This massive Arid climate makes it a strange place for a large population of people
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Ancient Civilizations | Ancient History for Kids - 1 views
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It flows north through the Sahara creating a long oasis in the desert eventually dumping into the Mediterranean Sea
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The Nile is divided into sections by cataracts. A cataract is a rocky area that creates a waterfall or rapids. There are six cataracts in the Nile river.
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Around 6000 BCE the climate began to change, which might explain why many humans changed from hunting and gathering to farming. Before civilization, early humans came to the Nile River to hunt, fish, and gather food, but gradually as people learned to farm and domesticate animals (about 7000 BCE and 5500 BCE), and therefore live in permanent settlements, areas around the Nile became more crowded.
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The change from nomadic hunter-gatherers to civilized living followed the same pattern as other places around the world: farming provided extra food, which allowed the division of labor, which allows the development of government and religion and creates social classes.
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We know so much about the Egyptians because there are so many written resources and because their culture lasted so long with few interruptions
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Another reason we know so much about Egypt is because they made their architecture out of stone, which has lasted for the most part.
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Religion was a the center of Egyptian life. Egyptians believed in many Gods, so they were polytheistic.
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Later Egyptians would call their kings “pharaoh”. Egyptian people believed the pharaoh was a living God, so the Egyptians developed a theocracy, or a government ruled by religious leaders. This is important to understanding why Egyptian people were so willing to give their grain to the Pharaoh and build him or her incredible temples—they thought the Pharaoh was a living God that would be with them forever in eternity.
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The most well-known ritual was mummification. Egyptians believed in life after death, and they wanted the body to look life-like. Anyone could be mummified if they had enough money
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Egyptians were a very advanced civilization due to their inventions and technology. Egyptians developed a writing system called hieroglyphs that combined pictures and symbols. Eventually, they created an alphabet from their symbols. In 1822 CE a European explorer found what is called the Rossetta Stone (left picture)--a stone with the same message written in 3 different languages, which finally allowed historians to translate ancient hieroglyphs. Egyptians developed a 365-day calendar and used a number system based on 10. Egyptians figured out amazing ways to cut stone to use in their temples and obelisks. An obelisk is a tall narrow monument that becomes more narrow as it goes up. They created a writing material similar to paper called papyrus from reeds found in the Nile. Egyptians were excellent ship builders and excelled at mathematics. They used fractions, decimals, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and basic ideas of geometry. Egyptian art and architecture is famous and has been reused and copied by many other civilization including Greece, Rome, and even the United States
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At the top of society was the Pharaoh. Below the Pharaoh was the royal court (Pharaoh's family), high priests, government officials, and scribes and nobles (rich land owners). Below them were doctors and engineers, craftsman, and then farmers and unskilled workers at the bottom. Egyptians did use some slaves, but slavery is hardly mentioned in their writings.
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creating Egypt's first dynasty. He defeated some enemies and united Upper and Lower Egypt into one civilization.
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One of the first major Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom was Djoser. His temple was one of the first pyramids Egyptians tried to build. It was a "step pyramid" and it started the tradition of building pyramids as a burial ground for Pharaohs. Although the term "Pharaoh" wasn't used until much later, we will keep using it to refer to Egyptian kings.
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Hatshepsut was a women Pharaoh. Her tomb is an amazingly long ramp leading to a temple that has been cut out of a mountain. Pharaoh Akhenaten tried to start a new religious tradition of worshipping only one God. Worshipping one God is called monotheism. This did not sit well with the polytheistic population that has honored many gods for thousands of years. After Akhenaten's death his monuments were destroyed and his name was removed from the list of kings. Years later he was often referred to as, "the enemy". Akhenaten's son would also become famous, thousands of years later when his tomb was found perfectly preserved. His name was Pharaoh Tutankhamen--he is known and King Tut. He became Pharaoh at age 9 or 10 and ruled for only 9 years.
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Ming Dynasty Historical Details Provided With Care - 0 views
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Technology and Human Rights: Digital Freedom | Business & Human Rights Resource Centre - 0 views
www.business-humanrights.org/...d-human-rights-digital-freedom
How Technology relates to the Human Rights: Digital Freedom
shared by Gilmore Dashon on 20 Nov 18
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the same rights that people have offline must also be protected online
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Moreover, governments are now regularly acquiring powerful surveillance technology from private firms, as Surveillance Industry Index shows. According to Privacy International, the surveillance industry routinely disregards human rights considerations
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attacks on online activists, as well as growing internet shutdowns. These obstructions and attacks impact on freedom of expression and peaceful assembly, but also create economic costs, affecting entire economies and individual businesses.
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Companies in the ICT sector can be involved in this limiting of digital freedoms, either directly, or by facilitating violations by governments and/or abuses by other firms.
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Internet, mobile, and telecommunications companies’ policies and practices can also positively affect users’ freedom of expression and privacy, including those of defenders, especially when they work together.
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whose company members commit to uphold principles of freedom of expression and privacy. You can learn how ICT companies are upholding human rights online and offline
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Ancient Roman History for Kids - Fun Facts to Learn - 0 views
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Effects of the Crusades - 1 views
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Thousands of the crusaders, returning broken in spirits and in health, sought an asylum in cloistral retreats
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crusades was on commerce
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They created a constant demand for the transportation of men and supplies, encouraged ship-building, and extended the market for eastern wares in Europe
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Thousands of barons and knights mortgaged or sold their lands in order to raise money for a crusading expedition
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they helped to break down the power of the feudal aristocracy, and to give prominence to the kings and the people.
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The Crusades were therefore one of the principal fostering influences of Chivalry
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They went out from their castles or villages to see great cities, marble palaces, superb dresses, and elegant manners; they returned with finer tastes, broader ideas, and wider sympathies
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helped to awaken in Western Europe that mental activity which resulted finally in the great intellectual outburst known as the Revival of Learning and the period of the Renaissance.
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The Medieval Church - History Learning Site - 1 views
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All Medieval people – be they village peasants or towns people – believed that God, Heaven and Hell all existed. From the very earliest of ages, the people were taught that the only way they could get to Heaven was if the Roman Catholic Church let them. Everybody would have been terrified of Hell and the people would have been told of the sheer horrors awaiting for them in Hell in the weekly services they attended.
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You also had to pay for baptisms (if you were not baptised you could not go to Heaven when you died), marriages (there were no couples living together in Medieval times as the Church taught that this equaled sin) and burials – you had to be buried on holy land if your soul was to get to heaven. Whichever way you looked, the Church received money.
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Their sheer size meant that people would see them from miles around, and remind them of the huge power of the Catholic Church in Medieval England.
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However, if you were killed in an accident while working in a cathedral or a church, you were guaranteed a place in Heaven – or so the workers were told.
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Medicine - 1 views
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Arabic anatomical and pharmaceutical knowledge, far greater in scope than that of medieval Europe's learning, was quickly assimilated
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Isolation of the sick and contagious was commonplace and possibly the greatest step taken in medieval medicine.
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Bleeding and the use of leeches to draw "bad blood" from the patient were typical. Some surgeries were performed to cure patients of hernias, cataracts, for the removal of gallstones. Surgery was often more precarious than the actual problem. Folk cures and poultices made from herbs were options for the peasant class. There were those who would risk being called "witch" to provide these remedies, although many found themselves tied to a burning stake.
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see this link for more on Blood Letting: Or the bad blood out! https://www.google.com/search?q=medieval+bloodletting&safe=strict&rlz=1CASMAF_enUS658US659&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQhvztk-vKAhUHmoMKHTGsAfcQ_AUIBygB Modern day: http://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/index.ssf/2010/06/leeches_and_maggots_doctors_li.html
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the Church was often called to exorcise demons and say prayers and incantations over the patient.
