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Lisa Tansey

The Evolution Of Cooperation Edge Master Class 2011 | Conversation | Edge - 0 views

  • In this beautiful book by Ernst Mayr, What Evolution Is, he points out very elegantly, loosely speaking, ‘we talk about the evolution of genes, the evolution of species, the evolution of the brain, but none of these things actually carry the evolutionary process.  The only thing that really evolves are populations.’
  • There is one thing that I have learned in my studies of cooperation over the last 20 years: there is no equilibrium. There is never a stable equilibrium. Cooperation is always being destroyed and has to be rebuilt. How much time you spend on average in a cooperative state depends on how quickly you can rebuild it. The most important aspect is really how quickly you can get away from the Always defect again.
  • What is very important for efficient indirect reciprocity is language.  Indirect reciprocity leads to the evolution of social intelligence and human language.  In order to evaluate the situation, you have to understand who does what to whom and why.  And we have to have a way to talk about what happened, to gain experience from others.
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  • for Indirect reciprocity you need a name
  • I cooperate with the people in the set and I try to join sets of successful individuals
  • five mechanisms for cooperation:  kin selection: the idea is cooperation with genetic relatives; direct reciprocity: I help you, you help me; indirect reciprocity: I help you, somebody helps me; spatial selection: clusters of cooperators or neighbors to help each other; group selection: groups of cooperators out compete other groups.
  • they must be generous, hopeful and forgiving.
  •  If we need to imagine some other entity that we're playing the game against in order to cooperate in a larger group than before.
  • In principle there would be an equilibrium when I say that I start to defect as soon as one person defects. It then would actually force everybody to cooperate with Nash equilibrium, but the problem is, this is not realized by people.
  • What defines in the US and Western Europe is many people use punishment to punish defectors. But in Eastern Europe, in the Arab world, in essence, defectors punish cooperators, and this is called antisocial punishment.
  • In the US, reward works amazingly well.  Reward leads to efficient cooperation. The reward that we gave was the following; we play the public goods game, and afterwards we can have bare base productive interaction. We can play repeated Prisoner's Dilemma, and that ends up being good for us in private, and in public. People who cooperate in public will also get his private deals.
  • What does strike me as quite plausible is that at any given time there's some state of equilibrium within a population of, say, psychopaths and saintly ascetics and probably the largest percentage of generous tit-for-tat-ers who keep track but also show a big generosity, probably some firm but fair people who stick by the rules.
  • NICHOLAS PRITZKER: I'm kind of like cooperate, but keep a loaded gun under my belt. That'd be me. In other words, cooperate but watch your back.  I find if you get away from simple A versus B you get to a situation where it's fine to cooperate but it pays to be cynical, you know, trust and verify, something like that. I find in the real world, for me, maybe outside of kinship relationships, or maybe even with, I have to really watch the nuance.  You're not going to defect immediately but you want to keep your running shoes on.
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    Why has cooperation, not competition, always been the key to the evolution of complexity? MARTIN NOWAK is a Mathematical Biologist, Game Theorist; Professor of Biology and Mathematics, Director, Center for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University; Coauthor (with Roger Highfield), SuperCooperators: Altruism, Evolution, and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed. Martin Nowak's Edge Bio Page In July, Edge held its annual Master Class in Napa, California on the theme: "The Science of Human Nature".  In the six week period that began September 12th, we are publishing the complete video, audio, and texts:  Princeton psychologist Daniel Kahneman on the marvels and the flaws of intuitive thinking; Harvard mathematical biologist Martin Nowak on the evolution of cooperation; UC-Santa Barbara evolutionary psychologist Leda Cosmides on the architecture of motivation; Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker on the history of violence; UC-Santa Barbara neuroscientist Michael Gazzaniga on neuroscience and the law; and Princeton religious historian Elaine Pagels on The Book of Revelations. For publication schedule and details, go to Edge Master Class 2011: The Science of Human Nature.
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    Transcript of fabulous presentation on the evolution of cooperation with great Q&A at the end.
Charlotte Pierce

