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Garth Holman

History of Timbuktu, Mali - 6 views

www.timbuktufoundation.org/history.html

WestAfrica Timbuktu

shared by Garth Holman on 04 May 12 - Cached
  • The popular statement, " From here to Timbuktu." conjures up images of remote, isolated and distant parts of this earth. Very few people are aware of this ancient city's location, and fewer still ascribe any kind of civilization to this historic area. Timbuktu is located in the western African nation of Mali at the edge of the sahara.
  • The historic town of Timbuktu is located at the precise point where the Niger flows northward into the southern edge of the desert. As a result of its unique geographical position, Timbuktu has been a natural meeting point of Songhai, Wangara,Fulani, Tuareg and Arabs. According to the inhabitants of Timbuku, gold came from the south, the salt from the north and the Divine knowledge, from Timbuktu. Timbuktu is also the cross-road where "the camel met the canoe." It is to this privilege position that the city owes much of its historical dynamism. From the 11th century and onward, Timbuktu became an important port where goods from West Africa and North Africa were traded.
  • Goods coming the Mediterranean shores and salt were traded in Timbuktu for gold. The prosperity of the city attracted both black scholars, blacks merchants and Arabs traders from North Africa. Salt, books and gold were very much in demand at that time.
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  • he first constructions in Timbuktu were designed by African architects from Djenne and later on by Muslim architects from North Africa. Trade and knowledge were at their height.
  • Timbuktu became a celebrated center of Islamic learning and a commercial establishment. Timbuktu had three universities and 180 Quranic schools. These universities were the Sankore University, Jingaray Ber University and Sidi Yahya University. This was the golden age of Africa. Books were not only written in Timbuktu, but they were also imported and copied there. There was an advanced local book copying industry in the city. The universities and private libraries contained unparalleled scholarly works. The famous scholar of Timbuktu Ahmad Baba who was among those forcibly exiled in Morocco claimed that his library of 1600 books had been plundered, and that his library, according to him, was one of the smaller in the city.
  • The booming economy of Timbuktu attracted the attention of the Emperor of Mali, Mansa Mussa (1307-1332) also known as “Kan Kan Mussa.” He captured the city in 1325. As a Muslim, Mansa Mussa was impressed with the Islamic legacy of Timbuktu. On his return from Mecca, Mansa Mussa brought with him an Egyptian architect by the name of Abu Es Haq Es Saheli.
  • The Emperor also brought Arabs scholars to Timbuktu. To his great surprise, the Emperor has found that these scholars are underqualified compared to the black scholars of Timbuktu
  • Mansa Mussa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 had made Mali known worldwide. The great rulertook 60,000 porters with him. Each porter carried 3 kilograms of pure gold, that is, 180,000 kilograms or at least 180 tons of gold (Reference: Volume IV UNESCO General History of Africa, pages 197-200). He had so much gold with him that when he stopped in Egypt, the Egyptian currency lost its value and as result, the name of Mali and Timbuktu appeared on the 14th century world map.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 04 May 12
       
      Who would take notice of all this gold?  
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 04 May 12
       
      Where camel met the canoe.  What does this mean? 
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 04 May 12
       
      Key items traded? 
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 04 May 12
       
      Spread of Islam.  How did Timbuktu help Islam take hold in Africa?  How did Mansa Mussa Help spread the word about Timbuktu?
morgan m

Slavery in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Slavery_in_the_United_States

shared by morgan m on 17 Nov 11 - Cached
  • Slavery in the United States was a form of slave labor which existed as a legal institution in North America for more than a century before the founding of the United States in 1776, and continued mostly in the South until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865 following the American Civil War .
  • Slavery in the United States
  • Slavery in the United States was a form of slave labor which existed as a legal institution in North America for more than a century before the founding of the United States in 1776, and continued mostly in the South until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865 following the American Civil War.[1] The first English colony in North America, Virginia, acquired its first Africans in 1619, after a ship arrived, unsolicited, carrying a cargo of about 20 Africans.
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  • Slavery in the
Julia M

Geography of Greece and the islands - Greeka.com - 0 views

www.greeka.com/greece-geography

Greece geography Islands

shared by Julia M on 29 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • It is a peninsular and mountainous country located in Southern-Eastern Europe, in the Balkans peninsula
  • largest coastline
  • Greece has a total of 2,000 Greek islands but only 168 are inhabited.
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  • Two thirds of the territory is covered with mountains.
  • The country is very rich in natural resources providing petroleum, magnetite, lignite, bauxite, hydropower and marble.
  • The highest mountain peak is at Mount Olympus
  • It is located in the southern part of Greece and actually looks like an island connected to the mainland with two bridges
  • In fact, the limestone and volcanoes of Greece have composited the Greek territory and allowed the formation of many caves and canyons.
  • Athens is the capital of Greece.
  • Attica is actually a peninsula surrounded by four high mountains that form a basin. In this basin, the city and suburbs of Athens have been constructed.
  • The Greece mainland consists of the following regions: Sterea (Central Greece), Peloponnese, Thessaly (eastcentral), Epirus (north west), Macedonia (north) and Thrace (north west). Also Greece consists of many islands and island complexes: Crete, Cyclades, Dodecanese, Ionian, Sporades, Saronic and Eastern Aegean islands.
  • Greece has a rich diversity in flora and fauna and many species are original in this country, which means that they are found only there in the world.
  • There are more than 2,000 large and smaller greek islands scattered both in the Aegean and the Ionian Sea.
  • The largest Greek island is Crete and the second largest is Evia.
  • Lesvos and Rhodes come next.
alove_

