Group items tagged

Fall of the Roman Empire

Public Health

Decline in Morals and Values

Political Corruption

Unemployment

Inflation

Urban decay

THE FINAL BLOWS For years, the well-disciplined Roman army held the barbarians of Germany back. Then in the third century A. D. the Roman soldiers were pulled back from the Rhine-Danube frontier to fight civil war in Italy. This left the Roman border open to attack. Gradually Germanic hunters and herders from the north began to overtake Roman lands in Greece and Gaul (later France). Then in 476 A. D. the Germanic general Odacer or Odovacar overthrew the last of the Roman Emperors, Augustulus Romulus. From then on the western part of the Empire was ruled by Germanic chieftain. Roads and bridges were left in disrepair and fields left untilled. Pirates and bandits made travel unsafe. Cities could not be maintained without goods from the farms, trade and business began to disappear. And Rome was no more in the West. The total fall of the Roman empire.

Inferior Technology

Military Spending

most difficult problems

choosing

new emperor

new emperor

empero

never

created

effective system

determine

new emperors

began

selling

throne to

highest bidder

37 different emperors

assinatio

25 of whom

six daughters and four sons

Married: Matilda of Flanders in 1052

Accomplishments or why William the Conqueror was famous: Victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Cause of the Death of William the Conqueror: Riding accident when he fell from his horse

Character of William the Conqueror: Tough, brave, inspirational and religious

crowned King of England in January 1067 at Westminster Abbey, London

Building great castles in England, including the Tower of London

Battle of HastingsBayeux Tapestry

Nickname William the Bastard

fought off the Viking invasion led by King Hardrada in the North of England

instituted his strategy for medieval warfare of building castles

Tower of London

The Doomsday Book which was begun in 1086 and contained detailed records of 13,418 settlements in England

Greek scupture inspired the Romans and (indirectly) the great sculptors of the Renaissance.

Elements of Greek architecture have been copied again and again from Roman times onward--and we still see many elements of Greek architecture in at least some of our public buildings today.

Sports (Olympic games)

The Greeks also are important for the contribution to sports.

There are lots of other echoes of the Greeks in our sports tradition of today.

  History (first and some of greatest historians, including HERODOTUS, Thucydides, and Xenophon)

The Greeks give us the first true historical works, and it was a Greek (Herodotus) that first used the term "history" for what we call history today.  Not only did the Greeks give us our first historical works, they also give us some of  our greatest.

The buildings on the Athenian acropolis are a great example.

First of all, it is impressive because it moves beyond the mere chronicling of events (something that had been done before) and attempts to explain why certain events happen and what those events means: what lesssons we can learn from history.

  Herodotus might be considered, not just the father of history, but the father of cultural anthropology as well.

And particular this is so when one looks at Herodotus' central theme: freedom.  A central theme of Herodotus' book is the value of living in a free society (even though it means sacrifice) rather than living under despotism no matter how well-organized and prosperous a society run by a despot might seem.  Herodotus book is one of the sources of the Western love of freedom.

Political science Not only do the Greeks give us our first history, they give us also our first political science, the systematic study of human government.  When one studies political science today, one constantly uses Greek terms (monarchy, democracy, etc.). Why?  Because the Greeks were the first to study the various forms of human government and to identify the strengths and weakness of each.

Aristotle's Politics and Plato's Republic are still much read in political science/political philosophy classes today, another good example of the lasting influence of the Greeks.

Poetry In poetery too, the Greek had a lasting influence.  When we analyze poetry today, we use Greek words (iamb, dactyl, trochee, etc.).  Why?  Because the Greeks were the first to systematically analyze poetry.  Here too Aristotle is a key figure.  His "Poetics" is as influential in literary criticism as his "Politics" is in political science.

Among the greatest and most influential of epic poems are the two great poems of Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. 

The Greeks also excelled at lyric poetry. 

Mathematics Math is another area in which the Greeks made important contributions.  You are all familiar with the Pythagorean theorum, and the Greek reverence for numbers that starts with Pythagoras is certainly an important contribution of the Greeks.

Now what's important here is *not* the practical application of geometry.  What's important is the systematic, rigorous thinking process one must go through in coming up with these proofs.  The study of Euclid taught generation after generation to think clearly and logically: and it is a pity that the current geometry texts have drifted away from this.

  Science The Greeks also made important contributions to the sciences.  Biology, Physics, Physiology, Zoology: all Greek names, because the Greeks were the first to systematically explore these areas.  Thales, the first Greek philosopher, also is the father of physics, asking a fundamental question: what are all things made of?  The Greeks explored the question, coming up with promising answers.  Ultimately, Greeks like Aristotle believed that the world was made up of four fundamental elements. Other Greeks added the idea that these elements in their turn were made up of invisible, indivisable particles they called atoms.  Now we have a lot more elements than the Greek four, and we believe the atom can be divided into evern more fundamental particles, but note that the Greeks are certainly on the right track.

Perhaps most impressive of all was Archimedes

  But its not just in literature the Greeks excelled. They produced some of the world's greatest art, the first true science, and some of the greatest athletes the world has ever seen.  In fact, of all the ancient peoples, it was the Greeks who contributed the most to subsequent civilization in virtually every field of human endeavor.  What's all the more amazing is that the Greek were able to do all these things despite the fact that they were constantly at war--or maybe because they were constantly at war. Generalization: Greeks made more important contributions to sub. civilization than any other ancient people.  Achievements: