace and going to lead a battle with Saladin's men. Baldwin IV and Saladin are men of their words and retreated. Baldwin IV was becoming weaker at the moment. He told Reynald to give him the kiss of peace and he did and Baldwin IV hit him with his silver or metal whip and about to leave became so weak he almost fell to the ground.
  • 5Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
    • jaida pacheco
       
      Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, called the Leper or the Leprous, the son of Amalric I of Jerusalem and his first wife, Agnes of Courtenay, was king of Jerusalem from 1174 to 1185. His full sister was Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem and his nephew through this sister was the child-king Baldwin V.
kimberly ramos

Visigoths - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 4 views

  • Visigoths
    • laverne roache
       
      VISIGOTHIC WERE ONE OF THE TWO MAIN BRANCHES. OF WHAT REMAINS OF THE VISIGOTHS IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. THERE ALSO SEVERAL CHURCHES AND INCEASING NUMBER. THEY WERE THE FIRST TO FIND NEW CITIES AND PEOPLE.
    • Steven Ramos
       
      The visigoth started of as not that big of a deal.Later on they became larger than other country's.And it was true that they were the first one to find cities people.It was to be known that portugal and spain are were the visigoth use to live.
    • kimberly ramos
       
      they were not that big of a deal in the beginning.but then they were. i say that just because their land was getting bigger and bigger.they became a huge deal because other people wanted their land.they became the first to find cities peoples
    • devine martin
       
      visigoths had all the land and killed rome there one power full army.
    • kimberly ramos
       
      the visigoths were one of the two main branches.at first they were nothing big of a deal. but then people started making it a huge deal. just because there land was getting bigger and bigger. also there enimies were the romans. the visigoths killed the romans. the romans were one huge powerful army.
  • Eventually the Visigoths were settled in southern 3Gaul as foederati of the Romans, the reasons for which are still subjects for debate among scholars. They soon fell out with their hosts and established their own kingdom with its capital at
    • Steven Ramos
       
      The visigoth soon settled in southern Gaul.So nobody really knows. They are now debated by scholars.But they still established their kingdom in the capital Toulouse.
  • romanized Visigoths first emerged as a distinct people during the fourth century, initially in the Balkans, where they participated in several wars with Rome.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • A Visigothic army under Alaric I eventually moved into Italy and famously sacked Rome in 410.
  • Of what remains of the Visigoths in Spain and Portugal there are several churches and an increasing number of archaeological finds, but most notably a large number of Spanish, Portuguese, and other Romance language given names and surnames. The Visigoths were the only people to found new cities in western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire and before the rise of the Carolingians. Until the Late Middle Ages, the greatest Visigothic legacy, which is no longer in use, was their law code, the Liber iudiciorum, which formed the basis for legal procedure in most of Christian Iberia for centuries after their kingdom's demise.
  •  
    I remember when we learning about emperors from the Roman Empire it said that most of them were killed by the Goths.
  •  
    the visigoths lived in southern gaul.the king of the visigoths is alaric. in 508 A.D alaric is killed by clovius himself and clovius becomes consul of the empire.
Aahlya Mendez

Merovingian dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 8 views

  • Upon Clovis' death in 511, the Merovingian kingdom included all the Franks and all of Gaul but Burgundy.
    • Andy Rosario
       
       So let me get dies din't Clovis capture Gaul and even Burgundy. So how that when Clovis died Burgundy was not part of the Franck. Unless the people rebel cause of a reason. Since Burgundy is part of Gaul so there must be a reason.    
    • Aahlya Mendez
       
      he died capturing gaaul.
  • Internally, the kingdom was divided among Clovis' sons and later among his grandsons and frequently saw war between the different kings, who quickly allied among themselves and against one another.
    • Andy Rosario
       
       Why would they to this, even when they are brother. I would get it if they would like more power. If I was them rater than faithing each other I would concert other part of modern Europe. If they would to dies raider than faithing who knows the modern Europe that we know today could be different.        
  • Merovingian dynasty
    • Gabriela Morales
       
      The first king of the Merovingian Dynasty was Merovech. That is probably why it has the same start of the word. It came from him. Merovech was the first leader of the Franks. I think it is pretty cool to be the first of a dynasty, that makes you very important. So far the first 3 kings became kings from blood. Like, Merovech's son was Childeric the first then his son was king Clovis. All from the same family.
    • Jaqueline Ruiz
       
      Merovech was the first king of the Merovingian Dynasty.That where the name came from.The bfirst 3 king were Merovech,Chilederic and Clovis.Clovis was the son of Childeric.And Childeric was the son of Merovech.
    • emily caba
       
      the only ppl i kno from the merovingian dynasty was merovech, childeric, and clovis. merovich is childerics father and childeric is clovis' father.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin) largely corresponding to ancient Gaul from the middle of the fifth century.
  • the dynasty was increasingly pushed into a ceremonial role.
  • Merovingian rule
  • ended in 751 when Pepin the Short formally deposed Childeric III, beginning the Carolingian monarchy.
  •  
    the first merovingian king was merovech .. merovech was the first leader of the franks.. the merovingian rule ended in 751 when pepin the short deposed childeric the third ...
Genesis Nunez