Why every world map you're looking at is WRONG: Africa, China and India are distorted d... - 0 views

www.dailymail.co.uk/...s-accurate-satellite-data.html

maps hadoken true size distortion perspective mercator

shared by alove_ on 04 Oct 19 - No Cached
  • The distortion is the result of the Mercator map which was created in 1596 to help sailors navigate the worldIt gives the right shapes of countries but at the cost of distorting sizes in favour of the wealthy lands to the northFor instance, north America looks larger, or at least as big, as Africa, and Greenland also looks of comparable sizeIn reality, you can fit north America into Africa and still have space for India, Argentina, Tunisia and some left overMap suggests Scandinavian countries are larger than India, whereas in reality India is three times the size The biggest challenge for cartographers is that it is impossible to portray reality of spherical world on a flat map
  • ideological assumptions that can change the way we see the world.
Jennifer Y.

Office of the Historian - Milestones - 1945-1952 - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (... - 0 views

history.state.gov/...NATO

shared by Jennifer Y. on 16 Dec 12 - No Cached
    • Jennifer Y.
      Jennifer Y. on 16 Dec 12
       
      By the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, countries worked together. 
megan s

List of Indian inventions and discoveries - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...ian_inventions_and_discoveries

Indian inventions

shared by megan s on 16 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Button, ornamental: Buttons—made from seashell—were used in the Indus Valley Civilization for ornamental purposes by 2000 BCE.[1] Some buttons were carved into geometric shapes and had holes pieced into them so that they could attached to clothing by using a thread.[1] Ian McNeil (1990) holds that: "The button, in fact, was originally used more as an ornament than as a fastening, the earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley. It is made of a curved shell and about 5000 years old."
  • Calico: Calico had originated in the subcontinent by the 11th century and found mention in Indian literature, by the 12th century writer Hemachandra. He has mentioned calico fabric prints done in a lotus design.[3] The Indian textile merchants traded in calico with the Africans by the 15th century and calico fabrics from Gujarat appeared in Egypt.[3] Trade with Europe followed from the 17th century onwards.[3] Within India, calico originated in Calicut.[3] Carding, devices for: Historian of science Joseph Needham ascribes the invention of bow-instruments used in textile technology to India.[4] The earliest evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from India (2nd century CE).[4] These carding devices, called kaman and dhunaki would loosen the texture of the fiber by the means of a vibrating string.[4]
  • The words for "chess" in Old Persian and Arabic are chatrang and shatranj respectively — terms derived from caturaṅga in Sanskrit,[11][12] which literally means an army of four divisions or four corps.[13][14] Chess spread throughout the world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape.[15] This game was introduced to the Near East from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education of Persian nobility.[13] Buddhist pilgrims, Silk Road traders and others carried it to the Far East where it was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the lines of the board rather than within the squares.[15] Chaturanga reached Europe through Persia, the Byzantine empire and the expanding Arabian empire.[14][16] Muslims carried Shatranj to North Africa, Sicily, and Spain by the 10th century where it took its final modern form of chess.[15] Chintz: The origin of Chintz is from the printed all cotton fabric of calico in India.[17] The origin of the word chintz itself is from the Hindi language word चित्र् (chitr), which means a spot
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  • Coherer, iron and mercury: In 1899, the Bengali physicist Jagdish Chandra Bose announced the development of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" in a paper presented at the Royal Society, London.[19] He also later received U.S. Patent 755,840, "Detector for electrical disturbances" (1904), for a specific electromagnetic receiver. Cotton gin, single-roller: The Ajanta caves of India yield evidence of a single roller cotton gin in use by the 5th century.[20] This cotton gin was used in India until innovations were made in form of foot powered gins.[21] The cotton gin was invented in India as a mechanical device known as charkhi, more technically the "wooden-worm-worked roller". This mechanical device was, in some parts of India, driven by water power.[4] Crescograph: The crescograph, a device for measuring growth in plants, was invented in the early 20th century by the Bengali scientist Jagadish Chandra Bose.[22][
  • Perhaps as early as 300 BCE—although certainly by 200 CE—high quality steel was being produced in southern India also by what Europeans would later call the crucible technique.[24] In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in a crucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon.[24] The first crucible steel was the wootz steel that originated in India before the beginning of the common era.[25] Archaeological evidence suggests that this manufacturing process was already in existence in South India well before the Christian era.[26][27][28][29] Dock (maritime): The world's first dock at Lothal (2400 BCE) was located away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt.[30] Modern oceanographers have observed that the Harappans must have possessed knowledge relating to tides in order to build such a dock on the ever-shifting course of the Sabarmati, as well as exemplary hydrography and maritime engineering.[30] This was the earliest known dock found in the world, equipped to berth and service ships.[30][31] It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks.[32] This knowledge also enabled them to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the Gulf of Khambhat has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuar
  • location in the first place, as the Gulf of Khambhat has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuar y