The Evolution of Cooperation* - 0 views

  • trategy of simple reciprocity which cooperates on the first move and then does whatever the other player did on the previous move
  • forgiveness
  • provocability
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  • clarity of behavior
  • frontline soldiers often refrained from shooting to kill – provided their restraint was reciprocated by the soldiers on the other side.
  • reciprocate cooperation
  • mutual restraint possible was the static nature
  • individuals involved do not have to be rational
  • The use of reciprocity can be enough to make defection unproductive.
  • no central authority
  • For cooperation to prove stable, the future must have a sufficiently large shadow.
  • chance of meeting again
  • single individual who offers cooperation cannot prosper
  • Cooperation can begin with small clusters.
  • provocable
  • forgiving
  • overall level of cooperation tends to go up and not down
  • ratchet
  • participants know they will be dealing with each other again and again
  • Arms control could also evolve tacitly.
  • The foundation of cooperation is not really trust, but the durability of the relationship.
  • conditions are ripe for them to build a stable pattern of cooperation
  • value of provocability
  • respond sooner,
  • responding right away, it gives the quickest possible feedback
  • Once cooperation based upon reciprocity gets established in a population, it cannot be overcome even by a cluster of individuals who try to exploit the others.
  • mple reciprocity succeeds without doing better than anyone with whom it interacts. It succeeds by eliciting cooperation from others, not by defeating them
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    Robert Axelrod Professor of Political Science and Public Policy, University of Michigan, AnnArbor. Dr. Axelrod is a member of the American National Academy of Sciencesand the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His honors include a MacArthurFoundation Fellowship for the period 1987 through 1992. Under what conditions will cooperation emerge in a world of egoistswithout central authority? This question has intrigued people for a longtime. We all know that people are not angels, and that they tend to lookafter themselves and their own first. Yet we also know that cooperationdoes occur and that our civilization is based upon it
Charlotte Pierce

Altruistic punishment in humans : Abstract : Nature - 0 views

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    Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment.
Charlotte Pierce

http://www.umass.edu/preferen/A%20Cooperative%20Species/ACS%20Ch%201%20A%20Cooperative%... - 0 views

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    In the pages that follow we advance two propositions. First, people cooperate not only for self-interested reasons but because they are genuinely concerned about the well being of others, care about social norms, and wish to act ethically. People punish those who exploit the cooperation of others for the same reasons. Contributing to the success of a joint project for the benefit of one's group, even at a personal cost, evokes feelings of satisfaction, pride, even elation. Failing to do so is often a source of shame or guilt. Second, we came to have these "moral sentiments" because our ancestors lived in environments, both natural and socially constructed, in which groups of individuals who are predisposed to cooperate and uphold ethical norms tended to survive and expand relative to other groups, thereby proliferating these pro-social motivations. The first proposition concerns proximate motivations for prosocial behavior, the second addresses the distant evolutionary origins and ongoing perpetuation of these cooperative dispositions.
Lisa Tansey

Cultural Evolution of Human Cooperation: Summaries and Findings | Cooperation Commons - 0 views

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    Innate human propensities for cooperation with strangers, shaped during the Pleistocene in response to rapidly changing environments, could have provided highly adaptive social instincts that more recently coevolved with cultural institutions; although the biological capacity for primate sociality evolved genetically, the authors propose that channeling of tribal instincts via symbol systems has involved a cultural transmission and selection that continues the evolution of cooperative human capacities at a cultural rather than genetic level - and pace.
Charlotte Pierce

Shame and honor drive cooperation « Jennifer Jacquet - 0 views

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    Can the threat of being shamed or the prospect of being honoured lead to greater cooperation? We test this hypothesis with anonymous six-player public goods experiments, an experimental paradigm used to investigate problems related to overusing common resources. We instructed the players that the two individuals who were least generous after 10 rounds would be exposed to the group. As the natural antithesis, we also test the effects of honour by revealing the identities of the two players who were most generous. The non-monetary, reputational effects induced by shame and honour each led to approximately 50 per cent higher donations to the public good when compared with the control, demonstrating that both shame and honour can drive cooperation and can help alleviate the tragedy of the commons.
Charlotte Pierce

The Future of Cooperation: A Talk by Tim O'Reilly - YouTube - 0 views

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    Some of the biggest changes sweeping the technology world today are new forms of network and computer-enabled cooperation. It was easy enough to see this pattern in open source software development or Wikipedia, a bit more challenging to see how it powered Web 2.0 giants like Google and Amazon, but it gets really interesting when you are able to see how new kinds of man-machine symbiosis and networked cooperation are at the heart of projects like the Google self-driving car, the reinvention of retail by Apple and Square, transportation services from RelayRides to Uber, and even in new models for networked government.
Lisa Tansey