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Medieval education in Europe: Schools & Universities - 0 views
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It is estimated that by 1330, only 5% of the total population of Europe received any sort of education
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Even then education, as we understand it, was not accessible or even desired by everyone. Schools were mostly only accessible to the sons of high lords of the land.
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The very fact that the curriculum was structured by the church gave it the ability to mould the students to follow its doctrine
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Unofficially, education started from a very young age. This sort of early education depended on the feudal class of the child’s parents
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Even the children of serfs would be taught the skills needed to survive by their parents. The boys would be taken out into the fields to observe and to help their parents with easy tasks, while the girls would work with the animals at home, in the vegetable garden with their mothers, or watch them weave.
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Children of craftsmen and merchants were educated from a very young age in the trade of their fathers. Trade secrets rarely left a family and they had to be taught and understood by all male (and unusually, female) heirs, in order to continue the family legacy.
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Young boys of noble birth would learn how to hunt and swing a weapon, while the young ladies of nobility would learn how to cook
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The main subject of study in those schools was Latin (reading and writing). In addition to this, students were also taught rhetoric – the art of public speaking and persuasion – which was a very useful tool for both men of the cloth and nobles alike.
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University education, across the whole of the continent, was a luxury to which only the wealthiest and brightest could ever aspire
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Students attended the Medieval University at different ages, ranging from 14 (if they were attending Oxford or Paris to study the Arts) to their 30s (if they were studying Law in Bologna)
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The dynamic between students and teachers in a medieval university was significantly different from today. In the University of Bologna students hired and fired teachers by consensus. The students also bargained as a collective regarding fees, and threatened teachers with strikes if their demands were not met
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A Master of Arts degree in the medieval education system would have taken six years; a Bachelor of Arts degree would be awarded after completing the third or fourth year. By “Arts” the degree was referring to the seven liberal arts – arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, and rhetoric
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Historians today believe that this policy was another way in which authority figures attempted to control the peasants, since an educated peasant/villein might prove to question the way things were done and upset the balance of power which kept the nobles strong.
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Students held the legal status of clerics which, according to the Canon Law, could not be held by women; women were therefore not admitted into universities.
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World-History | Medieval Knights - 1 views
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Knights might have been professional soldiers but that didn't mean they had to act like one. In the early days of feudalism, knights often ate at the same table as the lords and ladies of the manor
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They often belched, spit, and put their feet directly on the dinner table. The refined ladies and lords were appalled. So, a code of honor was drawn up that we now call Chivalry.
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There were at least 17 rules to the knights code of chivalry and vows of knighthood. The most important were to serve God, serve their liege lord (the King), be courteous to all women (though what they meant was all women of the noble class), and to defend the weak. Other rules included to fight for the welfare of all, to live by honor and glory, and to refrain from the wanton giving of offence; basically, don’t act like ye olde arse.
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this was meant to defend the elderly, women and children, but of the upper class. Knights were often brutal to peasants and it was considered acceptable because of the low social status of the peasants.
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From this, came rules like if a woman was of equal or higher status, he should stand when she enters a room and sit only after she does, the best foods at a meal should be offered to her, and when walking on the sidewalk, the man should walk closest to the street. This was to protect the woman from getting spattered with mud and the contents of chamber pots (buckets that were used as toilets) that were thrown out windows. It was a way to show that the gentleman honored the woman to have the poop hit him instead.
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nights kept their skills sharp by competing in tournaments known as jousts where two heavily armored horseman race at another at high speed
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Medieval tournaments brought knights and lords together in friendly competitions to show off their skills at hand to hand combat, horse back riding, and of course, jousting
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A head shot for example was the most damaging but also the most difficult target, and therefore was awarded the most points.
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Cash prizes, called a purse, would be given to the winners and this was the best way to move up the social ladder if you didn't get a chance to show off your skills on the battle field.
