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Michel Roland-Guill

Books in Browsers: talk abstracts at Books In Browsers - 0 views

  • What is a book, anyway? An examination of the EPUB 3 draft standard reveals that most of the differences between an EPUB book and a website boil down to one core difference: the book is self-contained.
Michel Roland-Guill

La bibliothèque, média du temps long - Bloc-notes de Jean-Michel Salaün - 0 views

  • On va aussi à la bibliothèque pour y retrouver dans le calme des documents que les autres médias détruisent ou noient dans le renouvellement insatiable de leur production ou on utilise les services d’un bibliothécaire ou d’un documentaliste pour retrouver les informations utiles perdues dans le chaos général.
Michel Roland

The Poet and the Computer - 0 views

  • There once was a time, in the history of this society, when the ability of people to convey meaning was enriched by their knowledge of and access to the work of creative minds from across the centuries.  No more. Conversation and letters today, like education, have become enfeebled by emphasis on the functional and the purely contemporary.  The result is a mechanization not just of the way we live but of the way we think, and of the human spirit itself.
  • To the extent, then, that man fails to make the distinction between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision and conscience, the computer could obscure man’s awareness of the need to come to terms with himself.  It may foster the illusion that he is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only functional ones.  It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it. It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers.  “If we begin with certainties,” Bacon said, “we shall end in doubts; but if we begin with doubts, and we are patient with them, we shall end in certainties.”
  • Nothing really happens to a man except as it is registered in the subconscious.  This is where event and feeling become memory and where the proof of life is stored
Michel Roland-Guill

La culture en question / La place du livre et de la lecture dans notre sociét... - 0 views

  • Peter Sloterdijk fait remarquer que tout l’humanisme occidental consiste à avoir des adultes qui voudraient que leurs enfants lisent en silence sous une lampe. Et dès que les enfants commencent à s’agiter autrement, à s’agiter, à sortir, à éteindre la lampe et à bouger, les humanistes de la civilisation occidentale depuis son origine tremblent. Donc, je me permets de reprendre cette formule un peu cruelle de Sloterdijk pour dire que je voudrais que ces enfants sortent un peu du silence sous la lampe et qu’ils fassent autre chose qui est finalement bien intéressant
  • Le passage du caractère mobile au 0 et 1 de la numérisation va effectivement nous permettre de relire ce qu’a été cet amalgame provisoire qu’on a appelé l’objet livre en pelant en quelque sorte, comme un oignon, ces différentes fonctions que nous avons crues confondues.
Michel Roland-Guill

Vers une culture numérique lettrée ? | skhole.fr - 0 views

  • « Ce qui importe ce n’est pas de lire, mais de relire » J-L Borgès
  • Comme l’a bien montré Alexandre Serres[1], cette logique adaptative, à fondement comportementaliste et à visée principalement économique, est manifeste dans un grand nombre de textes internationaux, notamment politiques, qui posent la nécessité d’enseigner cette « maîtrise » ou « culture de l’information » (Information Literacy) aux jeunes générations. Ainsi par exemple, en France, la « Loi d’orientation et de programme pour l’avenir de l’école » de 2005 intègre désormais au « socle commun » de connaissances et de compétences la « maîtrise des techniques usuelles de l’information et de la communication »[2].
  • Dans des études qu’il a menées sur les pratiques de lecture numérique, Alain Giffard[12] qualifie de « pré-lecture » l’acte de lire le plus couramment pratiqué lorsque l’on navigue sur le Web : la lecture y ressemble à une sorte de scannage, fait de repérage et de sélection, au mieux d’un pré-montage ; et il distingue cette forme de lecture numérique de la « lecture d’étude », classique, livresque et lettrée, telle qu’elle s’est constituée historiquement depuis le Moyen-Âge autour de l’objet-livre. Or, cette pré-lecture a précisément les caractéristiques du mode d’attention très réactif et volatil entrainé par la surexposition aux médias : elle se révèle réactive/instable, multidirectionnelle/superficielle. Ainsi Alain Giffard montre que le risque est grand que la « pré-lecture » numérique devienne la « lecture de référence » des prochaines générations de collégiens, qui font partie de ce que l’on appelle les « digital natives », ce qui pourrait rendre quasiment impossible l’enseignement et la pratique de la lecture lettrée : « Technique par défaut, risque de confusion entre pré-lecture et lecture, entre lecture d'information et lecture d'étude, entre les différentes attentions, place de la simulation, contexte d'autoformation, arrivée de la génération des "natifs du numérique" dont certains prennent la lecture numérique comme référence: tous ces éléments peuvent se combiner. Le risque est grand alors de ce que certains chercheurs anglais appellent "reading without literacy", une lecture sans savoir lire qui est la forme la plus menaçante d' " illettrisme électronique ". »
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  • On peut soutenir en effet que cette pré-lecture n’est pas une « véritable » lecture, parce que lire – de manière soutenue, profonde ou attentive - c’est toujours déjà relire, et (re)lire c’est en un sens toujours déjà écrire.
Michel Roland-Guill