  • Incense clock: Although popularly associated with China the incense clock is believed to have originated in India, at least in its fundamental form if not function.[33][34] Early incense clocks found in China between the 6th and 8th century CE—the period it appeared in China all seem to have Devanāgarī carvings on them instead of Chinese seal characters.[33][34] Incense itself was introduced to China from India in the early centuries CE, along with the spread of Buddhism by travelling monks.[35][36][37] Edward Schafer asserts that incense clocks were probably an Indian invention, transmitted to China, which explains the Devanāgarī inscriptions on early incense clocks found in China.[33] Silvio Bedini on the other hand asserts that incense clocks were derived in part from incense seals mentioned in Tantric Buddhist scriptures, which first came to light in China after those scriptures from India were translated into Chinese, but holds that the time-telling function of the seal was incorporated by the Chinese.[34] India ink, carbonaceous pigment for: The source of the carbon pigment used in India ink was India.[38][39] In India, the carbon black from which India ink is produced is obtained by burning bones, tar, pitch, and other substances.[39][40] Ink itself has been used in India since at least the 4th century BCE.[41] Masi, an early ink in India was an admixture of several chemical components.[41] Indian documents written in Kharosthi with ink have been unearthed in Xinjiang.[42] The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in ancient South India.[43] Several Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink
  • Indian clubs: The Indian club—which appeared in Europe during the 18th century—was used long by India's native soldiery before its introduction to Europe.[45] During the British Raj the British officers in India performed calisthenic exercises with clubs to keep in for physical conditioning.[45] From Britain the use of club swinging spread to the rest of the world.[45] Kabaddi: The game of kabaddi originated in India during prehistory.[46] Suggestions on how it evolved into the modern form range from wrestling exercises, military drills, and collective self defense but most authorities agree that the game existed in some form or the other in India during the period between 1500-400 BCE.[46] Ludo: Pachisi originated in India by the 6th century.[47] The earliest evidence of this game in India is the depiction of boards on the caves of Ajanta.[47] This game was played by the Mughal emperors of India; a notable example being that of Akbar, who played living Pachisi using girls from his harem.[47][48] A variant of this game, called Ludo, made its way to England during the British Raj.[
  • Ruler: Rulers made from Ivory were in use by the Indus Valley Civilization in what today is Pakistan and some parts of Western India prior to 1500 BCE.[64] Excavations at Lothal (2400 BCE) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about 1/16 of an inch—less than 2 millimeters.[64] Ian Whitelaw (2007) holds that 'The Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 1.32 inches (33.5 mm) and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with amazing accuracy—to within 0.005 of an inch. Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.'[65] Shigeo Iwata (2008) further writes 'The minimum division of graduation found in the segment of an ivory-made linear measure excavated in Lothal was 1.79 mm (that corresponds to 1/940 of a fathom), while that of the fragment of a shell-made one from Mohenjo-daro was 6.72 mm (1/250 of a fathom), and that of bronze-made one from Harapa was 9.33 mm (1/180 of a fathom).'[66] The weights and measures of the Indus civilization also reached Persia and Central Asia, where they were further modified.[66] Seamless celestial globe: Considered one of the most remarkable feats in metallurgy, it was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in between 1589 and 1590 CE, and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire.[67][68] Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern metallurgists to be technically impossible to produce metal globes without any seams, even with modern technology.[68] These Mughal metallurgists pioneered the method of lost-wax casting in order to produce these globes
  • Simputer: The Simputer (acronym for "simple, inexpensive and multilingual people's computer") is a self-contained, open hardware handheld computer, designed for use in environments where computing devices such as personal computers are deemed inappropriate. It was developed in 1999 by 7 scientists of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, led by Dr. Swami Manohar in collaboration with Encore India, a company based in Bangalore.[69][70] Originally envisaged to bring internet to the masses of India, the Simputer and its derivatives are today widely utilized by governments of several Indian states as part of their e-governance drive, the Indian Army, as well as by other public and private organizations.[71][72] Snakes and ladders: Snakes and ladders originated in India as a game based on morality.[73] During British rule of India, this game made its way to England, and was eventually introduced in the United States of America by game-pioneer Milton Bradley in 1943.[73] Stepwell: Earliest clear evidence of the origins of the stepwell is found in the Indus Valley Civilization's archaeological site at Mohenjodaro in Pakistan.[74] The three features of stepwells in the subcontinent are evident from one particular site, abandoned by 2500 BCE, which combines a bathing pool, steps leading down to water, and figures of some religious importance into one structure.[74] The early centuries immediately before the common era saw the Buddhists and the Jains of India adapt the stepwells into their architecture.[74] Both the wells and the form of ritual bathing reached other parts of the world with Buddhism.[74] Rock-cut step wells in the subcontinent date from 200-400 CE.[75] Subsequently the wells at Dhank (550-625 CE) and stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850-950 CE) were constructed.[75] Stupa: The origin of the stupa can be traced to 3rd century BCE India.[76] It was used as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.[76] The stupa architecture was adopted in Southeast and East Asia, where it evolved into the pagoda, a Buddhist monument used for enshrining sacred relics.[76] Toe stirrup: The earliest known manifestation of the stirrup, which was a toe loop that held the big toe was used in India in as early as 500 BCE[77] or perhaps by 200 BCE according to other sources.[78][79] This ancient stirrup consisted of a looped rope for the big toe which was at the bottom of a saddle made of fibre or leather.[79] Such a configuration made it suitable for the warm climate of most of India where people used to ride horses barefoot.[79] A pair of megalithic double bent iron bars with curvature at each end, excavated in Junapani in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh have been regarded as stirrups although they could as well be something else.[80] Buddhist carvings in the temples of Sanchi, Mathura and the Bhaja caves dating back between the 1st and 2nd century BCE figure horsemen riding with elaborate saddles with feet slipped under girths.[81][82][83] Sir John Marshall described the Sanchi relief as "the earliest example by some five centuries of the use of stirrups in any part of the world".[83] In the 1st century CE horse riders in northern India, where winters are sometimes long and cold, were recorded to have their booted feet attached to hooked stirrups.[78] However the form, the conception of the primitive Indian stirrup spread west and east, gradually evolving into the stirrup of today.http://en.wikipe
Rose h