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road to knighthood he was known as a page. A page's training involved learning to ride a horse and receiving religious instruction from the priest of the manor. And, when he wasn't riding or praying, a page spent his days running errands and serving the ladies of the manor. He would also be taught to dance, sing, and play a musical instrument which were considered honorable qualities for a knight to have.
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a page would be promoted to the role of squire. A squire worked directly with his knight. The squire learned skills from his knight (who was also his Lord) such as sword fighting and hand to hand combat. The squire pretty much acted as personal assistant to his knight, polishing his armor, caring for his horse, and even waiting on him at meal times. During times of battle, it was the job of the squire to help his Lord into the armor and look after him if he was wounded. He also had the awful task of cleaning out the armor which, after a long day on the battle field would be covered in all sorts of bodily fluids.
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"I promise on my faith that I will in the future be faithful to the lord, never cause him harm and will observe my homage to him completely against all persons in good faith and without deceit." -A Typical Oath of Fealty
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Ancient Greek Government - Ancient Greece for Kids! - 5 views
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Aristotle divided Greek governments into monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies and democracies, and most historians still use these same divisions.
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Then in the 600s and 500s BC a lot of city-states were taken over by tyrants. Tyrants were usually one of the aristocrats who got power over the others by getting the support of the poor people. They ruled kind of like kings, but without any legal right to rule.
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at each period there were plenty of city-states using a different system, and there were many which never did become democracies or tyrannies at all.
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many Greek city-states kept oligarchic government, or tyrannies, or monarchies, through this whole time
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and they each had their own government. In addition, people's ideas about what made a good government changed over time.
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The Greeks had a lot of different kinds of governments
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The Greeks had a lot of different kinds of governments, because there were many different city-states in ancient Greece, and they each had their own government.
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Most of the people in Athens couldn't vote - no women, no slaves, no foreigners (even Greeks from other city-states), no children.
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The Greeks had a lot of different kinds of governments, because there were many different city-states in ancient Greece
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Sparta is the most famous of these, though actually Sparta had two kings, usually brothers or cousins, at the same time.
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Greek achievements and Greek history - 0 views
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Art (Pathenon, sculptures of Phidias, etc., source of inspiration for Roman and all sorts of sub. art)
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Elements of Greek architecture have been copied again and again from Roman times onward--and we still see many elements of Greek architecture in at least some of our public buildings today.
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History (first and some of greatest historians, including HERODOTUS, Thucydides, and Xenophon)
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The Greeks give us the first true historical works, and it was a Greek (Herodotus) that first used the term "history" for what we call history today. Not only did the Greeks give us our first historical works, they also give us some of our greatest.
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First of all, it is impressive because it moves beyond the mere chronicling of events (something that had been done before) and attempts to explain why certain events happen and what those events means: what lesssons we can learn from history.
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Herodotus might be considered, not just the father of history, but the father of cultural anthropology as well.
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And particular this is so when one looks at Herodotus' central theme: freedom. A central theme of Herodotus' book is the value of living in a free society (even though it means sacrifice) rather than living under despotism no matter how well-organized and prosperous a society run by a despot might seem. Herodotus book is one of the sources of the Western love of freedom.
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Political science Not only do the Greeks give us our first history, they give us also our first political science, the systematic study of human government. When one studies political science today, one constantly uses Greek terms (monarchy, democracy, etc.). Why? Because the Greeks were the first to study the various forms of human government and to identify the strengths and weakness of each.
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Aristotle's Politics and Plato's Republic are still much read in political science/political philosophy classes today, another good example of the lasting influence of the Greeks.
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Poetry In poetery too, the Greek had a lasting influence. When we analyze poetry today, we use Greek words (iamb, dactyl, trochee, etc.). Why? Because the Greeks were the first to systematically analyze poetry. Here too Aristotle is a key figure. His "Poetics" is as influential in literary criticism as his "Politics" is in political science.