Viking revival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 10 views

  • Viking revival
  • Viking revival (Septentrionalism) was an increase in popular and scholarly interest
    • Alex Cruz
       
      Viking Revival was an increase in popular and scholarly interest in and enthusiasm for the history and culture of the Vikings and other Norsemen of The Viking Age.
    • brandon casiano
       
      i thought they were crazy and unicke
    • devine martin
       
      vikings had a big army they could stop anyone but they also took what ever they want
    • janay harris
       
      vikings were very mean people at that time.if they were to come to a town or village everyone would of been wied out.and for the vikings it was normal for them to never be sober. like in the movie almost everyone except for the woman were drunk , from drinking so much beer
    • janay harris
       
      was there a reason why they were called the vikings?
  • culture of the Vikings and other Norsemen of the Viking Age.
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • 19th century Romanticism.
  • Scandinavism.
  • partly ruled by Danes.
  • Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (Olaus Magnus, 1555)
  • Gesta Danorum (Saxo Grammaticus), in 1514.
  • Peder Resen's Edda Islandorum of 1665).
  • Norway
  • Norway
  • Norwa
  • Norway
  • Norway
  • Norway
  • Norway
  • Norway
    • janay harris
       
      the vikings were from norway. with very high mountains around them. even some of the mountains had snow ontop of them. thats how high the mountains were in Norway.
  • The rediscovery of the Viking past began in Norway during the 18th century when Norway saw a rise in nationalism. Having been under Danish rule for 400 years, then falling under Swedish rule, Norwegians started looking back to their Viking kings and sagas. In 1880, the Tune ship was excavated in Vestfold, Norway. It was the first Viking ship to be discovered. The ship provided new knowledge about the Vikings and their culture. The excavation of other ships and artifacts led to a higher consciousness about the Viking past in Norway. For example, the only Viking helmet ever to be found was also excavated in Norway.
    • brandon casiano
       
      norway is a verey beautyful place
  • to do with the historical Viking culture. This renewed interest of Romanticism in the Old North had political implications: A myth about a
  • According to the Swedish writer Jan Guillou, the word Viking was popularized, with positive connotations, by Erik Gustaf Geijer in the poem The Viking, written at the beginning of the 19th century.
  • The rediscovery of the Viking past began in Norway during the 18th century when Norway saw a rise in nationalism. Having been under Danish rule for 400 years, then falling under Swedish rule, Norwegians started looking back to their Viking kings and sagas. In 1880, the Tune ship was excavated in Vestfold, Norway. It was the first Viking ship to be discovered. The ship provided new knowledge about the Vikings and their culture. The excavation of other ships and artifacts led to a higher consciousness about the Viking past in Norway. For example, the only Viking helmet ever to be found was also excavated in Norway
    • genesis grullon
       
      norway i think is not such a big place. i think thios because i never heard of it.
    • ceferinne polanco
       
      this is where vikings lived
  • Viking revival From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    • genesis grullon
       
      i think that vikings wherer very scary people. i think that they would do anything to get stronger and more buff.
    • devine martin
       
      viking are people on steriods there mad crazy ppl they would not at like regular ppl.they dont work together there not like the romans.they work togheter they dont
    • emily caba
       
      yea duh vikings were so crazy i wouldnt wanna be a viking..they are scary
    • brandon casiano
       
      i know
    • YaniCristal !!
       
      dayumm vikings were wild like they killed alot
    • Genesis Nunez
       
      Every body was scared of the vikings so they would just start yelling and running. They were very good sailors but the were crazy and wild
  • Early modern publications dealing with Old Norse culture appeared in the 16th century, e.g
  • The pace of publication increased during the 17th century with Latin translations of the Edda (notably
  • glorious and brave past was needed to give the Swedes the courage to retake Finland, which had been lost in 1809 during the war between Sweden and Russia. The Geatish Society, of which Geijer was a member, popularized this myth to a great extent. Another author who had great influence on the perception of the Vikings was Esaias Tegnér, another member of the Geatish Society who wrote a modern version of Frithiofs Saga, which became widely popular in the Nordic countries, the United Kingdom and Germany.
  • The word was taken to refer to romanticized, idealized sea warriors, who had very little
  • The revival proper was part of
  • In Scandinavia it took the form of a Romantic nationalism called
    • brandon casiano
       
      a crazy place 2 me
  • Interest was also widespread in Great Britain, which had for a time been
  • and the first edition of the 13th century
  • A focus for early British enthusiasts was George Hicke, who published a Linguarum vett. septentrionalium thesaurus in 1703–5. In the 1780s, Denmark offered to cede Iceland to Britain in exchange for Crab Island (West Indies), and in the 1860s Iceland was considered as a compensation for British support of Denmark in the Slesvig-Holstein conflicts. During this time, British interest and enthusiasm for Iceland and Nordic culture grew dramatically, expressed in original English poems extolling Viking virtues, e. g. Thomas Warton's "Runic Odes" of 1748:
  • Viking
    • janay harris
       
      the vikings were very scary and voilent people. some people would even call them devils because of how they acted. i would b scared to even say there name at that time because they could pop out of no where and attack.
    • janay harris
       
      the vikings never got a chance too actually have war with rome. but the vikings did have wars with there own tribe.
    • eric santiago
       
      yes the vikings did have war with there own tribes at times.
  • Sweden
    • laverne roache
       
      seewden sounds very funny. but it sould it like it was a good city dou. was it big. vikings live there. am not sure if they did.
  •  
    TheViking revival (Septentrionalism) was an increase in popular and scholarly interest in and enthusiasm for the history and culture of the Vikings and other Norsemen of the Viking Age. The revival proper was part of 19th century Romanticism. 
jaida pacheco

Moors - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 4 views

  • Moors
    • jaida pacheco
       
      The people of Berber, Black African, Arab and Spanish descent from North Africa, some of whom came to conquer and occupy the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years. The North Africans termed it Al Andalus, comprising most of what is now Spain and Portugal. Moors are not distinct or self-defined people, but the appellation was applied by medieval and early modern Europeans primarily to Berbers, but also Arabs, and Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty
  •  
    The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim) people of Berber, Black African and Arab descent from North Africa, some of whom came to conquer and occupy the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years. The North Africans termed it Al Andalus, comprising most of what is now Spain and Portugal. Moors are not distinct or self-defined people, but the appellation was applied by medieval and early modern Europeans primarily to Berbers, but also Arabs, and Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty. As early as 1911, mainstream scholars observed that "The term Moors has no real ethnological value." Moreover, historian David Levering Lewis notes that "Moor and Saracen were applied indifferently by Christians to Arabs, Berbers, or Muslim Persians." In the Spanish language, the term for Moors is Moro; in Portuguese the word is mouro. There seems to have been some confusion about the relationship of the word moro/mouro to the word moreno (which means brown), both from Greek, i.e. black. However, the two words have different etymological roots. The Andalusian Moors of the late Medieval era inhabited the Iberian Peninsula after the Moorish conquests of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates, and the final Umayyad conquest of Hispania.[citation needed]The Moors' rule stretched at times as far as modern-day Mauritania, West African countries, and the Senegal River. Earlier, the Classical Romans interacted (and later conquered) parts of Mauretania, a state which covered northern portions of modern Morocco and much of north western and central Algeria during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as the Mauri. The term Mauri, or variations thereof, was later used by European traders and explorers of the 16th to 18th centuries to designate ethnic Berber and Arab groups speaking the Hassaniya Arabic dialect.[citation nee
that Nikqa dannY Rodriguez

Pope Leo IX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 17 views

  • Pope Leo IX
    • devine martin
       
      the pope had chlidren and had prostest
    • lezlie gonzalez
       
      what is prostest
    • Genesis Nunez
       
      the pope said after kingom of heaven, Kingdom og heaven will be a rewardfor those who shall be killed in this war that means that the people that did in the war will go to heaven
    • kimberly ramos
       
      Pope Saint leo IX was born of eguisheim-dagsburg. that was the pope from 1049 to his death.Pope Leo IX is widely considered the most historically significant german pope of the middle ages.
    • yulissa gomez
       
      pope leo lx he regarded as a saint byt eh roman catholic church with the feast day of april 19
    • yulissa gomez
       
      also he widely considered of the most historically of the significant german pope of the middle ages.
    • michael escobar
       
      i cant believe the popes had a prostitution house
    • jacob arias
       
      they asum that he had kids
    • edward estremera
       
      yea saint leo was very wise he wenh t to the army as a kid it said it on yahoo .com
    • Jihad Little
       
      is a prostest is the same thing as a prostitue?
    • Aahlya Mendez
       
      The pope was very old.He was born in Eguisheim-Dagsburg.The pope was roman chatolic.The pope has the feast day of April 19.Leo IX the pope which ment the german pope of the middle ages.
    • YaniCristal !!
       
      they asum that he had kids because back in those days popes and priest had children!! unlike todayy
    • lezlie gonzalez
       
      wow that is incidible. i think thats why the priest are starting to date
    • emily caba
       
      i think this was the pope tht lied about saying mulsims are doing something bad tht is causing the pope to worry
    • janay harris
       
      this was the guy who lied about muslims. and this pope is roman catholc.
    • Alberto Torres
       
      the pope had children. he was the one who sent the crusaders to get back jerusalem
  • Leo IX was a native of Eguisheim
  • Papacy began February 12, 1049 Papacy ended April 19, 1054 Predecessor Damasus II Successor Victor II
    • Aahlya Mendez
       
      The papacy began in Feb 12 1049 ad. Papacy ended April 19 1054. His predecessor was Damasus II. And his succesor was Victor II. What is a processor and a Papacy.
  •  
    the pope had chlidren and had prostest
  • ...1 more comment...
  •  
    the popes had a prostitution house
  •  
    The pope was very old.He was born in Eguisheim-Dagsburg.The pope was roman chatolic.The pope has the feast day of April 19.Leo IX the pope which ment the german pope of the middle ages.
  •  
    "Pope Leo IX"
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