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Feudalism was based on the belief that the land belonged to God - but that the Kings, who ruled by Divine Right, managed the land and used it as they wished. However, under the Feudalism pyramid the King was answerable to the Pope. The Pope, as God's vicar on Earth, had the right to intervene and impose sanctions on an unjust King. Under the feudalism pyramid the Pope had the power to pronounce judgement against a King, depose a King, forfeit his Kingdom, put another King in his place or excommunicate a King.

The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1207 to 1360 helped bring political stability and re-establish the Silk Road (via Karakorum). It also brought an end to the Islamic Caliphate's monopoly over world trade. Since the Mongol had dominated the trade routes, it allowed more trade to come in and out of the region. Merchandise that did not seem valuable to the Mongols was often seen as very valuable by the west. As a result, the Mongol received in return a large amount of luxurious goods from the West.

The 13th century also saw attempts at a Franco-Mongol alliance, with exchange of ambassadors and (failed) attempts at military collaboration in the Holy Land during the later Crusades,

Some research studies indicate that the Black Death, which devastated Europe in the late 1340s, may have reached from Central Asia (or China) to Europe along the trade routes of the Mongol Empire.[28]

Serfs could buy their freedom from the manor, but where would they get the money?

If a new lord took over the manor, he would need the serfs for labor.

Peasants were free to leave if they wished

Peasants worked the land and made the goods in exchange for protection.

Other than that, their life was just like a serf's life.

A few peasants escaped the hard work on the farm by joining the church. But most lived and died on the manor where they were born.

Everyone had to pay taxes to the lord

To pay the crop tax, some crops went to the lord, and some they kept. To pay the bread tax, some bread they made went to the lord, and some they kept. To pay the coat tax, some of the warm coats they made went to the lord, and some they kept.

Everything was paid in barter. Coinage or money did not exist on the manor. 

People believed that the only way to get to Heaven was to follow the teachings in the Bible.

The common people could not read or write.

The priest told them who they must marry and when. You had to do everything the priest said if you wanted to get to heaven. 

peasants and serfs were mostly content with their lot.

work kept everyone on the manor fed and comfortable, including themselves. 

They were not slaves. These people could not be bought and sold. But they could not leave the manor without permission.

Feudalism ~ The King awarded land grants to his most important nobles, like Barons and Bishops, in return for their contribution of soldiers for the King's armies. Lords could have a variety of other official titles including Earl, Marquis or Viscount. Lords did more than fund wars. They were the local justice and held court for local matters. Lords provided some of their land to Vassals, or tenants who were a somewhat higher class than peasants. Vassals were required to serve guard duty, and later they paid a fee to acquire mercenaries (soldiers-for-hire).  At the lowest class of society were the Peasants, also called "serfs" or "villeins." Peasants provided the Lord with labor or a share of the produce or livestock yielded from his lands in exchange for protection, land to work and a place to live.

it deleted a provision that said users could remove their content at any time, at which time the license would expire. Further, it added new language that said Facebook would retain users’ content and licenses after an account was terminated.

“anything you upload to Facebook can be used by Facebook in any way they deem fit, forever, no matter what you do later.”

any comments the user had posted on a page remain visible.

“Most Web sites today offer terms of service that are designed to protect and further the interests of the company writing the terms, and most people simply agree to terms without reading them.”

Why would anyone trust a company with his or her personal information, especially when that company’s explicit legal language claims eternal rights to exploit that information, and there is good reason to expect that they will?”

How accurate do you consider Columbus's description of the New World?

2. How does Columbus describe the Indians

3. Why, according to Columbus, should Spain be interested in colonizing the New World?

flowering in literature

painting, sculpture, and architecture. Paintings became more realistic and focused less often on religious topics.

began in northern Italy

William Shakespeare.

Crusaders returned to Europe with a newfound understanding of the world.

The invention of the printing press encouraged literacy and helped to spread new ideas.

Wealthy families and the church had amassed enough wealth to become patrons.

The development of financial techniques such as bookkeeping and credit allowed merchants to

prosper

Crusaders returned to Europe with a newfound understanding of the world. The invention of the printing press encouraged literacy and helped to spread new ideas. Wealthy families and the church had amassed enough wealth to become patrons. The development of financial techniques such as bookkeeping and credit allowed merchants to prosper