Battle of the Oranges in north Italy - in pictures | World news | guardian.co.uk - 0 views

www.guardian.co.uk/...battle-of-oranges-ivrea-italy

battle north italy pictures middleages middle ages weapons

shared by Rose h on 23 Feb 12 - No Cached
    • Rose h
      Rose h on 23 Feb 12
       
      This is so interesting!!!!
  • the festival's origins lie in the overthrow of a tyrant in the Middle Ages - instead of the sword and crossbow, however, the weapon of choice is the orange
  • the festival's origins lie in the overthrow of a tyrant in the Middle Ages - instead of the sword and crossbow, however, the weapon of choice is the orange
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • the festival's origins lie in the overthrow of a tyrant in the Middle Ages - instead of the sword and crossbow, however, the weapon of choice is the orange
Kalina P

Cold War - History.com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts - 0 views

www.history.com/cold-war

cold war history

shared by Kalina P on 20 Sep 12 - No Cached
  • “containment.”
  • President Harry Truman (1884-1972) agreed. “It must be the policy of the United States,” he declared before Congress in 1947, “to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation…by outside pressures.”
  • deadly "arms race
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  • Soviets tested an atom bomb of their own. In response, President Truman announced
  • that the United States would build an even more destructive atomic weapon: the hydrogen bomb, or "superbomb." Stalin followed suit.
  • the nuclear age could be. It created a 25-square-mile fireball that vaporized an island, blew a huge hole in the ocean floor and had the power to destroy half of Manhattan. Subsequent American and Soviet tests spewed poisonous radioactive waste into the atmosphere.
  • ever-present threat of nuclear annihilation had a great impact on American domestic life as well. People built bomb shelters in their backyards
  • attack drills in schools and other public places
  • Cold War was a constant presence in Americans’ everyday lives.
  • first man-made object to be placed into the Earth's orbit.
  • Sputnik
  • 1958, the U.S. launched its own satellite, Explorer I, designed by the U.S. Army
  • Space Race was underwa
  • creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a federal agency dedicated to space exploration, as well as several programs seeking to exploit the military potential of space. Still, the Soviets were one step ahead, launching the first man into space in April 1961.
  • U.S. would land a man on the moon by the end of the decade. His prediction came true on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong of NASA’s Apollo 11 mission, became the first man to set food on the moon, effectively winning the Space Race for the Americans.
  • hearings designed to show that communist subversion in the United States was alive and well.
  • forced hundreds of people who worked in the movie industry to renounce left-wing political beliefs and testify against one another. More than 500 people lost their jobs. Many of these "blacklisted" writers, directors, actors and others were unable to work again for more than a decade
  • include anyone who worked in the federal government. Thousands of federal employees were investigated, fired and even prosecuted. As this anticommunist hysteria spread throughout the 1950s, liberal college professors lost their jobs, people were asked to testify against colleagues and "loyalty oaths" became commonplace.
  • military action of the Cold War began when the Soviet-backed North Korean People’s Army invaded its pro-Western neighbor to the south
  • but the war dragged to a stalemate and ended in 1953.
  • . The Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the Cuban missile crisis the following year seemed to prove that the real communist threat now lay in the unstable, postcolonial "Third World" Nowhere was this more apparent than in Vietnam, where the collapse of the French colonial regime had led to a struggle between the American-backed nationalist Ngo Dinh Diem in the south and the communist nationalist Ho Chi Minh in the north. Since the 1950s, the United States had been committed to the survival of an anticommunist government in the re
  • new approach to international relations.
  • Cold War heated up again under President Ronald Reagan (1911-2004). Like many leaders of his generation, Reagan believed that the spread of communism anywhere threatened freedom everywher
  • nstead of viewing the world as a hostile, "bi-polar" place, he suggested, why not use diplomacy instead of military action to create more poles? To that end, he encouraged the United Nations to recognize the communist Chinese government and, after a trip there in 1972, began to establish diplomatic relations with Beijing. At the same time, he adopted a policy of "détente"–"relaxation"–toward the Soviet Union. In 1972, he and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I), which prohibited the manufacture of nuclear missiles by both sides and took a step toward reducing the decades-old threat of nuclear war.
  • , he worked to provide financial and military aid to anticommunist governments and insurgencies around the worl
  • redefined Russia's relationship to the rest of the world: "glasnost," or political openness, and "perestroika," or economic reform
  • the Berlin Wall–the most visible symbol of the decades-long Cold War–was finally destroyed, just over two years after Reagan had challenged the Soviet premier in a speech at Brandenburg Gate in Berlin: "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall." By 1991, the Soviet Union itself had fallen apart. The Cold War was over.
Garth Holman

