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Contents contributed and discussions participated by Julian Berni

Julian Berni

Miasma theory of disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 6 views

  • Miasma theory of disease
  • The miasmatic theory of disease held that diseases such as cholera, chlamydia or the Black Death were caused by a miasma (Greek language: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air". This concept has been supplanted by the germ theory of disease.
  • Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that caused illnesses. It was identifiable by its foul smell. A prominent supporter of the miasmatic theory was Abaris the Hyperborean, who famously cleaned Sparta under Mount Taygetus from miasmata coming downhill.
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  • In the first century CE, miasma from fetid swamplands was a concern in Vitruvius' observations on the healthful siting of cities (De architectura I.4.1):
  • For when the morning breezes blow toward the town at sunrise, if they bring with them mist from marshes and, mingled with the mist, the poisonous breath of creatures of the marshes to be wafted into the bodies of the inhabitants, they will make the site unhealthy.
Julian Berni

The Black Death - 4 views

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    The Black Death erupted in the Gobi Desert in the late 1320s. No one really knows why. The plague bacillus was alive and active long before that; indeed Europe itself had suffered an epidemic in the 6th century. But the disease had lain relatively dormant in the succeeding centuries. We know that the climate of Earth began to cool in the 14th century, and perhaps this so-called little Ice Age had something to do with it.
Julian Berni

Joan of Arc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 11 views

  • captured by the Burgundians, sold to the English, tried by an ecclesiastical court, and burned at the stake when she was nineteen years old.[3]
  • she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, claiming divine guidance, and was indirectly responsible for the coronation of Charles VII.
  • She was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920.[2]
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  • Saint Joan of Arc or The Maid of Orléans (French: Jeanne d'Arc;[1] ca. 1412[2] – 30 May 1431) is a national heroine of France and a Catholic saint.
  • Twenty-four years later, on the initiative of Charles VII, who could not afford being seen as having been brought to power with the aid of a condemned heretic, Pope Callixtus III reviewed the decision of the ecclesiastical court, found her innocent, and declared her a martyr.[3]
Julian Berni

Bubonic plague - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 3 views

  • Bubonic plague
  • Bubonic plague is the best known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Pasteurella pestis).
  • Bubonic plague kills about half of infected patients in 3–7 days without treatment,
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  • may be the Black Death that swept through Europe in the 1340s, killing tens of millions.[1]
Julian Berni

Black Death - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 23 views

  • deadliest pandemics in human history,
  • in Europe between 1348 and 1350.
  • thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis,
Julian Berni

Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 3 views

  • Pieter Bruegel the Elder
  • Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c. 1525 – 9 September 1569)
Julian Berni

Best content in Middle Ages 2009 | Diigo - Groups - 5 views

    • Julian Berni
       
      can anyone do this without wikipedia? This is a dare contributing to anyone.
Julian Berni

Jerusalem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 8 views

  • Jerusalem
  • Jerusalem contains a number of significant Christian sites, and although it is never mentioned explicitly in the Qur'an, Islam regards Jerusalem as its third-holiest city.[
  • he Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters
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    • Julian Berni
       
      jerusalem is the third holiest city in the world
Julian Berni

Qur'an - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 6 views

shared by Julian Berni on 10 Dec 09 - Cached
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    this is the holy bible of Islam.
Julian Berni

Kaaba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 13 views

shared by Julian Berni on 09 Dec 09 - Cached
  • Multiple parts of the Hajj require pilgrims to walk several times around the Kaaba in a counter-clockwise direction (as viewed from above).
  • two million pilgrims simultaneously gather to circle the building on the same day.
Julian Berni

Black Stone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 5 views

  • The Black Stone (called الحجر الأسود al-Hajar-ul-Aswad in Arabic and سنگ سیاہ Sang-e-Sayah in Urdu) is a Muslim relic, which according to Islamic tradition dates back to the time of Adam and Eve. Some consider it to be a tektite or a meteorite.[1] It is the eastern cornerstone of the Kaaba, the ancient sacred stone building towards which Muslims pray, in the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.[2] The Stone is roughly 30 cm (12 in.) in diameter, and 1.5 metres (5 ft.) above the ground.[3]
Julian Berni

Leif Ericson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 9 views

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    leif ericson was also the one who discovered greenland.
Julian Berni

Loki - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 1 views

shared by Julian Berni on 03 Dec 09 - Cached
  • In Norse mythology, Loki (or Loke) is a god or jötunn (or both). Loki's relation with the gods varies by source. Loki assists the gods, and sometimes causes problems for them.
  • a shape shifter and in separate incidents he appears in the form of a salmon and a mare.
  • Loki is eventually bound by the gods with the entrails of one of his sons.
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  • A serpent drips venom from above him that his wife Sigyn collects into a bowl.
  • positive relations with the gods ends with his role in engineering the death of the god Baldr.
  • Loki is the son of Fárbauti and Laufey, and the brother of Helblindi and Býleistr
  • Loki is the father of Hel, the wolf Fenrir, and the world serpent Jörmungandr.
  • Loki, 18th century manuscript
Julian Berni

List of Germanic deities and heroes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 3 views

  • List of Germanic deities and heroes
  • Odin: Óðinn (North Germanic), Wōden (West Germanic), *Wōdanaz (Proto-Germanic) (see List of names of Odin for more) "Frenzy"[11] Creation, death, Einherjar, Geri and Freki, Gungnir, Hugin and Munin, knowledge, place names, poetry, royalty, runic alphabet, sacrifice, the valkyries, Valhalla, warfare, Wednesday, Wild Hunt Frigg (consort), Skaði (Heimskringla only), Gunnlöð, Jörð, Rindr See Sons of Odin Most attestations of Germanic paganism
    • Julian Berni
       
      Odin was the chief god of all in valhalla
Julian Berni

Septentrional - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 7 views

  • Septentrional
  • Septentrional is a word that means "of the north", rarely used in English but commonly used in Latin and in the Romance languages.
  • Big Dipper asterism (aka "Septentrion").
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