MixedRealities | Learning about evolution, cooperation and our future - 0 views

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    Roland's summary of our second live session about The Evolution of Cooperation.
Charlotte Pierce

The Penguin and the Leviathan: The Triumph of Cooperation Over Self-Interest - P2P Foun... - 0 views

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    Here's a quit extensive synthesis of  "The Penguin and the Leviathan," in my opinion a wonderful book for anyone who is interested in improving and transforming our economic and political institutions.   Human motivation is a subject that 'makes me tick'. I really enjoyed reading "The Penguin and the Leviathan", not only because it paints a much nicer picture of "human nature" than the one used by the free marketeers, but also because it gives a glimpse of a future, higher form of society that will be much more based on human cooperation. I think it is important to see that the seeds of this future society are very much present today.
Charlotte Pierce

Wired for Culture: The natural history of human cooperation - YouTube - 0 views

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    Week 2, #COOPLIT Mark Pagel, one of the world's leading experts on human evolution and development, visits the RSA to investigate our species' capacity for culture, cooperation and community.
Lisa Tansey

The Riddle of the Human Species - NYTimes.com - 0 views

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    Mentioned by Howard Rheingold who said: Wilson is controversial, but the rarity of what he calls "eusocial" species and the coincidence of the advent of hunting-gathering in cooperative groups with the acceleration of human cognitive, cultural, and social capabilities supports his hypothesis: "The riddle of the human species."
Charlotte Pierce

The Evolution of Cooperation 1: Selfish genes and helpful family | Science Brainwaves - 0 views

  • evolution of cooperation.
  • . How does “survival of the fittest” end up with people helping each other
  • moray eel allowing a cleaner fish
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  • gene level view of evolution is commonly known as the Selfish Gene Theory
  • worker bee will sacrifice its life for the hive
  • kin selection
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    kin selection and it means the gene will spread.
Charlotte Pierce

Martin Nowak (Harvard) - The Evolution of Cooperation part 1 | MIT Video - 0 views

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    90 minute video
Charlotte Pierce