The De Soto expedition - North Carolina Digital History - 0 views

www.learnnc.org/...1694

spanish Exploration explore explorers

shared by Garth Holman on 19 May 14 - Cached
  • De Soto’s expedition through the southeastern United States in 1539–43 was one of the earliest of the early contacts between Europeans and native peoples. Research on the expedition has contributed in no small way to the “quantum leap” in our understanding of the age. In a cluster of related projects that have drawn on an unusual cross-fertilization between historical and archaeological research, a group of scholars in the Southeast is attempting to plot the route that de Soto took, as a way of understanding the “social geography” of the native societies he met. The work on the de Soto expedition offers a revealing snapshot of the growing body of research on the earliest encounters between the civilizations of Europe and the Americas.
  • Hoping to find the riches that other Spanish explorers had discovered in Central and South America, de Soto landed in May 1539 near Tampa Bay, Fla., with about 600 men, a few hundred horses, packs of dogs, and a large herd of pigs. The army set out north and west through Florida.
  • Garth Holman on 19 May 14
     
    de Soto Route in the southeast United States.  
mukul g

Middle Ages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 1 views

en.wikipedia.org/Middle_Ages

Medieval history

shared by mukul g on 13 Dec 11 - Cached
    • Aden S
      Aden S on 13 Dec 11
       
      The fall of Rome
  • During the High Middle Ages (c. 1000–1300), Christian-oriented art and architecture flourished and Crusades were mounted to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. The influence of the emerging nation-state was tempered by the ideal of an international Christendom. The codes of chivalry and courtly love set rules for proper behavior, while the Scholastic philosophers attempted to reconcile faith and reason.
  • In the Early Middle Ages the trends of the Late Antiquity (depopulation, deurbanization, and increased barbarian invasion) continued. North Africa and the Middle East, once part of the Eastern Roman Empire, became Islamic. Later in the period, the establishment of the feudal system allowed a move away from subsistence agriculture. There was sustained urbanization in Northern and Western Europe.
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  • The Middle Ages (adjectival form: medieval, mediaeval or mediæval) is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern. The term "Middle Ages" first appears in Latin in the 15th century and reflects the view that this period was a deviation from the path of classical learning, a path that was later reconnected by Renaissance scholarship.
  • Outstanding achievement in this period includes the Code of Justinian, the mathematics of Fibonacci and Oresme, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the architecture of Gothic cathedrals such as Chartres.
  • The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analyzing European history: classical civilization (or Antiquity), the Middle Ages, and the modern period.[1] It is "Middle" in the sense of being between the two other periods in time, ancient times and modern times.
Garth Holman

The Exploration and Conquest of the New World | Boundless US History - 0 views

courses.lumenlearning.com/...-and-conquest-of-the-new-world

Explores Exploration Colombian exchange

shared by Garth Holman on 10 May 18 - No Cached
  • In 1492, Christopher Columbus, supported by the Spanish government, undertook a voyage to find a new route to Asia and inadvertently encountered “new” lands in the Americas full of long established communities and cultures.
  • Jacques Cartier undertook a voyage to present-day Canada for the French government, where they began the settlement of New France, developing the fur industry and fostering a more respectful relationship with many of the inhabitants.
  • Spanish conquistadors invaded areas of Central and South America looking for riches, ultimately destroying the powerful Aztec and Inca cultures.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 10 May 18
       
      A conquistador is a Spanish warrior explorer.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • deeply affected by the invaders’ interactions with indigenous groups—interactions that, through a combination of violence and disease, resulted in massive declines in indigenous populations.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 10 May 18
       
