Espiral_Educativa

Grammar-Translation Method (1890s-1930s): Around the turn-of-the-century, language students often translated cumbersome volumes from Classical Greek or Latin into English vía this approach. It consisted mainly of exhaustive use of dictionaries, explanations of grammatical rules (in English), some sample sentences, and exercise drills to practice the new structures. Little opportunity for real second-language acquisition existed then. Cognitive Approach (1940s-1950s): This approach introduced the four principle language skills for the first time: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Oral communicative competence became the focus. Comprehensible auditory input became important and speaking in the target language began to occur. Learning about the language was overemphasized. Audio-Lingüal Method (1950s-1960s): With the advent and popularity of audio tapes, this approach ushered in the first recordings wherein the language learner could actually hear and mimic native speakers on reel-to-reel audio tapes, often used with earphones in a language lab setting. Lessons often began with a sample dialogue to be recited and memorized. This was followed up with substitution pattern and saturation drills in which the grammatical structure previously introduced was reinforced, with emphasis given to rapid fire student response. Repetition, substitution, transformation, and translation became the order of the day. This method was strongly influenced by B.F. Skinner's behaviorist view toward learning which favored habit-forming drill techniques. Unfortunately, most students couldn’t transfer these dialogues into their own real-life experiences.

La contaminación ambiental es también la incorporación a los cuerpos receptores de sustancias sólidas, liquidas o gaseosas, o mezclas de ellas, siempre que alteren desfavorablemente las condiciones naturales del mismo, o que puedan afectar la salud, la higiene o el bienestar del público.

A medida que aumenta el poder del hombre sobre la naturaleza y aparecen nuevas necesidades como consecuencia de la vida en sociedad, el medio ambiente que lo rodea se deteriora cada vez más.

La contaminación es uno de los problemas ambientales más importantes que afectan a nuestro mundo y surge cuando se produce un desequilibrio, como resultado de la adición de cualquier sustancia al medio ambiente, en cantidad tal, que cause efectos adversos en el hombre, en los animales, vegetales o materiales expuestos a dosis que sobrepasen los niveles aceptables en la naturaleza.

Para entender la labor educativa, es necesario tener en consideración otros tres elementos del proceso educativo: los profesores y su manera de enseñar; la estructura de los conocimientos que conforman el currículo y el modo en que éste se produce y el entramado social en el que se desarrolla el proceso educativo.