L'iPad, un battage médiatique, plutôt qu'un outil pour lire ActuaLitté - Les ... - 0 views

  • si l'iPad depuis son lancement en avril 2011 a généré « un battage médiatique », ses utilisateurs ne l'utilisent pas pour lire des livres - mais plutôt pour du jeu et d'autres activités
  • « Le rapport constate que les propriétaires de tablettes ne constituent pas la majorité des utilisateurs d'ebooks, puisque 45 % des répondants citent leur PC ou leur Mac de même que leur lecteur à encre électronique. »
  • En 2010, l'expansion est incontestable, avec non seulement une fidélisation des lecteurs, qui n'étaient auparavant que des acheteurs occasionnels, mais qui plus est, un regain d'intérêt pour les livres imprimés également, chez les consommateurs d'ebooks.
Michel Roland-Guill

Contenus numériques : une consommation en hausse, mais... - LExpansion.com - 0 views

  • Du côté des supports de lecture, malgré le succès croissant des tablettes, ces dernières n'arrivent qu'en troisième position (31% de lecteurs) derrières les écrans de téléphones portables (48%) et les ordinateurs, en tête avec 79%. Que ce soit l'Amazon Kindle, le Bookeen, ou le Sony Reader, les livres électroniques sont relativement peu utilisés.
  • L'étude montre que 74% des sondés téléchargent ou consultent des livres numériques gratuits. Or parmi cette population 34% consomment exclusivement des contenus gratuits, et à l'inverse seulement 2% des internautes déclarent télécharger uniquement des ouvrages payants.
Michel Roland-Guill

- How We Will Read: Clay Shirky - 0 views

  • Publishing is not evolving. Publishing is going away. Because the word “publishing” means a cadre of professionals who are taking on the incredible difficulty and complexity and expense of making something public. That’s not a job anymore. That’s a button. There’s a button that says “publish,” and when you press it, it’s done.
  • The question is, what are the parent professions needed around writing? Publishing isn’t one of them. Editing, we need, desperately. Fact-checking, we need. For some kinds of long-form texts, we need designers.
  • for all that I didn’t like the original Kindle, one of its greatest features was that you couldn’t get your email on it
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  • The endless gratification offered up by our devices means that the experience of reading in particular now becomes something we have to choose to do.
  • When people hear “social reading,” they think that it is proximate sociability on the device in real-time. But let’s not necessarily jam the social bit into the experience of reading. The explosion of conversation around those kinds of works is best done after the fact. The phrase “social reading” often causes people to misunderstand what it is.
Michel Roland

A vos liseuses, à vos tablettes ! - Blog Lecteurs de la Bibliothèque national... - 0 views

  • Le livre numérique sonne-t-il le glas du livre papier ? Ou faut-il plutôt parier, à l’inverse, sur une coexistence durable des deux supports, dans un rapport de complémentarité ? Sans oublier la question de la distribution, où libraires et plateformes en ligne sont à la recherche du modèle économique leur permettant de fonctionner.
  • des ressources internet répertoriées par les bibliothécaires
Michel Roland-Guill

Rough Type: Nicholas Carr's Blog: God, Kevin Kelly and the myth of choices - 0 views

  • Technological progress is not a force of cosmic goodness, and it is surely not a force of cosmic love. It's an entirely earthly force, as suspect as the flawed humans whose purposes it suits.
Michel Roland-Guill

Larry Sanger Blog » How not to use the Internet, part 2: the pernicious desig... - 0 views

  • The way that the Internet is designed—not graphic design, but overall habits and architecture—encourages the widespread distractability that I, at least, hate.
  • I learned it from Nicholas Carr
  • Interconnectivity: information that is of some inherent public interest is typically marinated in meta-information: (a) is bathed in (b). It is not enough to make the inherently interesting content instantly available and easy to find; it must also be surrounded by links, sidebars, menus, and other info, and promoted on social media via mail. This is deliberate, but it has gotten worse in the last ten years or so, with the advent of syndicated blog feeds (RSS), then various other social media feeds. This is, of course, supposed to be for the convenience and enlightenment of the user, and no doubt sometimes it is. But I think it usually doesn’t help anybody, except maybe people who are trying to build web traffic. Recency: the information to be most loudly announced online is not just recent, but the brand-spanking-newest, and what allegedly deserves our attention now is determined democratically, with special weight given to the opinions of people we know.
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  • soon after we surf to a page of rich media, its interconnections lead us away from whatever led us to the page in the first place,
  • I think there is something really wrong with this design philosophy. We ought to try to change it, if we can.
Michel Roland-Guill