      What are the three effects on Natives
  • The Spanish Empire
  • Colonial expansion under the Spanish Empire was initiated by the Spanish conquistadors and developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries.
  • motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Christian faith through indigenous conversions.
  • The Exploration and Conquest of the New World
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 10 May 18
       
      What form of Christianity was being forced on Native?
  • Major French exploration of North America began under the rule of Francis I, King of France. In 1524,
  • A major French settlement lay on the island of Hispaniola, where France established the colony of Saint-Domingue on the western third of the island in 1664.
  • Shortly after Columbus’ first voyage to the New World, the British Empire funded an exploratory mission of its own led by John Cabot. Cabot explored the North American continent,
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 11 May 18
       
      What are three causes?
  • Upon the death of Christopher Columbus,
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 11 May 18
       
      What are three places the British took over?
Garth Holman

Alexander the Great - Ancient Greece for Kids - 2 views

greece.mrdonn.org/alexander.html

Alexander the Great

shared by Garth Holman on 18 Nov 15 - Cached
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 18 Nov 15
       
      So, He shared the Greek Culture to any area he conquered.  This cultural diffusion so became called Hellenistic Culture (Greek Like)  
  • Macedonian
  • Alexander had many teachers, one of which was Aristotle.
  • ...41 more annotations...
  • Alexander had many teachers, one of which was Aristotle.
  • Alexander never lost a battle, never, not even one
  • became ill and died. He was only 32 years old.
  • It was Alexander who spread the Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean
  • n empire located to the north of
  • He was a
  • Macedonia was a
  • Macedonian prince.
  • Greece.
  • culture might not have survived
  • was Aristotle.
  • Alexander had many teachers
  • He loved the Greeks.
  • and interesting and talented
  • Aristotle thought the Greeks were clever
  • Aristotle had a grea
  • effect on Alexander and what he believed.
  • taught all the people he conquered about the ancient Greeks
  • shared their stories, their myths, their gods, their language - just as he had been taught.
  • It was Alexander who spread the Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean.
  • advertisement
    • ns21dcs
      ns21dcs on 03 Dec 15
       
      Alexander had mant teachers, one of which was Aristole
  • His teachers tried t
  • ot merciful
  • teach him that a Macedonian king was n
  • He believed in the Greek gods
  • Greek gods.
  • Aristotle
  • totle
  • However, there is no denying that Alexander changed the world.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 04 Nov 19
       
      STOP here for Early life.
  • When he finally came home, his dad got him a job in the royal court in nearby Macedonia as a tutor to the young prince Alexander.
  • They taught him the art of war. Artistotle taught him to admire and respect the Greek culture. Artistotle was only Alexander's tutor for 3 years, but he had an enormous affect on the young prince, so much so that Alexander soon convinced himself that his father, King Phillip II of Macedonia, was not his real father at all.
  • Alexander was 19 years old, his father (King Phillip II) was assassinated. Alexander took over as king of Macedonia in 336 BC. Alexander quickly pulled together all of Macedonia under his leadership.
  • Alexander turned his attention to the massive Persian Empire.
  • By the time Alexander was 25 years old, against incredible odds, and in only six years, Alexander had become not only the king of Macedonia, but also the leader of the Greeks, overlord of Asia Minor, pharaoh of Egypt, and the great king of Persia.
  • Alexander led his army a further 11,000 miles, founding over 70 cities and creating an empire that stretched across three continents, and covered around two million square miles. The entire area from Greece in the west, north to the Danube, and south into Egypt, and as far to the east as the Indian Punjab, was linked together in a vast international network of trade and commerce. This network was united by a common Greek language and culture."
  • As a scholar, Alexander felt it was his mission to spread the Greek culture.
  • schools everywhere he went to teach Greek philosophy and the Greek language.
  • Alexander adopted many of the customs of the local people he conquered, blending their culture with the Greek culture.
  • established hospitals, built fortified cities, and created the largest library in the ancient world at Alexandria.
  • but he never lost a battle.
  • ob21dcs on 03 Dec 15
     
    Important stuff about Alexander 
  • sa21dcs on 03 Dec 15
     
    Alex was very great.
Garth Holman

getfile.php (1255×1140) - 0 views

qed.princeton.edu/getfile.php

Viking Cause MiddleAges

shared by Garth Holman on 20 Dec 12 - No Cached
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 20 Dec 12
       
      This map shows three groups that attach and raid Europe: The Saracens (from North Africa, they are Arabs), The Magyars (From Europe, Hungarian Christians) and Vikings (from Scandinavia, polytheistic: become Christian) Another article describes these raids this way "In the short run, they wreaked havoc on land and people" 
Ryan S