HOW CULTURE DROVE HUMAN EVOLUTION | Edge.org - 0 views

  • this is the idea that the real driver in the expansion of human brains was this growing cumulative body of cultural information,
  • important selection pressures over the course of human evolution are the things that culture creates
  • fire and cooking is that they're culturally transmitted
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  • whole bunch of downstream effects
  • status you get from being particularly knowledgeable or skilled in an area
  • possess resources
  • From this we've argued that humans have two separate kinds of status, dominance and prestige, and these have quite different ethologies.
  • Dominance [ethology] is about physical posture, of size
  • attracted to prestigious
  • long period of interaction between genes and culture.
  • culture, our ability to learn from others, is an adaptation to fluctuating environments.
  • created a selection pressure for lots of cultural learning.
  • environment starts to fluctuate
  • for cultural learning to really take off, you need more than one model
  • trying out different techniques
  • humans are strangely good at long distance running.
  • only humans have it.
  • culturally transmitted
  • affected our anatomy
  • evolution of societal complexity
  • after the origins of agriculture, there was an intense period that continues today of intergroup competition, which favors groups who have social norms and institutions that can more effectively expand the group while maintaining internal harmony, leading to the benefits of exchange, of the ability to maintain markets, of division of labor and of higher levels of cooperation. Then you get intense competition amongst the early farming groups, and this is going to favor those groups who have the abilities to expand.
  • religions of modern societies are quite different than the religions we see in hunter gatherers and small scale societies
  • galvanize cooperation in larger groups and sustained cooperation amongst non relatives
  • mergence of high-moralizing gods
  • concerned about exactly the kinds of things that are going to be a problem for running a large-scale society, like how you treat other members of your religious group or your ethnic group
  • kinds of things you need to make a market run to have a successful division of labor
  • remind believers of their god, believers cheat less,
  • attending a ritual, you elevate the degree of belief in the high-moralizing gods or the priests
  • credibility-enhancing displays
  • animal sacrifice
  • circumcision
  • large sum of money
  • akes the observers more likely to acquire the belief
  • conformist transmission
  • self-perpetuating cycle
  • tap our cultural transmission abilities to deepen the faith
  • risk in developing specialization
  • culture is information stored in people's heads that gets there by some kind of social learning
  • we don't see amongst other animals is cumulative cultural evolution.
  • importance of population size and the interconnectedness for technology
  • case study in Tasmania
  • cuts off Tasmania from the rest of Australia
  • technological downturn
  • number of minds working on the problem gets small enough, you can actually begin to lose information
  • rates of innovation should continue to increase, especially with the emergence of communication technologies, because these allow ideas to flow very rapidly from place to place.
  • incentive to hide your information
  • monogamy
  • reduces male-male competition
  • discount the future less and engage in productive activities
  • trade freedom off against other social ills
  • widely varying amounts of wealth, especially among males
  • promote high levels of polygyny
  • stop distinguishing cultural and biological evolution as separate in that way. We want to think of it all as biological evolution
  • distinguish genetic evolution and cultural evolution
  • epigenetic evolution
  • Cognition and our ability to think are all interwoven
  • genetic programs is to be able to acquire ideas, beliefs and values and weave them into our brain such that they then affect our biolog
  • Ultimatum Game seemed to provide evidence that humans were innately inclined to punish unfairness
  • make a large-scale society run you have to shift from investing in your local kin groups and your enduring relationships to being willing to pay to be fair to a stranger
  • if you're going to be fair to a stranger, then you're taking money away from your famil
  • adherence to a world religion matters
  • relationship between market integrations using measures like distance from market and people's willingness to build impartial institutions
  • rule of law.
  • when you have risk managing institutions these impartial norms can spread.
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    [JOSEPH HENRICH:] The main questions I've been asking myself over the last couple years are broadly about how culture drove human evolution. Think back to when humans first got the capacity for cumulative cultural evolution-and by this I mean the ability for ideas to accumulate over generations, to get an increasingly complex tool starting from something simple. One generation adds a few things to it, the next generation adds a few more things, and the next generation, until it's so complex that no one in the first generation could have invented it. This was a really important line in human evolution, and we've begun to pursue this idea called the cultural brain hypothesis-this is the idea that the real driver in the expansion of human brains was this growing cumulative body of cultural information, so that what our brains increasingly got good at was the ability to acquire information, store, process and retransmit this non genetic body of information.
Lisa Tansey

Change topic: Urban Environment | ChangeEverything.ca - 0 views

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    Canadian site encouraging aiding and abetting cooperation towards desired changes at a community level.
Lisa Tansey

The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion: Jonathan Haid... - 0 views

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    Haidt's book which can help foster empathy and cooperation within a divided polity through understanding.
Lisa Tansey

http://www.enoshop.co.uk/product/oblique-strategies?filter=Oblique%20Strategies - 0 views

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    "Oblique Strategies" - deck of cards of ways to cooperate to move forward through a dilemma - originally concocted by Peter Schmidt and Brian Eno in 1975 for music composition work.
Lisa Tansey

http://www.rheingold.com/cooperation/Technology_of_cooperation.pdf - 0 views

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    Doc by Howard et al.
Lisa Tansey

All Things in Moderation - E-moderating, 3rd edition - 0 views

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    recommended by Amy Scatliff ; she said: Also, on this thread Gilly Salmon's model came up - http://www.atimod.com/e-moderating/5stage.shtml. I'd like to link that to Gregor, what you've posted on socializing through cooperative board games. I'd love to keep the conversation going on how to scale social interaction between learners by using real world simulations and games (in my case I'm usually thinking of learners 18+) as a way to train in the skills necessary to navigate micro-interactions--is that the word that's been used?--within social dilemmas. I like to see how games can relate as closely as possible to the real-life situations being navigated.
Lisa Tansey

Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century: Howard ... - 0 views

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    Recommendation from David Watkins: I find Bloom to be a fascinating individual with incredible scope. I find myself both drawn and repelled by his ideas. I find his website fascinating. The only book of his that I've read is "Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century." I've linked it here to Amazon; he also has a section on his website. It fits very well with the material that we've covered in this course. It is about the evolution of cooperation and identifies an emerging Global Brain that is in many ways similar to Gaia. It might even lead to a global culture, beyond Us and Them, at least in some sense.
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