WriteRoom - Distraction free writing software for Mac & iOS - 0 views

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    For Mac iPhone, iPod, & iPad users to write without distractions. WriteRoom is a full screen writing environment. Unlike the cluttered word processors you're used to, WriteRoom lets you focus on writing. Requires Mac OS X 10.7+ or iOS 4.0+
Michel Roland-Guill

Sapiens : "Claire Sergent : « Quand la conscience empêche de voir »" - La Rec... - 0 views

  • Deux théories s'affrontent en effet sur la différence entre perception consciente et non consciente. L'une, alimentée surtout par les études en IRM, prédit qu'il y a une sorte de continuité entre les deux types de traitement : le non-conscient correspondrait à l'activation des mêmes aires cérébrales que le conscient mais avec une intensité moindre. L'autre prédit qu'il existe au contraire une rupture. Nous avons déjà obtenu dans notre laboratoire des résultats allant dans le sens de cette deuxième théorie.
  • Nous avons trouvé que la perception consciente du deuxième mot dépend de la vitesse à laquelle est traité le premier. Nous avons identifié une différence dans la dynamique d'une onde appelée P300 correspondant à l'activité d'un réseau fronto-pariétal. Lorsque le sujet voit le deuxième mot, c'est que cette onde a été rapide pour le premier mot, avec un pic élevé très tôt. Mais, s'il ne voit pas le deuxième mot, l'onde P300 a été moins intense et plus longue pour le premier mot, et elle est carrément absente pour le deuxième mot. C'est donc que le traitement plus long de l'onde P300 pour le premier mot empêche le second d'être perçu.
Michel Roland

Alphabetic Literacy and Brain Processes. - 0 views

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    Hypothesizes that writing systems affect cognitive strategies at a deeper level of human information-processing than is generally accepted in present day psychology. Discusses why almost all varieties of alphabets, syllabaries, and consonantal systems hav
Michel Roland-Guill

How Our Brains Make Memories / Greg Miller | Science & Nature | Smithsonian Magazine - 0 views

  • Nader, now a neuroscientist at McGill University in Montreal, says his memory of the World Trade Center attack has played a few tricks on him. He recalled seeing television footage on September 11 of the first plane hitting the north tower of the World Trade Center. But he was surprised to learn that such footage aired for the first time the following day. Apparently he wasn’t alone: a 2003 study of 569 college students found that 73 percent shared this misperception.
  • In short, Nader believes that the very act of remembering can change our memories.
  • Nader was born in Cairo, Egypt. His Coptic Christian family faced persecution at the hands of Arab nationalists and fled to Canada in 1970, when he was 4 years old
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  • Memories surrounding a major event like September 11 might be especially susceptible, he says, because we tend to replay them over and over in our minds and in conversation with others—with each repetition having the potential to alter them.
  • In the winter of 1999, he taught four rats that a high-pitched beep preceded a mild electric shock. That was easy—rodents learn such pairings after being exposed to them just once. Afterward, the rat freezes in place when it hears the tone. Nader then waited 24 hours, played the tone to reactivate the memory and injected into the rat’s brain a drug that prevents neurons from making new proteins. If memories are consolidated just once, when they are first created, he reasoned, the drug would have no effect on the rat’s memory of the tone or on the way it would respond to the tone in the future. But if memories have to be at least partially rebuilt every time they are recalled—down to the synthesizing of fresh neuronal proteins—rats given the drug might later respond as if they had never learned to fear the tone and would ignore it. If so, the study would contradict the standard conception of memory.
  • Scientists have long known that recording a memory requires adjusting the connections between neurons. Each memory tweaks some tiny subset of the neurons in the brain (the human brain has 100 billion neurons in all), changing the way they communicate. Neurons send messages to one another across narrow gaps called synapses. A synapse is like a bustling port, complete with machinery for sending and receiving cargo—neurotransmitters, specialized chemicals that convey signals between neurons. All of the shipping machinery is built from proteins, the basic building blocks of cells.
  • In five decades of research, Kandel has shown how short-term memories—those lasting a few minutes—involve relatively quick and simple chemical changes to the synapse that make it work more efficiently. Kandel, who won a share of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, found that to build a memory that lasts hours, days or years, neurons must manufacture new proteins and expand the docks, as it were, to make the neurotransmitter traffic run more efficiently. Long-term memories must literally be built into the brain’s synapses. Kandel and other neuroscientists have generally assumed that once a memory is constructed, it is stable and can’t easily be undone. Or, as they put it, the memory is “consolidated.”
  • under ordinary circumstances the content of the memory stays the same, no matter how many times it’s taken out and read. Nader would challenge this idea.
  • Work with rodents dating back to the 1960s didn’t jibe with the consolidation theory. Researchers had found that a memory could be weakened if they gave an animal an electric shock or a drug that interferes with a particular neurotransmitter just after they prompted the animal to recall the memory. This suggested that memories were vulnerable to disruption even after they had been consolidated.
  • the work suggested that filing an old memory away for long-term storage after it had been recalled was surprisingly similar to creating it the first time
  • He attended college and graduate school at the University of Toronto, and in 1996 joined the New York University lab of Joseph LeDoux, a distinguished neuroscientist who studies how emotions influence memory.
  • When Nader later tested the rats, they didn’t freeze after hearing the tone: it was as if they’d forgotten all about it
  • Nader suggests that reconsolidation may be the brain’s mechanism for recasting old memories in the light of everything that has happened since. In other words, it just might be what keeps us from living in the past.
  • To Nader and his colleagues, the experiment supports the idea that a memory is re-formed in the process of calling it up. “From our perspective, this looks a lot like memory reconsolidation,” says Oliver Hardt, a postdoctoral researcher in Nader’s lab.
  • “When you retell it, the memory becomes plastic, and whatever is present around you in the environment can interfere with the original content of the memory,” Hardt says.
  • The question is whether reconsolidation—which he thinks Nader has demonstrated compellingly in rat experiments—is the reason for the distortions.
  • at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute. Alain Brunet, a psychologist, is running a clinical trial involving people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The hope is that caregivers might be able to weaken the hold of traumatic memories that haunt patients during the day and invade their dreams at night.
  • In Brunet’s first study, PTSD patients took a drug intended to interfere with the reconsolidation of fearful memories. The drug, propranolol, has long been used to treat high blood pressure, and some performers take it to combat stage fright. The drug inhibits a neurotransmitter called norepinephrine. One possible side effect of the drug is memory loss.
  • Nine patients took a propranolol pill and read or watched TV for an hour as the drug took effect. Ten were given a placebo pill. Brunet came into the room and made small talk before telling the patient he had a request: he wanted the patient to read a script, based on earlier interviews with the person, describing his or her traumatic experience. The patients, all volunteers, knew that the reading would be part of the experiment. “Some are fine, some start to cry, some need to take a break,” Brunet says. A week later, the PTSD patients listened to the script, this time without taking the drug or a placebo. Compared with the patients who had taken a placebo, those who had taken the propranolol a week earlier were now calmer; they had a smaller uptick in their heart rate and they perspired less.
  • The treatment didn’t erase the patients’ memory of what had happened to them; rather, it seems to have changed the quality of that memory. “Week after week the emotional tone of the memory seems weaker,” Brunet says. “They start to care less about that memory.” Nader says the traumatic memories of PTSD patients may be stored in the brain in much the same way that a memory of a shock-predicting tone is stored in a rat’s brain. In both cases, recalling the memory opens it to manipulation.
  • After Nader’s initial findings, some neuroscientists pooh-poohed his work in journal articles and gave him the cold shoulder at scientific meetings. But the data struck a more harmonious chord with some psychologists. After all, their experiments had long suggested that memory can easily be distorted without people realizing it.
  • Elizabeth Loftus
  • Karim Nader
  • Eric Kandel
  • Brunet
  •  
    may 2010
Michel Roland-Guill

Harvard Educational Review - Journal Article - 0 views

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    Reading is critical to students' success in and out of school. One potential means for improving students' reading is writing. In this meta-analysis of true and quasi-experiments, Graham and Herbert present evidence that writing about material read improves students' comprehension of it; that teaching students how to write improves their reading comprehension, reading fluency, and word reading; and that increasing how much students write enhances their reading comprehension. These findings provide empirical support for long-standing beliefs about the power of writing to facilitate reading.
Alexandre Serres

ARL PACA's videos on Vimeo - 0 views

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    Conférence du 28 novembre 2011. Les Métamorphoses numériques du Livre II, Aix-en-Provence, colloque organisé par l'Agence régionale du Livre Paca. 20 vidéos
Michel Roland-Guill

The End of Solitude - The Chronicle Review - The Chronicle of Higher Education - 0 views