Greece travel guide - Wikitravel - 0 views

wikitravel.org/Greece

shared by Ryan S on 16 Oct 12 - Cached
  • Greece (Greek: Ελλάς, Hellas) [1] is a country in Southern Europe, on the southernmost tip of the Balkan peninsula, with extensive coastlines and islands in the Aegean, Ionian, and Mediterranean Seas. It shares borders in the north with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Bulgaria, and Turkey. It has an ancient culture that has had a significant influence on the arts, language, philosophy, politics, and sports of western society, including the genres of comedy and drama, western alphabets, Platonic ideals and the Socratic method, democracies and republics, and the Olympics. Furthermore it's a geographically appealing place to visit, with a mountainous mainland and idyllic island beaches.
Garth Holman

geography - National Geographic Society - 1 views

nationalgeographic.org/...geography

Geography

shared by Garth Holman on 19 Sep 16 - No Cached
  • Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments.
  • They also examine how human culture interacts with the natural environment, and the way that locations and places can have an impact on people.
  • geography" comes to us from the ancient Greeks,
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • geo means “earth” and -graphy means “to write.” 
  • located in relation to other places,
  • what their own and other places were like, and how people and environments were distributed. These concerns have been central to geography ever since.
  • Throughout human history, most societies have sought to understand something about their place in the world, and the people and environments around them.
  • More importantly, they also raised questions about how and why different human and natural patterns came into being on Earth’s surface, and why variations existed from place to place. The effort to answer these questions about patterns and distribution led them to figure out that the world was round, to calculate Earth’s circumference, and to develop explanations of everything from the seasonal flooding of the Nile River to differences in population densities from place to place.
  • Advances in geography were chiefly made by scientists of the Muslim world, based around the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. Geographers of this Islamic Golden Age created the world’s first rectangular map based on a grid, a map system that is still familiar today. Islamic scholars also applied their study of people and places to agriculture, determining which crops and livestock were most suited to specific habitats or environments.
  • They were the first to use the compass for navigational purposes.
  • Age of Discovery
Garth Holman

The Columbian Exchange at a glance - North Carolina Digital History - 0 views

www.learnnc.org/...1690

exchange Exploration NewWorld Natives Columbus

shared by Garth Holman on 22 Apr 16 - No Cached
  • Garth Holman on 22 Apr 16
     
    Chart on Columbian Exchange, with links to other Charts.
Harsajan Gill

Rome.info > Fall of the Roman Empire, decline of ancient Rome - 5 views

www.rome.info/fall

shared by Harsajan Gill on 13 Dec 11 - Cached
    • Josh B
      Josh B on 13 Dec 11
       
      This shows many more reasons and ideas then the website link from 7aworldhistory, it also is very helpful
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 14 Dec 11
       
      Maybe you should add to the online textbook...it is time for you to leave a legacy?
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 14 Dec 11
       
      I see Josh, you joined the wiki. I will wait to see what you add and change.
    • Jamie F
      Jamie F on 13 Dec 11
       
      There was probably one event that led to all these events.
    • Jack S
      Jack S on 14 Dec 11
       
      People spent money on Churches instead of the keep up of the Roman Empire.  When there is no keep up.  Roads, Buildings, ect fall apart and then the vikings came and made Rome even worse
  • ...33 more annotations...
    • Jack S
      Jack S on 14 Dec 11
       
      They had no money to keeps up the aqueducts that lead to dirty water.  They also built with lead pipes which made people sick.  This could be a huge reason why people died.
    • Jack S
      Jack S on 14 Dec 11
       
      they also had to raise taxes to keep up an army and protect the borders.  There were also less people to pay those taxes.  (Final Blows Article)
    • Jack S
      Jack S on 14 Dec 11
       
      In the end there is going to be chaos! People are going to want a leader who is strong and holy to lead them.  They are going to want there country to be the best.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 14 Dec 11
       
      You are so right Jack, From an organized soicety with a centeral government to a place of CHAOS. Well said.
  • Fall of the Roman Empire
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 14 Dec 11
       
      Do these sound like anything you see in the world today?  
    • Swathi S
      Swathi S on 14 Dec 11
       
      Yes. It is like how technology will most likely take over the world.
    • Alexander R.
      Alexander R. on 14 Dec 11
       
      It sounds a lot like today. With the technology advancing we get smarter, but when we don't advance our technology we suffer.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 14 Dec 11
       
      What about the Unemployment? Moral Decay and values? Urban Decay? Inflation? Are these part of our world?
    • mukul g
      mukul g on 14 Dec 11
       
      Well most of them are, but not all of these. Unemployment is happening right now in the world. But Moral decay and values are not used today.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 14 Dec 11
       
      Really: google the term Moral Decay in America and see if people think this is happening.
  • Public Health
  • Decline in Morals and Values
  • Political Corruption
  • Unemployment
  • Inflation
  • Urban decay
  • THE FINAL BLOWS For years, the well-disciplined Roman army held the barbarians of Germany back. Then in the third century A. D. the Roman soldiers were pulled back from the Rhine-Danube frontier to fight civil war in Italy. This left the Roman border open to attack. Gradually Germanic hunters and herders from the north began to overtake Roman lands in Greece and Gaul (later France). Then in 476 A. D. the Germanic general Odacer or Odovacar overthrew the last of the Roman Emperors, Augustulus Romulus. From then on the western part of the Empire was ruled by Germanic chieftain. Roads and bridges were left in disrepair and fields left untilled. Pirates and bandits made travel unsafe. Cities could not be maintained without goods from the farms, trade and business began to disappear. And Rome was no more in the West. The total fall of the Roman empire.
  • Inferior Technology
  • Military Spending
    • Margo L
      Margo L on 14 Dec 11
       