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Among the greatest and most influential of epic poems are the two great poems of Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey.
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Mathematics Math is another area in which the Greeks made important contributions. You are all familiar with the Pythagorean theorum, and the Greek reverence for numbers that starts with Pythagoras is certainly an important contribution of the Greeks.
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Now what's important here is *not* the practical application of geometry. What's important is the systematic, rigorous thinking process one must go through in coming up with these proofs. The study of Euclid taught generation after generation to think clearly and logically: and it is a pity that the current geometry texts have drifted away from this.
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Science The Greeks also made important contributions to the sciences. Biology, Physics, Physiology, Zoology: all Greek names, because the Greeks were the first to systematically explore these areas. Thales, the first Greek philosopher, also is the father of physics, asking a fundamental question: what are all things made of? The Greeks explored the question, coming up with promising answers. Ultimately, Greeks like Aristotle believed that the world was made up of four fundamental elements. Other Greeks added the idea that these elements in their turn were made up of invisible, indivisable particles they called atoms. Now we have a lot more elements than the Greek four, and we believe the atom can be divided into evern more fundamental particles, but note that the Greeks are certainly on the right track.
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But its not just in literature the Greeks excelled. They produced some of the world's greatest art, the first true science, and some of the greatest athletes the world has ever seen. In fact, of all the ancient peoples, it was the Greeks who contributed the most to subsequent civilization in virtually every field of human endeavor. What's all the more amazing is that the Greek were able to do all these things despite the fact that they were constantly at war--or maybe because they were constantly at war. Generalization: Greeks made more important contributions to sub. civilization than any other ancient people. Achievements:
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Ancient Greece - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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heir alphabet was, in turn, copied by the Romans, and much of the world now uses the Roman alphabet.
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Monarchies in ancient Greece were not absolute because there was usually a council of older citizens (the senate, or in Macedonia the congress) who gave advice to the King. These men were not elected or chosen in a lottery like they were in the democratic city-states.
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The number of Greeks grew and soon they could not grow enough food for all the people. When this happened, a city would send people off to start a new city, known as a colony.
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The men came to a place in the center of the city and decided what to do. It was the first place in the world where the people decided what their country should do.
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Men, if not working, fighting or discussing politics, could, at festival times, go to Ancient Greek theatre to watch dramas, comedies or tragedies.
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The sports included running, javelin throwing, discus throwing and wrestling. The Games were unusual, because the athletes could come from any Greek city.
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hey were trained in the same events as boys, because Spartans believed that strong women would produce strong future warriors
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Ancient Greece - History, mythology, art, war, culture, society, and architecture. - 2 views
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This seems like a great website to explore many different aspects of Ancient Greece.
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Information Resource on Ancient Greece, history, mythology, art and architecture, olympics, wars, culture and society, playwrights, philosophers, historians, geography and essays etc...
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Dgh - Scientific Revolution - 0 views
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His achievements helped other scientists like Einstein be able to discover the Theory of Relativity and Nuclear Fission.
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Muslims in Asia and Africa, though, were able to preserve the ideas of these great Greek and Roman thinkers. They translated them and then added their own ideas to them--to learn more about muslim thinkers, see this link. As the Europeans came out of their Dark Age, they began to learn from the muslims when trade and conflict brought Europeans and Arabs together. As they read and learned, their own view of the world became more rational and expanded their view of the world.
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Rome and Greece the idea of humanism was passed on to the Arabs. When the Europeans started to make contact with the Arabs, these ideas were brought back. Education, government, technology, and science made it possible for this time of major change, discovery and exploration. Many discoveries and inventions were made in this time period by great thinkers still impact the world today.
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Together, education, government, technology, and science created the perfect mix for the Scientific Revolution and exploration.
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read and write by themselves and the printing press made books much cheaper and available to a wider audience. When the time came, the government provided money, supplies and education for explorers.
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