  • The camera has created a culture of celebrity; the computer is creating a culture of connectivity. As the two technologies converge — broadband tipping the Web from text to image, social-networking sites spreading the mesh of interconnection ever wider — the two cultures betray a common impulse. Celebrity and connectivity are both ways of becoming known. This is what the contemporary self wants. It wants to be recognized, wants to be connected: It wants to be visible.
  • I once asked my students about the place that solitude has in their lives. One of them admitted that she finds the prospect of being alone so unsettling that she'll sit with a friend even when she has a paper to write. Another said, why would anyone want to be alone?
  • Man may be a social animal, but solitude has traditionally been a societal value. In particular, the act of being alone has been understood as an essential dimension of religious experience, albeit one restricted to a self-selected few. Through the solitude of rare spirits, the collective renews its relationship with divinity.
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  • Communal experience is the human norm, but the solitary encounter with God is the egregious act that refreshes that norm.
  • Like other religious values, solitude was democratized by the Reformation and secularized by Romanticism.
  • The child who grew up between the world wars as part of an extended family within a tight-knit urban community became the grandparent of a kid who sat alone in front of a big television, in a big house, on a big lot. We were lost in space. Under those circumstances, the Internet arrived as an incalculable blessing
  • For Emerson, "the soul environs itself with friends, that it may enter into a grander self-acquaintance or solitude; and it goes alone, for a season, that it may exalt its conversation or society."
  • Modernism decoupled this dialectic. Its notion of solitude was harsher, more adversarial, more isolating. As a model of the self and its interactions, Hume's social sympathy gave way to Pater's thick wall of personality and Freud's narcissism — the sense that the soul, self-enclosed and inaccessible to others, can't choose but be alone. With exceptions, like Woolf, the modernists fought shy of friendship. Joyce and Proust disparaged it; D.H. Lawrence was wary of it; the modernist friendship pairs — Conrad and Ford, Eliot and Pound, Hemingway and Fitzgerald — were altogether cooler than their Romantic counterparts.
  • Protestant self-examination becomes Freudian analysis, and the culture hero, once a prophet of God and then a poet of Nature, is now a novelist of self — a Dostoyevsky, a Joyce, a Proust.
  • Romantic solitude existed in a dialectical relationship with sociability
  • My students told me they have little time for intimacy. And of course, they have no time at all for solitude. But at least friendship, if not intimacy, is still something they want.
  • In fact, their use of technology — or to be fair, our use of technology — seems to involve a constant effort to stave off the possibility of solitude, a continuous attempt, as we sit alone at our computers, to maintain the imaginative presence of others.
  • The more we keep aloneness at bay, the less are we able to deal with it and the more terrifying it gets.
  • the previous generation's experience of boredom
  • The two emotions, loneliness and boredom, are closely allied. They are also both characteristically modern. The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest citations of either word, at least in the contemporary sense, date from the 19th century.
  • Boredom is not a necessary consequence of having nothing to do, it is only the negative experience of that state. Television, by obviating the need to learn how to make use of one's lack of occupation, precludes one from ever discovering how to enjoy it. In fact, it renders that condition fearsome, its prospect intolerable. You are terrified of being bored — so you turn on the television.
  • consumer society wants to condition us to feel bored, since boredom creates a market for stimulation.
  • The alternative to boredom is what Whitman called idleness: a passive receptivity to the world.
  • Loneliness is not the absence of company, it is grief over that absence.
  • Internet is as powerful a machine for the production of loneliness as television is for the manufacture of boredom.
  • And losing solitude, what have they lost? First, the propensity for introspection, that examination of the self that the Puritans, and the Romantics, and the modernists (and Socrates, for that matter) placed at the center of spiritual life — of wisdom, of conduct. Thoreau called it fishing "in the Walden Pond of [our] own natures," "bait[ing our] hooks with darkness." Lost, too, is the related propensity for sustained reading.
  • Solitude, Emerson said, "is to genius the stern friend." "He who should inspire and lead his race must be defended from traveling with the souls of other men, from living, breathing, reading, and writing in the daily, time-worn yoke of their opinions." One must protect oneself from the momentum of intellectual and moral consensus — especially, Emerson added, during youth.
  • The university was to be praised, Emerson believed, if only because it provided its charges with "a separate chamber and fire" — the physical space of solitude. Today, of course, universities do everything they can to keep their students from being alone, lest they perpetrate self-destructive acts, and also, perhaps, unfashionable thoughts.
  • The last thing to say about solitude is that it isn't very polite.
  • the ability to stand back and observe life dispassionately, is apt to make us a little unpleasant to our fellows
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