      How come nobody went after the attackers?
    • Harsajan Gill
      Harsajan Gill on 14 Dec 11
       
      Empire had trouble picking the new throne so they DO NOT have efficient way, so they sell it to ANYBODY who has the highest bid. Before even that they would pick a RANDOM guard to become it if he wins.
    • Harsajan Gill
      Harsajan Gill on 14 Dec 11
       
      This led to the other events because instead op picking a system to get it done faster instead of wasting months of choosing who randomly they could still be advancing in government and there organized military.
    • Margo L
      Margo L on 14 Dec 11
       
      I bet the romans were terrified when the people attacked. It must be scary to the Romans because they made a lot of accomplishments.
    • kyle s
      kyle s on 14 Dec 11
       
      It was difficult for choosing an emporer. during the next 100 years they had 37 DIFFERENT emporer and 27 of the 35 were assasinated.
  • most difficult problems
  • choosing
  • new emperor
  • new emperor
  • empero
  • never
  • created
  • effective system
  • determine
  • new emperors
  • began
  • selling
  • throne to
  • highest bidder
  • 37 different emperors
  • assinatio
  • 25 of whom
  • Garth Holman on 14 Dec 11
     
    This site explains these ideas in more detail. 
Angela Pettigrew

V I K I N G   I N V A S I O N - 2 views

www.vikinginvasion.org/history.html

Viking Invasion

shared by Angela Pettigrew on 14 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • The Vikings were more than just bloodthirsty raiders
  • The Norse (or Northmen) were farmers, traders, craftsmen, and musicians, as well as, feared warriors.
  • For almost 400 years the Norse spread across most of Europe and were the first Europeans to set foot on North American soil
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • The Viking Age ended as violently as it began, at the Battle of Hastings, between the King of Norway, Harald III Sigurdsson (Haraldr harðráði), and Harold Godwinson King of the Anglo-Saxons.
  • The true Vikings were those who traveled on their dreaded long ships and fought in wars, raids, or just for survival.
Justin D

The Fall Of Ancient Rome - 2 views

ancienthistory.about.com/...Dorrington.htm

shared by Justin D on 13 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • Rome was engaged in border skirmishes with the tribes north of the great European rivers
  • Strong emperors occasionally extended the empire over the rivers while weak emperors tended to lose those land
  • The largest organised rival of the Romans was the Persian Empire to the east, occupying modern Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan. The Persians were the political descendants of the Parthians who had revolted away from Greek rule following Alexander's conquests and, thereafter, successfully resisted Roman invasions.
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • The Romans had existed as an important power for over 1000 years
  • They had brought stability, prosperity, and order to the civilised West
  • Roman law kept the internal peace and 20 to 30 Roman legions defended the frontiers.
  • Emperors held absolute authorit
  • but incompetent ones could do great harm
  • The rules for succession to the throne were never clear, and debilitating civil wars often resulted.
  • in the hands of a minority while a large slave population did most of the work.
  • Roman conquests had ceased in the second century A.D., bringing an end to massive inflows of plunder and slaves
  • A plague may have killed 20 percent of the empire's population in the third and fourth centuries, further reducing trade and production.
  • late third century, the Roman Empire was split into eastern and western halves in an attempt to make for easier rule and better contro
  • 323 Constantine became emperor after a civil war and established his eastern capital at Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople.
  • eastern and western parts of the empire gradually established separate identities, although nominally the same empire
  • These identities were partially due to the different pressures brought to bear on them from the outside and the local culture.
  • Justin D on 14 Dec 11
     
    A site that goes into some details
Cameron G.

William the Conqueror - 2 views

www.middle-ages.org.uk/william-the-conqueror.htm

william conqueror

shared by Cameron G. on 23 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • Reigned as King of England: 1066 - 1087
  • born in 1028
  • son of Robert I the Duke of Normandy
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • six daughters and four sons
  • Married: Matilda of Flanders in 1052
  • Accomplishments or why William the Conqueror was famous: Victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
  • Cause of the Death of William the Conqueror: Riding accident when he fell from his horse
  • Character of William the Conqueror: Tough, brave, inspirational and religious
  • crowned King of England in January 1067 at Westminster Abbey, London
  • Building great castles in England, including the Tower of London
  • Battle of HastingsBayeux Tapestry
  • Nickname William the Bastard
  • fought off the Viking invasion led by King Hardrada in the North of England
  • instituted his strategy for medieval warfare of building castles
  • Tower of London
  • The Doomsday Book which was begun in 1086 and contained detailed records of 13,418 settlements in England
  • Cameron G. on 23 Jan 12
     
    William the Conqueror information
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